4.3 amabili Ubukhulu ucwaningo: lab-field and analog-digital
Nemaresiphi Lab zinikeza ukulawula, ucwaningo field zinikeza ngokoqobo, futhi digital insimu kwenziwa ucwaningo ukuhlanganisa control Nokubhekana Namaqiniso at esikalini.
Izilingo akheke ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene kanye osayizi. Kodwa, naphezu kwalezi umehluko, abacwaningi baye bakuthola kuwusizo ukuhlela kwenziwa ucwaningo kanye Eziqhubekayo phakathi lab kwenziwa ucwaningo kanye ucwaningo emkhakheni. Manje, Nokho, abacwaningi kufanele futhi ahlele kwenziwa ucwaningo kanye Eziqhubekayo phakathi kwenziwa ucwaningo analog kanye ucwaningo digital. Lokhu design isikhala ezimbili-ntathu kuzokusiza uqonde amandla nobuthakathaka izindlela ezahlukene futhi basikisela izindawo ithuba elihle kunawo wonke (Figure 4.1).
Figure 4.1: wokuhlelwa kwendikimba design isikhala for ucwaningo. Esikhathini esidlule, ucwaningo lwaya ngokuya lushintsha kanye nobukhulu lab-field. Manje, nabo ziyahlukahluka on the isici analog-digital. Ngokubona kwami, endaweni yase ithuba elihle kunawo wonke kuyinto digital endle ucwaningo.
Esikhathini esidlule, indlela esemqoka ukuthi abacwaningi ihlelwe nemaresiphi kwaba kanye nobukhulu lab-field. Iningi ucwaningo emkhakheni wesayensi yokuzijabulisa nemaresiphi lab lapho abafundi undergraduate imisebenzi babezizwe a lab ngenkambo credit. Lolu hlobo lokuhlolwa obusa ucwaningo kwengqondo ngoba kwenza abacwaningi ukwakha zokwelapha ethize kakhulu eklanyelwe ukuze ahlole imibono ethize kakhulu mayelana nokuziphatha emphakathini. Nokho, izinkinga ezithile, into uzizwa kuxaka mayelana efinyelela iziphetho eziqinile mayelana nokuziphatha komuntu kubantu obungajwayelekile lenza enjalo imisebenzi engavamile kohlelo obungajwayelekile. Lezi ukukhathazeka sezishiye ukunyakaza ngase yenholo field. Field nemaresiphi hlanganisa design ashubile ezithunywa randomized control nemaresiphi nemacembu more omele iqhaza, imisebenzi evamile more, in izilungiselelo yemvelo.
Nakuba abanye abantu bacabanga lab and field kwenziwa ucwaningo njengoba ukuncintisana izindlela, kungcono ukuba uwabheke njengoba izindlela ezihambelanayo nge amakhono ehlukene kanye nobuthakathaka. Ngokwesibonelo, Correll, Benard, and Paik (2007) Kwasetshenziswa kokubili sokuhlolwa lab kanye experiment insimu ngomzamo ukuthola emithonjeni "ngumama penalty." E-United States, omama uhola imali engaphansi kuka-abesifazana abantwana, ngisho nalapho kokuqhathanisa abesifazane ngamakhono efanayo abasebenza imisebenzi efanayo. Kunezinto eziningi izincazelo kungenakwenzeka ukuba lokhu iphethini, futhi omunye wukuthi nabaqashi nganhlanye ngokumelene omama. (Ngokuthakazelisayo, lithi kufanele sizikhethe esizikholelwayo ibonakala kuyiqiniso ngoba obaba: bavame uthole kuka engaqhathaniswa engenabantwana amadoda). Ukuze ukuhlola noma ukuchema kuzo kungenzeka ngokumelene omama, Correll kanye nozakwabo wagijima nemaresiphi ezimbili ezingafani: kuletha kuleli lab and ensimini.
