4.5.2 Ukubambisana nezinkampani enamandla

Ukubambisana kunganciphisa izindleko bese andise ngezinga, kodwa ongaguqula izinhlobo ababambiqhaza, zokwelapha, nemiphumela ongazisebenzisa.

Ehlukile ukwenza ngokwakho ibambisene inhlangano enamandla efana inkampani, uhulumeni, noma i-NGO. Buhle ukusebenza nge naye ukuthi kungakwenza ukwazi ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa ukuthi nje ngeke akwenze wedwa. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye ukuhlolwa Ngizokutshela mayelana ngezansi nesifiso sokuthandana million 61 abahlanganyeli; akukho umcwaningi ngabanye ongawufinyelela kulelo zinga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi sahlangana kwandisa yini ongayenza, liphinde, kanyekanye, constrains wena. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkampani iningi ngeke ukwazi ukugijima ukuhlolwa engalimaza ibhizinisi zabo noma idumela labo. Ukusebenza nozakwethu kuphinde kusho ukuthi uma kuziwa isikhathi ukushicilela, ungase acindezelwa ukuba 'kabusha luhlaka "imiphumela yakho, futhi abanye abalingani Ungase uzame ngisho ukuvimba kushicilelwe umsebenzi wakho uma lokho kubenza nedumela elibi. Ekugcineni, sahlangana futhi iza nezindleko ezihlobene ukwakha nokulondoloza lezi collaborations.

Inselele core ukuthi unakho ukuba ixazululwe ukwenza lobudlelwane ophumelelayo ekutholeni indlela ukulinganisa izithakazelo zombili izinhlangothi, kanye indlela ewusizo ngicabange ngalokho esele Quadrant Pasteur sika (Stokes 1997) . Abacwaningi abaningi bacabanga ukuthi uma usebenza into esiwusizo-into engase abe nesithakazelo kuwo a partner-ke azikwazi ukwenza isayensi real. Lokhu engqondweni kuzokwenza ukuthi kube nzima kakhulu ukwakha ubudlelwane yimpumelelo, futhi kwenzeka ukuthi ayilungile ngokuphelele. Inkinga nale ndlela yokucabanga ngendlela emangalisayo efanekiselwa ucwaningo endleleni-breaking isazi ULouis Pasteur. Ngenkathi besebenza on a commercial ukuvutshelwa project ukuguqula beetroot juice ku utshwala, Pasteur wathola isigaba esisha lesi silwanyana ukuthi okwaholela theory lwegciwane yesifo. Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso ixazululwe inkinga-ke esiwusizo kakhulu kwasiza ngcono inqubo ukuvutshelwa-futhi kuholele kusengaphambili enkulu zesayensi. Ngakho, esikhundleni sokuba acabangele ngocwaningo ne ngokoqobo njengabasesandleni ezingqubuzana ngocwaningo weqiniso lwesayensi, kungcono sicabange Bheka lezi zinto njengamathuba Ubukhulu ezimbili ezihlukene. Ucwaningo zingase zilawulwe ukusetshenziswa (noma cha) kanye nokucwaninga bangafuna ukuqonda ayisisekelo (noma cha). Ngalokujulile, abanye Pasteur's-kungaba ucwaningo-like ingashukunyiswa ukusetshenziswa futhi sifune ukuqonda ayisisekelo (Figure 4.16). Ucwaningo e Pasteur sika Quadrant-nocwaningo abazalwa kwentuthuko ezimbili imigomo-Luhle collaborations phakathi abacwaningi kanye nabalingani. Ngenxa yalezi, ngizobuya ukuchaza izifundo ezimbili yokulinga nge ukubambisana: nomuntu inkampani nesinye NGO.

Figure 4.16: Quadrant Pasteur sika (esekelwe Fig 3.5 kusuka Stokes (1997) ). Kunokuba ngicabanga yocwaningo njengoba kungaba "eziyisisekelo" noma "sisetshenziswa" kungcono ukucabanga ucwaningo njengoba oshukunyiswa ukusetshenziswa (noma cha) nangokufuna ukuqonda ayisisekelo (noma cha). Isibonelo locwaningo zombili oshukunyiswa ukusetshenziswa futhi ufuna ukuqonda ayisisekelo kuwumsebenzi Pasteur sika ukuguqulela beetroot juice ku utshwala okuholela inkolelo-mbono lwegciwane yesifo. Lona msebenzi muni kangcono ubudlelwano enamandla. Izibonelo umsebenzi oshukunyiswa ukusetshenziswa kodwa lokho akusho sifune ukuqonda ayisisekelo bavela Thomas Edison, kanye nezibonelo umsebenzi hhayi oshukunyiswa ukusetshenziswa kodwa elifuna babengaliqonda zivela Niels Bohr. Bona Stokes (1997) ukuze uthole ingxoxo ngokuphelele kulolu hlaka futhi ngayinye yalezi amacala.

