4.6.1 Yakha zero nedatha yezindleko variable

Isihluthulelo egijima nemaresiphi esikhulu ukushayela izindleko zakho variable zero. Izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokwenza lokhu ezishintshayo nekusungula yenholo kujabulise.

nemaresiphi Digital ungaba kakhulu kwesama izakhiwo izindleko futhi lokhu kwenza abacwaningi ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa ezazingaphansi ayinakwenzeka esikhathini esidlule. Ngini ngokuqondile, ucwaningo ngokuvamile izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko of izindleko. Izindleko fixed kanye nezindleko variable izindleko ezihleliwe izindleko ukuthi musa ukushintsha kuye ngokuthi zingaki abahlanganyeli unayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-experiment lab, izindleko fixed kungase kube izindleko baqasha isikhala bese uthenga ifenisha. Izindleko eliguqukayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ushintsho kuye zingaki abahlanganyeli unayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-experiment lab, izindleko variable kungavela okhokhela abasebenzi kanye abahlanganyeli. Ngokuvamile, kwenziwa ucwaningo analog ube izindleko low fixed kanye nezindleko variable high, kanye ucwaningo digital babe eqolo fixed kanye nezindleko ongaphakeme variable (Figure 4.18). With design ezifanele, ungakwazi ukushayela izindleko elibanzi sokuhlolwa kwakho konke indlela eya zero, futhi lokhu kungadala amathuba avusa amadlingozi ucwaningo.

Figure 4,18: wokuhlelwa kwendikimba izakhiwo izindleko analog kanye ucwaningo digital. Ngokuvamile, kwenziwa ucwaningo analog ube izindleko low fixed kanye nezindleko variable okusezingeni kanti kwenziwa ucwaningo digital babe eqolo fixed kanye nezindleko aphansi onhlobonhlobo. Ezahlukahlukene izakhiwo Izindleko kusho ukuthi kwenziwa ucwaningo digital kungaba qalisa esiqalisweni ngesilinganiso akunakwenzeka ngokuhlolwa analog.

Kukhona izakhi ezimbili eziyinhloko of variable izindleko-izinkokhelo abasebenzi kanye izinkokhelo abahlanganyeli-futhi kungenziwa ngasinye salezi eshayelwa zero usebenzisa amasu ahlukene. Izinkokhelo abasebenzi bavela emsebenzini ukuthi abasizi ucwaningo do ukuqasha ababambiqhaza, edlulisela zokwelapha, nokukala nemiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-analog insimu linga ngamasu of Schultz kanye nozakwabo (2007) on izindinganiso zomphakathi futhi ukusetshenziswa kukagesi ucwaningo oludingekayo abasizi ukuya ekhaya ngalinye ukuze akhulule ukwelashwa bese ufunda imitha kagesi (Figure 4.3). Konke lokhu imizamo abasizi ucwaningo kwakusho ukuthi ngabe enezela nendlu entsha cwaningo wanezela izindleko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngoba digital insimu linga ngamasu of Restivo futhi van de Rijt (2012) emivuzweni e Wikipedia, abacwaningi babengase ukwengeza abanye abahlanganyeli cishe akukho izindleko. Kumele kuqhanyukwe nesu jikelele ekunciphiseni izindleko variable zokuphatha iwukuba buyisela umsebenzi womuntu (okuyinto kuyabiza) Ngenxa yomsebenzi omkhulu computer (okuyinto ezishibhile). Cishe, ungakwazi zibuze: Ungakwazi lesi silingo run ngesikhathi wonke umuntu ithimba lami ucwaningo ilele? Uma impendulo inguyebo, wenze umsebenzi omkhulu ezishintshayo.