Okokuqala, ngo-eksperimenti lab Correll futhi watshela ozakwabo abahlanganyeli, ababe ekolishi undergraduates, ukuthi California-based inkampani yezokuxhumana ekuqaleni-up wayeqhubela sokucinga omsebenzi umuntu ukuba ahole umnyango entsha marketing East Coast. Students batshelwa ukuthi inkampani ifuna bayisize inqubo nokuqasha futhi sicelwa ukuba ubuyekeze kuzicelo ukhetho eziningana ezingase zivele futhi ukukala abazobhapathizwa on eziningi Ubukhulu ezifana ukuhlakanipha kwabo, imfudumalo, nokuzimisela ukusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi babuzwa uma ukuyithola eziqasha umfakisicelo futhi kulokho ababengakushintsha batusa njengoba iholo kokuqala. Wayengazi ukuthi abafundi Nokho, kuzicelo abangu ngokuqondile icanjwe ngendlela efanayo ngaphandle kokunye: ezinye the kuzicelo uphawu ngumama (ngokuwafaka ohlwini ukuhileleka inhlangano kwemtali nathishela) kanti abanye abazange. Correll yathola ukuthi abafundi ayemancane amathuba ukuncoma eziqasha omama wakunikela aphansi kuqalwa iholo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziya ngokwezibalo kwemininingwane kokubili izilinganiso kanye nezinqumo ahlobene nokuqasha-, Correll wathola ukuthi ngokuyinhloko yokuntula omama 'abangu wachaza iqiniso lokuthi omama bathole amaphuzu aphansi mayelana zamakhono kanye nokuzibophezela. Ngamanye amazwi, Correll uveza ukuthi lezi imikhuba mshini okuyothi omama eziswele. Ngakho, le experiment lab avunyelwe Correll kanye nozakwabo ukukala nomphumela esiyimbangela futhi ahlinzeke incazelo okungenzeka ukuthi ithinta for ukuthi umphumela.
Yiqiniso, omunye angase sokungabaza efinyelela iziphetho mayelana wonke emkhakheni wezabasebenzi US esekelwe ezinqumeni undergraduates ambalwa abaye cishe never had a job esigcwele, ingasaphathwa waqasha abantu. Ngakho, Correll kanye nozakwabo bawenza abe aphelele insimu experiment. Abacwaningi abasabela ngayo emakhulwini zamaphoyisa kuvuleka umsebenzi ngokuthumela e fake cover izincwadi bese uqhubeka. Wayefana izinto siboniswe undergraduates, abanye kuzicelo uphawu umama kanye abanye abazange. Correll kanye nozakwabo bathola ukuthi omama ayemancane amathuba get awahoxise izingxoxo kunabesifazane abafanelekayo ngokulinganayo engenabantwana. Ngamanye amazwi, abaqashi real okwenza izinqumo nezisho esimweni esingokwemvelo ziziphatha ifanana undergraduates. Ingabe yokwenza izinqumo ezifanayo ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo? Ngeshwa, asazi. Abacwaningi abakwazanga cela abaqashi ukukala abazobhapathizwa noma abachazele izinqumo zabo.
Le pair of nemaresiphi kwembula okuningi mayelana lab and field ucwaningo jikelele. nemaresiphi Lab zinikeza abacwaningi eduze izintambo ngokuphelele imvelo lapho abadlali abenza izinqumo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ekuhlolweni lab, Correll wakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke kuzicelo zafundwa esimweni ethule; ekuhlolweni endle, ezinye zezinto kuzicelo kungenzeka ngisho funda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi ababambiqhaza esimweni lab bayazi ukuthi basuke lafundvwako, nabacwaningi bavame bayakwazi ukuqoqa idatha ezengeziwe engabasiza ukuba uqonde ukuthi kungani abanye abahlanganyeli izinqumo zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, Correll wabuza abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni lab ukukala abazobhapathizwa on Ubukhulu ezahlukene. Lolu hlobo idatha ngenqubo bangasiza abafundisi abacwaningi ukuqonda izindlela ngemuva umehluko endleleni esenza ngayo abahlanganyeli aphathe lo kuzicelo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, la izici esiqondile efana neyami nje wachazwa ngokuthi izinzuzo nazo ngezinye izikhathi kubhekwa yokuntula. Abacwaningi abakhetha kwenziwa ucwaningo