Izinkampani ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi izinkampani tech, baye bahlakulela ingqalasizinda emangalisayo eyindida egijima yenholo eziyinkimbinkimbi. In the industry tech, lokhu kucwaninga ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi A / B uvivinyo (ngoba avivinye ukuphumelela ukwelashwa ezimbili: A no B). Lezi ukucwaningwa njalo ukusebenzisa izinto ezifana okwandisa rates Chofoza ngokusebenzisa on izikhangiso, kodwa ingqalasizinda efanayo yokulinga lungasetshenziswa kwenziwe ucwaningo luthuthukisa ukuqonda zesayensi. Isibonelo okubonisa ikhono lolu hlobo zocwaningo Ucwaningo olwenziwa yinkampani ubudlelwano phakathi abacwaningi at Facebook kanye University of California, San Diego, ngemiphumela imiyalezo ehlukahlukene on ukuvota abeze (Bond et al. 2012) .

Ngo-November 2, 2010-usuku US ukhetho-bonke eyayidingida abasebenzisi million 61 Facebook abahlala e-US futhi phezu 18 abamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni mayelana yokuvota. Lapho evakashele Facebook, basebenzisi lwafaka kwelinye womathathu la maqembu, lapho kutholakale ukuthi banner (uma ikhona) Kwabekwa phezulu News yabo Okuphakelayo (Figure 4.17):

• iqembu control.
• umlayezo we lwati mayelana ukuvota nge icindezeleka "Ngivotele" inkinobho futhi counter (info).
• umlayezo we lwati mayelana ukuvota nge icindezeleka "Ngivotele" inkinobho futhi counter + amagama nezithombe abangane babo abase uchofoze "Ngivotele" (info + social).

Bond kanye nozakwabo wafundelwa imiphumela ezimbili eziyinhloko: libike ukuziphatha ukuvota kanye langempela ukuziphatha yokuvota. Okokuqala, bafumana ukuthi abantu info + social qembu mayelana 2 ngemaphesenti maningi amathuba okuthi ngaphezu kwabantu kuleli qembu info uchofoze "Ngivotele" (u-20% vs 18%). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva abacwaningi ahlanganisiwe idatha yabo nge amarekhodi atholakala esidlangalaleni sivotelwe abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-6 bafumana ukuthi abantu info + qembu emphakathini 0,39 ngemaphesenti maningi amathuba okuba empeleni ukuvota kunabantu isimo control nokuthi abantu eqenjini info njengoba nje cishe ukuvota njengoba abantu isimo control (Figure 4.17).

Figure 4,17: Ezenye ovela experiment zokwazi out-the-ivoti on Facebook (Bond et al. 2012) . Abahlanganyeli eqenjini info bavotela ngezinga elifanayo njengoba abantu isimo control, kodwa abantu info + group kwezenhlalo bavotela ngesilinganiso ethe xaxa. Inkantini ajamele kulinganiselwa 95% ukuzethemba ngezikhathi. Ezenye igrafu zihlanganisa abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-6 ababambiqhaza engibathandayo abacwaningi owayekwazi kumarekhodi yokuvota.

Lokhu experiment kubonisa ukuthi abanye online imiyalezo zokwazi out-the-ivoti ziyasebenza kakhudlwana kunabanye, futhi kubonisa ukuthi estimate umcwaningi sika ukuphumelela a ukwelashwa bathembele kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukutadisha obike noma ukuziphatha langempela. Lokhu experiment ngeshwa akunikezi tesimongcondvo mayelana netindlela okuyothi ulwazi-okuyinto social abanye abacwaningi baye ngidlala ebizwa nge- "face inqwaba" yokuvota -Increased. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukwaziswa social anda ematfuba ukuthi umuntu waphawula banner noma ngicabange ukuthi belivele anda ematfuba ukuthi umuntu waphawula banner empeleni bavotela noma kokubili. Ngakho, le experiment kuyisixazululo okwatholakala ezithakazelisayo umcwaningi okunye ngeke cishe ukuhlola (bheka isib, Bakshy, Eckles, et al. (2012) ).