Uhlobo lwesibili main yezindleko variable kuyinto izinkokhelo abahlanganyeli. Abanye abacwaningi baye basebenzisa Amazon Mechanical Turk kanye nezinye izimakethe zabasebenzi online ukunciphisa izinkokhelo okudingekayo abahlanganyeli. Ukushayela izindleko okuguquguqukayo yonke indlela eya zero, Nokho, enye indlela edingekayo. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, abacwaningi baklame ukuhlolwa kangaka boring kudingeke zibuye zikhokhe abantu ukuba bahlanganyele. Kodwa, kuthiwani uma ungase udale ukuhlola ukuthi abantu bafuna kube? Lokhu kungase kuzwakale kude alandwa, kodwa Ngizoninika isibonelo ngezansi emsebenzini wami siqu, futhi kunezibonelo ngaphezulu Table 4.4. Qaphela ukuthi le ndlela yokukhulisa ukuklama nemaresiphi kujabulise wenanela ngezinye zezinto eSahlukweni 3 mayelana ukuklama survey kujabulise futhi eSahlukweni 5 mayelana nomklamo ukubambisana mass. Ngakho, ngicabanga ukuthi umhlanganyeli ngekutimela lwati lolusezingeni lelilukhuni-lokho okwakungase kuchazwe Ngokushumayela kungabizwa ngokuthi komsebenzisi-buyingxenye nakakhulu of design ucwaningo kule age digital.

Uma ufuna ukwakha zero okuguquguqukayo izindleko kwenziwa ucwaningo ungafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi konke kuyazenzakela nokuthi abahlanganyeli asidingi noma yiziphi izinkokhelo. Ukuze sibonise ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani lokhu, ngizobuya ukuchaza ucwaningo ocwaningeni lami phezu ukuphumelela nokuhluleka imikhiqizo yamasiko. Lesi sibonelo libonisa nokuthi zero nedatha yezindleko okuguquguqukayo akuyona nje ukwenza izinto eshibhile. Kunalokho, kuba mayelana nokuvumela ukuhlolwa ebandleni bekungekhe kukghonakale ngenye.

Kulenkulumo-mpikiswano My washukunyiswa ubunjalo odidayo okuphumelela ngoba imikhiqizo zamasiko. Hit izingoma, best ukuthengisa izincwadi nama-movie ashisa izikhotha kukhona okuningi, yimpumelelo lokungetulu kwekumane isilinganiso. Ngenxa yalokhu, izimakethe kwale mikhiqizo ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi "winner-thatha-konke" izimakethe. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuyinto ngoma, incwadi, noma movie uyoba yimpumelelo Liyindawo ezingalindelekile. I screenwriter William Goldman (1989) enhle wafingqa eziningi yocwaningo academic by bethi, uma kuziwa ngamlomo, "akekho owazi." Ukungaqiniseki winner-thatha-konke izimakethe yangenza ngazibuza ukuthi singakanani sempumelelo siwukuba Chile of quality futhi kungakanani nje inhlanhla. Noma, wazwakalisa kancane ngendlela ehlukile, uma besingase sikwazi ukudala imihlaba parallel futhi babe nazo zonke ziphenduke ngokuzimela, ingabe iculo elifanayo zithandwe ezweni ngalinye? Futhi, uma kungenjalo, lokho kungase kube indlela esibangela lokhu kungefani?