emkhakheni baphikisa ngokuthi ababambiqhaza lab kwenziwa ucwaningo enze ngendlela ehlukile kakhulu uma babekwa zakubhekisisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-lab experiment abahlanganyeli okungenzeka ukuyichaza umgomo ucwaningo kanye okushintshiwe nokuziphatha kwabo ukuze kungasolisi sibonakale nganhlanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi abakhetha kwenziwa ucwaningo emkhakheni bangase baphikise ngokuthi umehluko omncane on kuzicelo kungaba kuphela wehluke ehlanzekile impela, oyinyumba lab imvelo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukuhlolwa lab ngokuhamba-ukulinganisa umphumela wokuba ngumama ezinqumweni nokuqashwa real. Ekugcineni, ababesekela eziningi ucwaningo emkhakheni agxeke lab kwenziwa ucwaningo ukwethembela abahlanganyeli uyinqaba: ngokuyinhloko abafundi kusukela Western, Bafunde, athuthukile, Rich, kanye namazwe Democratic (Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan 2010) . Ucwaningo by Correll kanye nozakwabo (2007) sifanekise ngezindlela ezimbili ezeqisayo on continuum lab-field. Phakathi kwalezi zinhlangothi ezimbili ezeqisayo kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene designs hybrid kuhlanganise izindlela ezinjalo njengoba beletha non-abafundi ibe lab noma beya ensimini, kodwa namanje kokuba abahlanganyeli enze umsebenzi ongajwayelekile.
Ngaphezu isici lab-field bukhona esikhathini esidlule, yobudala digital kusho ukuthi abacwaningi manje ezintweni yesibili enkulu okuhamba kuyo kwenziwa ucwaningo ziyahlukahluka: analog-digital. Njengoba nje kunezinkolelo oluhlanzekile lab kwenziwa ucwaningo, emsulwa insimu kwenziwa ucwaningo, futhi ezihlukahlukene nzalo phakathi, kukhona elihlanzekile nemaresiphi analog, emsulwa kwenziwa ucwaningo digital, futhi ezihlukahlukene nzalo. Kuyinto olukhohlisayo ukuba anikele definition loluhlelekile lokhu isici, kodwa ewusizo sabasebenzi ncazelo ukuthi kwenziwa ucwaningo digital ngokugcwele kukhona ukuhlolwa alisebenzisa kwengqalasizinda digital ziqasha ababambiqhaza, ngokungahleleki, ukuletha zokwelapha, balinganise nemiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, Restivo futhi van de Rijt sika (2012) Ukutadisha barnstars futhi Wikipedia kwaba experiment digital ngokugcwele ngoba kwakuvame izinhlelo digital womane lezi zinyathelo. Ngokufanayo ngokugcwele nemaresiphi analog kukhona ukuhlolwa ungamenzi nokusetshenziswa kwezingqalazizinda digital iyiphi yalezi zinyathelo ezine. Abaningi ucwaningo Classic kwengqondo kukhona kwenziwa ucwaningo analog. Phakathi kwalezi zinhlangothi ezimbili ezeqisayo kukhona ingxenye nemaresiphi digital ukuthi usebenzise ingxube izinhlelo analog futhi digital for izinyathelo ezine.
Ngalokujulile, amathuba ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa digital akuzona nje online. Abacwaningi ungaqalisa ukuhlolwa ingxenye yako digital ngokusebenzisa amadivaysi digital endalweni ukuze akhulule zokwelapha noma ukukala imiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, abacwaningi ongajabulela amafoni smart ukuletha zokwelapha noma izinzwa imvelo eyakhelwe ukukala imiphumela. Eqinisweni, njengoba sizobona kamuva kulesi sahluko, abacwaningi baye kakade wasebenzisa amandla ekhaya amamitha ukukala imiPhumela yokuFunda kumiphumela yokuhlaziya ucwaningo mayelana izindinganiso zomphakathi nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ezihilela 8.5 million wamakhaya (Allcott 2015) . Njengoba amadivaysi digital ziba bafakwe ezimpilweni zabantu kanye izinzwa luye bafakwe imvelo yakhiwe, la mathuba ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa ivele kancane digital endalweni kuyokhula ephawulekayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ucwaningo digital akuzona nemaresiphi nje online.
