4.5.1.1 Izimo Sebenzisa ekhona

Ungakwazi ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa ngaphakathi ezindaweni ekhona, ngokuvamile ngaphandle yimuphi esephepheni noma ubambiswano.

Logistically, indlela elula ukuzedlula zonke ingabe ucwaningo digital ukunameka sokuhlolwa kwakho phezu kwe-imvelo ekhona, ikwenza ukwazi ukusebenzisa i-digital insimu experiment. Lezi nemaresiphi kungenziwa qalisa esiqalisweni ngokwezinga lembulunga okunengqondo elikhulu futhi asidingi ngokubambisana ne inkampani noma ukuthuthukiswa olunzulu software.

Ngokwesibonelo, Jennifer Doleac noLuka Stein (2013) zakala yokuthenga online (isib, Craigslist) ukugijima ukuhlola kulinganiswa yobandlululo. Doleac futhi Stein ikhangiswe izinkulungwane ngomakhalekhukhwini nama-iPod, nangesandla ehlelekile obuhlukahlukene izimfanelo nomthengisi, bakwazi ukutadisha umphumela we yemijaho enkundleni zokukhokhelwa kwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Doleac futhi Stein wasebenzisa esikalini lokuhlolwa kwabo ukulinganisa lapho umphumela likhulu (heterogeneity imiphumela yokwelashwa) kanye zinikeza imibono mayelana nokuthi kungani ngomphumela engase yenzeke (tindlela).

Ngaphambi ekutadisheni Doleac futhi Stein, sekube tindlelanchubo ezimbili eziyinhloko Ucwaningo ekulinganiseni ukucwaswa. In singesihambelanayo izifundo abacwaningi ukudala kuzicelo abantu oqanjiwe izinhlanga ezihlukahlukene futhi basebenzisa lezi kuzicelo, isibonelo, isicelo imisebenzi ehlukene. Bertrand futhi Mullainathan sika (2004) iphepha isihloko zikhumbuleka njalo "Ingabe Emily noGreg More Employable Than Lakisha futhi Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Ukucwaswa "kuyinto umfanekiso elimangalisayo isifundo ngeposi. Ukuxhumana zinendaba izindleko ephansi observation ngalinye, okuyinto eyenza umcwaningi single ukuqoqa izinkulungwane uphawula isifundo ejwayelekile. Kodwa, ukuxhumana izifundo yobandlululo ziye wangabaza ngoba amagama okunamandla babike lapho kuba khona izinto eziningi ngaphezu uhlanga wesicelo. Lokho, amagama ezifana Greg, Emily, Lakisha, futhi Jamal kungase babike lapho kuba khona isigaba sezenhlalo ngaphezu ubuhlanga. Ngakho, yini umehluko lokwelapha kuzicelo of Greg kanye Jamal kungenzeka ngenxa ezingaphezu kuka uzakuthathwa uhlanga umehluko we bezicelo. Izifundo Audit, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuhilele ukuqasha Izıhlabane izinhlanga ezahlukene ukukusebenzisa muntu imisebenzi. Nakuba izifundo audit ukunikeza uphawu olucacile of uhlanga umfakisicelo, zingabantu ibiza ngokweqile observation ngalinye, okusho ukuthi ngokuvamile kuphela babe ngamakhulu kokuma.

In digital yabo yasensimini experiment, Doleac futhi Stein sakwazi ukudala i hybrid ezikhangayo. Bakwazi ukuqoqa idatha ngezindleko eziphansi kuqhathaniswa low per observation-ephumela izinkulungwane kokuma (njengoba esifundweni singesihambelanayo) -futhi bakwazi ukuphawula uhlanga usebenzisa izithombe-kuphumele uphawu olucacile uncounfounded of uhlanga (njengoba ocwaningweni audit ). Ngakho, imvelo online ngezinye izikhathi kwenza abacwaningi ukwakha zokwelapha ezintsha ukuthi babe izakhiwo okunzima ngayo kute kwakhiwe ngenye.

