4.5.1.2 Yakha ukuhlolwa kwakho siqu

UKWAKHA sokuhlolwa kwakho siqu kungase kube yizindleko ezinkulu, kodwa ngeke sikwazi wena ukudala ukuhlola ofuna.

Ngaphezu nekwendlala ukulinga phezulu ezindaweni ezikhona, ungase futhi ukwakha ukuhlolwa kwakho siqu. Inzuzo enkulu lendlela control; uma wakha ukuhlola, ungakha imvelo kanye lokwelatshwa ofuna. Lezi izindawo Bespoke yokulinga kungadala amathuba ukuze avivinye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma azinakwenzeka ukuze avivinye ezindaweni zemvelo. I nemiphumela ethile engathandeki main wokwakha sokuhlolwa kwakho siqu kukhona ukuthi kungaba eqolo nokuthi imvelo ukuthi bayakwazi ukudala angase angabi nawo okwangempela uhlelo zemvelo. Abacwaningi ekwakheni experiment zabo siqu futhi kumelwe abe nesu for ukuqasha abahlanganyeli. Lapho usebenza izinhlelo ezikhona, abacwaningi ngokuyisisekelo beletha ucwaningo abahlanganyeli yabo. Kodwa, lapho abacwaningi ukwakha experiment zabo siqu, badinga ukuletha abahlanganyeli kukho. Ngenhlanhla, amasevisi ezifana Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) anganikeza abacwaningi indlela elula ukuletha abahlanganyeli ucwaningo zabo.

Esinye isibonelo okubonisa izimfanelo ezinhle ezindaweni Bespoke ukuhlola eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma abstract yilona digital lab experiment by Gregory Huber, uSeti Hill Gabriel Lenz (2012) . Ucwaningo ihlola kungenzeka nemikhawuko ezingokoqobo ukuze ukusebenza ilawulwa intando yeningi. izifundo Ngasekuqaleni non-yokulinga okhethweni uqobo basikisela ukuthi abavoti abakwazi ukuhlola ngokunembile ukusebenza osopolitiki eyisibopho. Ikakhulu, abavoti avele isifo ukucwasana ezintathu: 1) egxile yamuva kunokuba ukusebenza eziqongelelayo; 2) manipulatable by mpendulo, ozimele, ukumaketha; futhi 3) kuthonywa izenzakalo ezingahlobene nokusebenza eyisibopho, ezifana impumelelo zendawo sports team kanye sezulu. Nokho, Kulezi izifundo ngaphambili, kwakunzima ukwehlukanisa iyiphi yalezi zici kuzo zonke ezinye izinto okwenzekayo kwangempela, ukhetho zingcolile. Ngakho, Huber kanye nozakwabo wadala a owenziwe lula kakhulu imvelo yokuvota ukuze ukwehlukanisa, bese Ucwaningo ukutadisha, ngasinye salezi ukucwasana ezintathu kungenzeka.

Njengoba ngichaze zokuhlola set-up ngenzansi uya uzwakale yokufakelwa kakhulu, kodwa khumbula ukuthi ngokoqobo akuyona umgomo lab-style ucwaningo. Kunalokho, umgomo ukwehlukanisa ngokucacile inqubo ukuthi uzama ukutadisha, futhi lokhu esikhathini esisichitha sisodwa tight akubi kungenzeka ezifundweni ne ngokoqobo ngokwengeziwe (Falk and Heckman 2009) . Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule ndaba, abacwaningi wagomela ukuthi uma abavoti bakwazi ukuhlola ngeke ngempumelelo ukusebenza kulesi simo owenziwe lula kakhulu, khona-ke basuke Ngeke bakwazi ukukwenza ngendlela enengqondo kakhudlwana, kulungiselelwa more complex.

Huber kanye nozakwabo esetshenziswa Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) ukuze athole abahlanganyeli. Kanye umhlanganyeli enikeziwe imvume unolwazi nokubamba ngaphumelela ezivivinyweni iDemo, watshelwa ukuthi kwaba ukuhlanganyela 32 round umdlalo ukuze uthole amathokheni ezingaholela ibe imali yangempela. Ekuqaleni lo mdlalo, ngamunye owayekhona watshelwa ukuthi wayekade yabela "allocator" ukuthi wayeyobanika amathokheni wakhe khulula round ngamunye nokuthi abanye allocators ayephana kakhudlwana kunamanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye owayekhona Wayebuye etshelwa ukuthi nethuba noma ukugcina allocator yakhe noma inikezwa umuntu omusha ngemuva 16 kwamarounds of the game. Njengoba sazi lokho okwaziyo Huber kanye nozakwabo 'imigomo ucwaningo, ungabona ukuthi allocator limelela uhulumeni kanye lesi sinqumo imele ukhetho, kodwa abahlanganyeli babengakuqapheli imigomo jikelele socwaningo. Sekukonke, Huber kanye nozakwabo waqoqa cishe 4,000 abahlanganyeli zakhokhelwa mayelana $ 1.25 for umsebenzi wathatha cishe imizuzu engu-8.