izinhlelo Digital ukudala amathuba amasha for ucwaningo yonke indawo egudle continuum lab-field. In okuhlanzekile lab kwenziwa ucwaningo, isibonelo, abacwaningi bangasebenzisa izinhlelo digital zikanokusho nesilinganiso ukuziphatha kwababambiqhaza; omunye isibonelo salolu hlobo of yokukala oseluphuculiwe imishini iso-ethungatha esihlinzeka izinyathelo eliqondile okuqhubekayo of amehlo indawo. Inkathi digital futhi kudala ukuthi kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa lab-like online. Ngokwesibonelo, abacwaningi baye bamukela ngokushesha Google Mechanical Turk (MTurk) nokwenza ababambiqhaza for ucwaningo online (Figure 4.2). MTurk umentshisi "abaqashi" abangenalo imisebenzi okumele agcwaliswe nge "izisebenzi" abafisa ukuqedela labo imisebenzi imali. Nokho, ngokungafani yendabuko izimakethe zabasebenzi, imisebenzi ehilelekile ngokuvamile zidinga kuphela imizuzu embalwa ukuqeda nayo yonke ukusebenzisana phakathi komqashi nesisebenzi kuyinto virtual. Ngoba MTurk ulingisa izici bendabuko lab nemaresiphi okhokhela abantu ukuqedela imisebenzi babengeke benze for free-ke uyathuthuka ngokwemvelo kuhambisana yezinhlobo ezithile zocwaningo. Ngokuyisisekelo, MTurk uye wadala ingqalasizinda ekuphatheni echibini ababambiqhaza-ukuqasha ukukhokhela abantu-futhi abacwaningi baye sasebenzisa ingqalasizinda ukuze badonse ichibi njalo kuyatholakala iqhaza.
Figure 4.2: Amaphepha eshicilelwe usebenzisa idatha kusuka Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) (Bohannon 2016) . MTurk kanye nezinye inthanethi izimakethe zabasebenzi anikele abacwaningi indlela elula ukuthola ababambiqhaza for ucwaningo.
nemaresiphi Digital ukudala amathuba ngisho nangokwengeziwe for ucwaningo field-like. Digital field nemaresiphi kungaba ukunikela Friend control and inqubo datha ukuqonda tindlela kunokwenzeka (like lab kwenziwa ucwaningo) kanye abahlanganyeli wehlukile senza izinqumo yangempela emvelweni (like kwenziwa ucwaningo field). Ngaphezu le nhlanganisela izici ezinhle ucwaningo ngaphambili, digital insimu kwenziwa ucwaningo futhi zinikeza amathuba amathathu ayekanye ezinzima analog lab and field ucwaningo.
Okokuqala, kanti iningi analog lab and field nemaresiphi babe ngamakhulu ababambiqhaza, digital yasensimini kwenziwa ucwaningo ingaba nezigidi zama ababambiqhaza. Lolu shintsho ngobuningi kungenxa yokuthi ezinye nemaresiphi digital ungaveza idatha at zero izindleko onhlobonhlobo. Okungukuthi, once abacwaningi baye basungula i ingqalasizinda yokulinga, kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo abahlanganyeli ngokuvamile engenzi ukwandisa izindleko. Ukwandisa inani labamba iqhaza ezingaba ngu-100 noma ngaphezulu akuyona nje ambalwa, kuba noshintsho qualitative, ngoba lwenza abacwaningi sokufunda izinto ezahlukene kusukela ekuhlolweni (isib, heterogeneity imiphumela yokwelashwa) bese ugijime imiklamo ezahlukene ngokuphelele zokuhlola ( isib, ucwaningo iqembu elikhulu). Leli phuzu kubaluleke kangaka, mina ngizobe sibuyele kuwo ngasekupheleni kwesahluko lapho mina ukunikeza iseluleko mayelana nokwakha yenholo digital.