Ngaphezu nokuthuthukisa imigomo wabacwaningi, lesi silingo futhi isihambile umgomo we inhlangano umlingani (Facebook). Uma ukushintsha ukuziphatha watadisha ekuvoteni ukuthenga insipho, khona-ke ungakwazi ukubona ukuthi isifundo has ngqo sakhiwo lesifanako njengoba UCWANINGO ukukala umphumela we izikhangiso online (bheka isib, Lewis and Rao (2015) ). Njalo Lezi izifundo isikhangiso ukuphumelela ukukala umphumela ukuchayeka online izikhangiso-zokwelapha in Bond et al. (2012) ngokuyisisekelo izikhangiso ngokuvota-yokuziphatha ku-intanethi. Ngakho, le ezifundwayo ayengase bathuthukele ikhono Facebook ukutadisha ukuze iphumelele ngokwengeziwe izikhangiso inthanethi futhi kungasiza Facebook ukukholisa abakhangisi ezingaba khona ukuthi Facebook izikhangiso eziphumelelayo.

Nakuba izithakazelo abacwaningi kanye nabalingani iningi kuqondaniswe kulolu cwaningo, kade futhi kancane ukungezwani. Ikakhulu, i-nokwabiwa ababambiqhaza control izimo nantathu, info, futhi info + social-kwaba kakhulu imbalanced: 98% of the isampula wabelwa ukuba info + social. Lokhu kwabiwa imbalanced zinokungaqeqesheki wezibalo, futhi nokwabiwa kangcono kakhulu abacwaningi ngabe bebelokhu 1/3 abahlanganyeli iqembu ngalinye. Kodwa, ukwabiwa imbalanced kwenzeka ngoba Facebook wayefuna ukuba wonke umuntu amukele info + impatho social. Ngenhlanhla, abacwaningi kwabaqinisekisa ugodle 1% for ukwelashwa okuhlobene 1% of ababambiqhaza iqembu control. Ngaphandle iqembu control it bekuzoba ngokuyisisekelo engenakwenzeka ukukala umphumela info ukwelashwa social + ngoba kwakuyoba a "perturb futhi bagcine" experiment kunokuba kube randomized ukuhlola. Lesi sibonelo isifundisa isifundo esibalulekile nesisebenzayo ukusebenza nabalingani: ngezinye izikhathi ukudala ukuhlola ngokubenza bakholelwe othile ukuletha ukwelashwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukudala ukuhlola ngokubenza bakholelwe umuntu hhayi ukuletha ukwelashwa (ie, ukwakha iqembu control).

Partnership akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi kudingeka ezihilela izinkampani tech A / B izivivinyo izigidi ababambiqhaza. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Alexander Coppock, Andrew Guess, noJohane Ternovski (2016) isebenzisana ne-NGO kwemvelo (League of Conservation Abavoti) ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa testing tindlelanchubo letehlukene ungatisebentisa ukuqhubekisa ukugqugquzela social. Abacwaningi wasebenzisa i-akhawunti NGO-Twitter ukuba ithumele kokubili Tweets umphakathi kanye nemiyalezo yangasese ngqo ukuthi wazama ezinhlotsheni prime ezahlukene ubunikazi. Abacwaningi ke kulinganiswa ngazo le miyalezo Zaziphumelela kakhulu sokukhuthaza abantu ukuba asayine lokho okucelile nolwazi retweet mayelana sicelosikhalo.

Sekukonke, sahlangana ne amakhulu enza kuwe sokuqhuba ngezinga okunzima ukuba senze okuphambene, futhi Ithebula 4.3 liveza amanye izibonelo ukubambisana phakathi abacwaningi kanye nezinhlangano. Ukubambisana kungaba lula kunalokho ekwakheni ukuhlolwa kwakho siqu. Kodwa, lezi zinzuzo beze nge nebubi: ngokwakha amaxhama Ungakhawulela izinhlobo ababambiqhaza, zokwelapha, futhi imiphumela ungakwazi ukutadisha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lobudlelwane kungaholela zezinselele zezindinganiso. Indlela engcono kakhulu ukuzibona ithuba ubambiswano kuyinto ukuqaphela inkinga yangempela ukuthi ungakwazi ukuxazulula ngenkathi nenza isayensi ezithakazelisayo. Uma ungajwayele ngale ndlela ebuka izwe, kungaba nzima ukuzibona izinkinga Quadrant Pasteur sika, kodwa uma uprakthiza, ngizoqala ukuqaphela kubo ezingasho.