Khumbula ukuthi omunye okutholakele ocwaningweni ngaphambili kwaba ukuthi abavoti umvuzo ajezise incumbents for imiphumela okusobala ukuthi kwamandla abo, ezifana impumelelo amaqembu ezemidlalo wendawo kanye sezulu. Ukuhlola ukuthi izinqumo abahlanganyeli yokuvota babengase kuthonywa izenzakalo luyingxenye okungahleliwe setting zabo, Huber kanye nozakwabo ungeze esike uhlelo lwabo zokuhlola. Ngesikhathi noma round 8 noma round 16th (ie, ngakwesokudla ngaphambi ithuba ukuba esikhundleni allocator) ababekhona ngezikhathi ibekwe lottery lapho abanye won 5000 amaphuzu, amanye won 0 amaphuzu, kanti abanye balahlekelwa 5000 amaphuzu. Lokhu lottery yayihloselwe ukulingisa izindaba ezinhle noma ezimbi okungukuthi ezimele ukusebenza sezombangazwe. Nakuba ababekhona loluvetwa utshele ukuthi lottery kwaba ezingahlobene nokusebenza allocator yabo, umphumela lottery namanje nomthelela izinqumo kwababambiqhaza. Abahlanganyeli ukuthi wazuza ezindabeni lottery babevame ukugcina allocator yabo, futhi lokhu nomphumela sasinamandla lapho esike kwenzeka ngo round 16-khona kanye phambi esikhundleni isinqumo-kunangesikhathi kwenzeka round 8 (Figure 4.14). Le miphumela, kanye nemiphumela eziningana kwamanye ucwaningo ephepheni, kwaholela Huber kanye nozakwabo ukuphetha ngokuthi ngisho esimweni owenziwe lula, abavoti bahluleke ukwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile, umphumela wokuthi nomthelela ucwaningo esizayo mayelana ukuvota ekuthathweni kwezinqumo (Healy and Malhotra 2013) . Ucwaningo of Huber kanye nozakwabo kubonisa ukuthi MTurk angasetshenziswa ukuze ahehe ababambe iqhaza lab-style ukuhlolwa ukuze ngokunembile ahlole imibono ethize kakhulu. Iphinde libonisa ukubaluleka yakha imvelo yakho yokulinga: kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi lezi zinqubo okufanayo nangezizwe ezingase ngakho ehlanzekile nganoma iyiphi enye setting.

Figure 4.14: Ezenye kusuka Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) . Abahlanganyeli ukuthi wazuza ezindabeni lottery babevame ukuba agcine allocator yabo, futhi lokhu nomphumela sasinamandla lapho esike kwenzeka ngo round 16-khona kanye phambi esikhundleni isinqumo-kunangesikhathi kwenzeka nxazonke 8.

Ukwengeza, ekwakheni nemaresiphi lab-like, abacwaningi futhi ukwakha ukuhlolwa maningi field-like. Ngokwesibonelo, Centola (2010) wakha digital insimu experiment ukutadisha umphumela we isakhiwo ingosi yokuxhumana nabantu ekusakazekeni ukuziphatha. umbuzo wakhe ucwaningo efuna ukuba agcine ukuziphatha efanayo besakaza kwemiphakathi ukuthi kwadingeka ezahlukene izakhiwo ingosi yokuxhumana nabantu kodwa kwakuhlukile izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokwenza lokhu ukukwenza kwakuyintokazi Bespoke, experiment siko-eyakhelwe. Kulokhu, Centola wakha umphakathi impilo web-based.

Centola waqoqa abahlanganyeli mayelana 1,500 ukukhangisa kumawebhusayithi impilo. Lapho abahlanganyeli befika endaweni umphakathi-Internet yayibizwa ngokuthi Healthy Lifestyle Network-zanikeza imvume unolwazi base babelwa "buddies impilo." Ngenxa yendlela Centola ayabelwe lezi buddies impilo wakwazi ukuba bahlanganiswe ndawonye ezahlukene izakhiwo inethiwekhi social in ezahlukene amaqembu. Amanye amaqembu zazakhiwe ukuba amanethiwekhi okungahleliwe (lapho wonke umuntu cishe ngokulinganayo ukuba ixhunywe) kanye namanye amaqembu yayakhiwe ukuba amanethiwekhi ahlukeneko (lapho ukuxhumana okwengeziwe bangakini aminyene). Bese, Centola wethula ukuziphatha elisha ezingqalathini inethiwekhi ngasinye, ithuba ukuze babhalisele website entsha ngolwazi lwezempilo olwengeziwe. Noma nini lapho umuntu Ubhalisele kule webhusayithi entsha, bonke buddies yakhe yempilo wathola i-imeyili ememezela lokhu kuziphatha. Centola wathola ukuthi le ndlela yokuziphatha-ukusayina i-website ayeshumayela eminye futhi ngokushesha inethiwekhi ahlanganiswe ndawonye ukwedlula inethiwekhi nomaphi, sokuthi kwakuphambene ezinye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ezintsha.

Sekukonke, ekwakheni ukuhlolwa kwakho siqu ekunika izintambo nokunye okuningi; lukusiza ukwakha best imvelo kungenzeka ukwehlukanisa kulokho ofuna ukufunda. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi ikhona yini kulezi nemaresiphi mafutha ngabe eyenziwa endaweni ekhona kakade. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekwakheni uhlelo lwakho siqu kunciphisa Ukukhathazeka Ngezimiso Zokuhle Nokubi nxazonke ukuzama e izinhlelo ezikhona. Nokho, Nxa wakha sokuhlolwa kwakho siqu, wena iyangena eziningi zezinkinga ukuthi basuke wahlangabezana lab kwenziwa ucwaningo: ukuqasha abahlanganyeli kanye nokukhathazeka mayelana Namaqiniso. A embi ngalo sokugcina ukuthi ukwakha sokuhlolwa kwakho siqu kungabiza kakhulu futhi isikhathi esiningi, nakuba njengoba lezi zibonelo zibonisa, ucwaningo kungaba isukela izimo lilula (ezifana cwaningo zokuvota by Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) ) ukuze kuqhathaniswa izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi (ezifana cwaningo zokuxhumana kanye esithathelwanayo by Centola (2010) ).