Okwesibili, kanti iningi analog lab and field nemaresiphi aphathe ababambiqhaza amawijethi izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana, digital insimu kwenziwa ucwaningo bavame ukusebenzisa kuzo imininingwane eyisisekelo ngezincwadi abahlanganyeli ekuklanyweni kanye nokuhlaziywa izigaba zocwaningo. Lolu lwazi isizinda, okuthiwa inani pre-ukwelashwa, kuyinto ngokuvamile iyatholakala ucwaningo digital ngoba kwenzeke ezindaweni kulinganiswa ngokugcwele. Ngokwesibonelo, umcwaningi kuyo Facebook inokwaziswa okuningi more pre-ukwelashwa kuka umcwaningi ukuklama indinganiso lab linga ngamasu ahlukahlukene ngenhloso undergraduates. Lolu lwazi pre-ukwelashwa kwenza abacwaningi ukudlulela ngale ungiphathisa okwengane okufanele icele ababambiqhaza amawijethi njengoba izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana. Ngini ngokuqondile, ulwazi pre-ukwelashwa kwenza imiklamo-enjalo iyashelela yokulinga njengoba luvimbe (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) kanye ukunxenxa okubhekiswe kwababambe iqhaza (Eckles, Kizilcec, and Bakshy 2016) -futhi analysis-ezifana onokuqonda futhi ikakhulu njengoba ukulinganisa heterogeneity ukwelashwa imiphumela (Athey and Imbens 2016a) kanye ukulungiswa covariate for ngokunemba yathuthuka (Bloniarz et al. 2016) .
Okwesithathu, kanti abaningi lab analog ensimini kwenziwa ucwaningo ukuletha zokwelapha kanye nesilinganiso outcomes imali kuqhathaniswa onomfutho isikhathi, abanye digital insimu nemaresiphi zihilela zokwelapha kungaba inikelwe phezu kwesikhathi kanye nemiphumela kungabuye kulinganiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, Restivo futhi van de Rijt sika experiment has umphumela ukulinganisile nsuku izinsuku ezingu-90, futhi omunye ucwaningo Ngizokutshela mayelana kamuva kuso leso sahluko (Ferraro, Miranda, and Price 2011) amathrekhi imiPhumela yokuFunda kumiphumela yokuhlaziya eminyakeni engu-3 at ngokuyisisekelo akukho izindleko. Lezi ezintathu samathuba size, ulwazi pre-ukwelashwa, futhi ukwelashwa longitudinal kanye nomphumela we-data-zivamile kakhulu lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo alawulwa esiqongweni njalo-on izilinganiso systems (bheka iSahluko 2 uthole okuthe xaxa ngale njalo-on nesilinganiso izinhlelo).
Nakuba digital yasensimini nemaresiphi zinikeza amathuba amaningi, nazo ziyohlanganyela ubuthakathaka obuthile nge kokubili analog lab kanye ucwaningo emkhakheni. Ngokwesibonelo, kwenziwa ucwaningo ayikwazi sasitadisha esidlule, futhi bangakwazi kuphela balinganisela nemiphumela zokwelapha okungatholakala ukusetshenziswa. Futhi, nakuba ukucwaningwa Akungabazeki ukuthi ewusizo ukukuqondisa inqubomgomo, isiqondiso esiqondile banganikeza Kuthi okutheni ngenxa yezinkinga ezifana ithemba kwemvelo, izinkinga ukuhambisana, futhi zilingana imiphumela (Banerjee and Duflo 2009; Deaton 2010) . Ekugcineni, digital insimu kwenziwa ucwaningo ababaza Ukukhathazeka Ngezimiso Zokuhle Nokubi adalwe yenholo ensimini. Abasekeli ucwaningo emkhakheni eshaya icilongo ikhono labo unobtrusively nemiyalezo angenelele ku izinqumo nezisho ezenziwa izigidi zabantu. Lezi zici kuletha izinzuzo ezithile zesayensi, kodwa futhi kungenza kwenziwa ucwaningo emkhakheni ngobulungiswa eziyinkimbinkimbi (cabanga ngalokhu njengoba abacwaningi abelapha abantu abangu like "lab amagundane" ngezinga elikhulu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphezu efanele ibe kuhlu lokuhlukumezeka kungenzeka abahlanganyeli, digital insimu nemaresiphi ngenxa esikalini zabo, kungaba futhi ukuveza ukukhathazeka mayelana ukuphazamiseka ukusebenza zomphakathi (isib, ukukhathazeka mayelana zikhala umvuzo system Wikipedia uma Restivo futhi van der Rijt wanika barnstars amaningi kakhulu) .