I iPod izikhangiso Doleac futhi Stein babengalingani kanye Ubukhulu ezintathu eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, bona lwaya ngokuya lushintsha izimfanelo nomthengisi, okwakubekelwa uphawu ngesandla izithombe ebambe iPod [white, black, white ne tattoo] (Figure 4.12). Okwesibili, azifani izinto abantu abashonelwe ngibuza intengo [$ 90, $ 110, $ 130]. Okwesithathu, lwaya ngokuya lushintsha izinga umbhalo wesikhangiso [eliphezulu futhi ephansi quality (isib, osonhlamvukazi amaphutha kanye spelin amaphutha)]. Ngakho, abalobi kwadingeka umklamo 3 X 3 X 2 okwakubekelwa atshalwa ngaphesheya izimakethe zendawo engaphezu kuka-300 esukela emadolobheni (isib, Kokomo, IN naseNyakatho Platte, NE) ukuze mega-imizi (isib, New York kanye Los Angeles).

Umfanekiso 4.12: Hands elisetshenziswa ukuhlola of Doleac and Stein (2013) . ngomakhalekhukhwini nama-iPod kwathengiswa by nabathengisi enezici ezihlukene ukukala ukucwaswa in an esigcawini online.

Okulinganiselwa ku yonkana zonke izimo, imiphumela zazingcono umthengi white ukwedlula black nomthengisi, nomthengisi ziyabhalwa kokuba imiphumela Lesisemkhatsini. Ngokwesibonelo, nabathengisi white wathola izipesheli kakhudlwana futhi kwadingeka ephakeme yokugcina yokuthengisa amanani. Beyond le miphumela ngokwesilinganiso, Doleac futhi Stein ukulinganisela heterogeneity nemiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye isibikezelo kusukela theory ngaphambili wukuthi ukubandlulula angenqaba ezimakethe ukuthi kukhona ukuncintisana. Ukusebenzisa isibalo izipesheli wathola proxy ukuncintisana kwemakethe, abalobi bathola ukuthi nabathengisi black ngempela ukuthola okunikezwayo sibi kakhulu ezimakethe nge ophansi wokuncintisana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela izikhangiso eliphezulu nombhalo yekhwalithi ephansi, Doleac futhi Stein wathola ukuthi izinga isikhangiso akuthinti ububi abhekana nazo nabathengisi black and ziyabhalwa. Ekugcineni, sibambe iqiniso lokuthi izikhangiso zafakwa ezimakethe ezingaphezu kuka-300, abalobi bathola ukuthi nabathengisi black eziswele ngaphezulu imizi kobugebengu kanye okusezingeni ukuhlukaniswa zokuhlala. Ayikho kulezi imiphumela siqonde okunembile kahle ukuthi kungani nabathengisi nabansundu kwakudingeka imiPhumela yokuFunda kumiphumela yokuhlaziya sibi kakhulu, kodwa, lapho kuhlangene imiphumela yezinye izifundo, baqale ukwazisa eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ngezimbangela yekubandlululwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhokhelwa kwezomnotho.

Esinye isibonelo esibonisa ukuthi ikhono abacwaningi ukuba iqhube digital ensimini ucwaningo izinhlelo ekhona lokucwaninga Arnout van de Rijt kanye nozakwabo (2014) on the kuyisihluthulelo sempumelelo. Ezicini eziningi zokuphila, abantu ababonakala efanayo bagcina nemiphumela ehlukene kakhulu. Enye yezimbangela ngoba lo mkhuba wukuthi incane-futhi ngokuyisisekelo okungahleliwe-izinzuzo usungakhiya-in futhi lukhule ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inqubo abacwaningi ukubiza inzuzo ayakhula. Ukuze anqume ukuthi ngabe izimo abaphumelela encane sokuqala Ilokhi-in nobe ishabalale, van de Rijt kanye nozakwabo (2014) wangenela zibe izinhlelo ezine ezihlukene walokho impumelelo iqhaza ngezikhathi ezikhethiwe, bese kulinganiswa imithelela yesikhathi eside kule mpumelelo ngokungenasizathu.