Ukuze siphendule le mibuzo, thina-uPetru Dodds, Duncan Watts (ocwaningeni lami umeluleki), mina-nochungechunge lwezintshumayelo online field ucwaningo. Ikakhulu, sakha website ebizwa ngokuthi MusicLab lapho anama abantu umculo omusha, futhi sasisebenzisa it for uchungechunge ucwaningo. We waqoqa abahlanganyeli by egijima banner izikhangiso kwiwebhusayithi teen-interest (Figure 4.19) kanye ngokusebenzisa ngawe kwabezindaba. Abahlanganyeli befika website enikeziwe imvume yethu unolwazi, waqeda lwemibuzo ingemuva short, futhi base bafakwa omunye ithonya ezimbili yokulinga izimo-ezimele kanye nesakhiwonchanti setenhlalo. In the isimo ozimele, ababambiqhaza wenza izinqumo mayelana nokuthi iziphi iculo ukulalela, esinikezwa amagama imichilo kanye izingoma. Nakuba ukulalela ingoma, ababambiqhaza bacelwa ukuba ukukala it okwathi ngemva kwalokho waba nethuba (kodwa hhayi isibopho) ukulanda ingoma. In the isimo ithonya social, ababambiqhaza waba nokuhlangenwe nakho okufanayo, ngaphandle bakwazi ukubona bangaki izikhathi ingoma ngayinye wayekade ukulandwa ababambiqhaza odlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlanganyeli esimweni ithonya social base bafakwa ukuba omunye imihlaba eziyisishiyagalombili parallel ngalinye elikwazi savela ngokuzimela (Figure 4.20). Ukusebenzisa le design, sesibe kwenziwa ucwaningo ezimbili ezihlobene. Ngelikhulu lekucala, sethule abahlanganyeli izingoma in an grid unsorted, okwakwenza kube lula ukuthola kubo isignali ebuthakathaka ukuthandwa. In the experiment yesibili, sethule izingoma uhlu zibalwa, okwakwenza kube lula ukuthola isignali Sinemandla ukuthandwa (Figure 4.21).

Figure 4,19: Isibonelo banner isikhangiso kanye nozakwethu Ngangivame ziqasha ababambe iqhaza ucwaningo MusicLab (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) .

Figure 4.20: design lokuhlola ucwaningo MusicLab (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Ababambe iqhaza bekufanele lwafaka kwelinye izimo ezimbili: ithonya ezimele kanye nesakhiwonchanti setenhlalo. Abahlanganyeli in isimo ezimele wenza izinqumo zabo ngaphandle noma yiluphi ulwazi mayelana nalokho abanye abantu ayekwenzile. Abahlanganyeli in isimo ithonya social base bafakwa kwelinye eziyisishiyagalombili imihlaba parallel, lapho babebona ukuduma-njengoba kulinganiswe okulandwayo labahlanganyeli-dlule ingoma ngayinye ezweni yabo, kodwa abakwazanga ukubona noma yiluphi ulwazi, futhi abazange ngisho bazi mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu, yiziphi imihlaba.

Sathola ukuthi ukuthandwa izingoma lokhu kwakuhluke ngaphesheya Worlds esikisela indima ebalulekile inhlanhla. Ngokwesibonelo, kwelinye izwe ingoma "Lockdown" by 52Metro wafika e 1st, kanti kwesinye emhlabeni kwathi ngo 40 out of songs 48. Lokhu kwaba ncamashi ingoma efanayo uncintisane zonke izingoma efanayo, kodwa kwelinye izwe kwaba lucky nasezitaladini abanye behluleka ukwenza kanjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela yonkana ucwaningo ezimbili sathola ukuthi ithonya social kuholela empumelelweni ukungalingani more, okuyinto mhlawumbe kudala ukubukeka kwesibuko nokubikezela. Kodwa, ngifuna ngaphesheya imihlaba (esingenakubalwa kwenziwe ngaphandle yalolu hlobo parallel imihlaba experiment), sathola ukuthi ithonya social empeleni anda Ukungaqiniseki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokumangalisayo, kwaba izingoma isikhalo eliphakeme kakhulu ukuthi babe kwemiphumela esishintshashintshayo kakhulu (Figure 4.22).

Figure 4.21: sikrini kusukela izimo ithonya yezenhlalakahle ucwaningo MusicLab (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . In the isimo ithonya social ekuhlolweni 1, izingoma, kanye nenombolo yokulandwayo odlule, banikezwe kubahlanganyeli wahlela 16 X 3 grid elingunxande, lapho izikhundla izingoma lwafaka for ngamunye owayekhona. Ngo-experiment 2, abahlanganyeli esimweni ithonya social batshengiswa izingoma, ne download ukubalwa, eyethulwa kwelinye kukholamu kwehle ukuthandwa wamanje.