Ngini ngokuqondile, van de Rijt kanye nozakwabo 1) pledged imali ngezikhathi ezikhethiwe amaphrojekthi on kickstarter.com , a website crowdfunding; 2) ngendlela eyakhayo ulinganisiwe ngezikhathi ezikhethiwe kwi website epinions ; 3) wanika imiklomelo abavele bakhethwa abanikelayo ukuthi Wikipedia ; futhi 4) sisayinwe ngezikhathi ezikhethiwe izicelo change.org . Abacwaningi bathola imiphumela efanayo kakhulu kuwo wonke ama-izinhlelo ezine: esimweni ngasinye, ababambiqhaza ukuthi base ngezikhathi unikele ngenye impumelelo okuqala waqhubeka ungabi impumelelo okwalandela kuka ontanga yabo ngenye izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana ngokuphelele (Figure 4.13). Iqiniso lokuthi efanayo uvele ngaphambi izinhlelo eziningi kwandisa ukuba semthethweni wangaphandle le miphumela ngoba kunciphisa amathuba okuthi lo mkhuba kuyinto mshini engasekelwe ohlelweni oluthile ethile.

Umfanekiso 4.13: Long-term imiphumela empumelelo ngezikhathi wasekubeka izinhlelo ezine ezihlukene zenhlalo. Arnout van de Rijt kanye nozakwabo (2014) 1) pledged imali ngezikhathi ezikhethiwe amaphrojekthi on kickstarter.com , a website crowdfunding; 2) ngendlela eyakhayo ulinganisiwe ngezikhathi ezikhethiwe kwi website epinions ; 3) wanika imiklomelo abavele bakhethwa abanikelayo ukuthi Wikipedia ; futhi 4) sisayinwe ngezikhathi ezikhethiwe izicelo change.org .

Zihlangene zonke, lezi zibonelo ezimbili zibonisa ukuthi abacwaningi ukuraga digital insimu nemaresiphi ngaphandle isidingo umlingani nezinkampani noma isidingo sokwakha izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi digital. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ithebula 4.2 linezibonelo nakakhulu ezibonisa uhla kuyini kungenzeka lapho abacwaningi sebenzisa ingqalasizinda izinhlelo ezikhona ukuze akhulule ukwelashwa kanye / noma isilinganiso miphumela. Lezi ukucwaningwa kuqhathaniswa ezishibhile ivulela abacwaningi kanye banikela ngezinga eliphezulu ngokoqobo. Kodwa, lokhu kucwaninga zinikeza abacwaningi ukwazi okungaphelele phezu abahlanganyeli, zokwelapha, futhi imiphumela singenakulinganiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, for ucwaningo ezenzeka uhlelo eyodwa kuphela, abacwaningi kudingeka ukhathazeke ngokuthi imiphumela babengase eliqhutshwa uhlelo eqondene Dynamics (isib, indlela Kickstarter lifaka imiklamo noma indlela ukuthi change.org lifaka njengohlu lwezikhalazo; ngolwazi oluthe xaxa, bheka ingxoxo mayelana nolokukhungathekisa algorithmic eSahlukweni 2). Ekugcineni, lapho abacwaningi angenele izinhlelo ukusebenza, imibuzo zesimilo olukhohlisayo ziyaphuma mayelana umonakalo kungenzeka ukuba abahlanganyeli, non-ababambiqhaza, futhi izinhlelo. Sizohlola lezi umbuzo eziphathelene nezimiso zokuziphatha ngokuningiliziwe eSahlukweni 6, futhi kukhona i ingxoxo enhle kakhulu kubo Esithasiselweni van de Rijt (2014) . I ukudela okuthile ehambisana usebenza ohlelweni olukhona aziyona indawo enhle zonke project, futhi ngenxa yaleso sizathu abanye abacwaningi ukwakha uhlelo lwabo siqu ocwaningayo, isihloko esigabeni esilandelayo.