Figure 4,22: Ezenye kusuka ucwaningo MusicLab obonisa ubuhlobo phakathi isikhalazo kanye nempumelelo (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . I x-axis yisabelo emakethe ingoma ezisezweni ozimele, esebenza njengesikhali ngezinga elithile sikhange ingoma, kanye y-eksisi yisabelo emakethe ingoma ezifanayo 8 imihlaba ithonya kwezenhlalo, okuyinto ukhonza njengoba isilinganiso yokuphumelela izingoma. Sathola ukuthi okwandisa ithonya social ukuthi ababambiqhaza wazibonela-ikakhulukazi, ushintsho layout experiment 1 kuya ulinge 2 (Figure 4.21) -caused impumelelo abe ezingalindelekile more, ikakhulukazi esiphezulu sikhalo izingoma.

MusicLab wakwazi ukusebenzisa at ngokuyisisekelo zero izindleko variable ngenxa yendlela bokuthi wayeklanyelwe. Okokuqala, konke kwabuye kuyazenzakela ngakho wakwazi ukusebenzisa ngesikhathi ngilele. Okwesibili, isinxephezelo kwaba khulula umculo ngakho sasingekho okuguquguqukayo umhlanganyeli isinxephezelo nezindleko. Ukusetshenziswa umculo wecala futhi ibonisa indlela kukhona ngezinye izikhathi ukuthi ukuhweba phakathi izindleko fixed kanye nezindleko onhlobonhlobo. Ukusebenzisa umculo anda izindleko fixed ngoba kwadingeka ukuba uchithe isikhathi yokuphepha imvume evela bands futhi balungiselela imibiko bands ngabahlanganyeli asabela ngayo umculo wabo. Kodwa, kulesi simo, intengo fixed ukuze wehlise eziguquguqukayo izindleko kwaba into okufanele siyenze; yilokho kwasenza sakwazi ukusebenzisa ukuhlola kwaba cishe ngo-100 ngezikhathi eziphindwe esingaphezu standard lab experiment.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo MusicLab zibonisa ukuthi zero izindleko okuguquguqukayo akudingeki ukuba kuphele ngokwako; kunalokho, kungaba yindlela egijima uhlobo olusha lokuhlolwa. Phawula ukuthi asizange ukusebenzisa konke ababambiqhaza bethu ukusebenzisa standard ithonya social lab silingo izikhathi 100. Kunalokho, thina ukwenza into ehlukile, okuyinto ungase ucabange njengoba ukushintshela kumakhondomu sokuhlolwa ezingokwengqondo ukuba sokuhlolwa lwezenhlalo (Hedström 2006) . Kunokuba sigxile emsebenzini ngamunye ekuthathweni, siye sagxila experiment yethu on ukuthandwa, kungaba nomphumela collective. Lokhu switch saba nemiphumela collective kwasho ukuthi kumelwe siphile edingekayo ababambiqhaza ngo-700 kuya ukukhiqiza single idatha iphuzu (kwakukhona abantu abangu-700 kuzo zonke lezi imihlaba parallel). Lokho ngezinga kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi isakhiwo izindleko ukuhlola. Ngokuvamile, uma abacwaningi bafuna ukufundelwa kanjani nemiphumela nomthetho collective uvuke izinqumo ngabanye, ucwaningo iqembu ezifana MusicLab imnandi kakhulu. Esikhathini esidlule, abantu baye baba logistically nzima, kodwa labo izinkinga ebunayo ngenxa yokwesabela zero nedatha yezindleko onhlobonhlobo.

Ngaphezu okubonisa izinzuzo zero nedatha yezindleko variable, ucwaningo MusicLab futhi sibonise inselele nale ndlela: eqolo fixed. Esimweni sami, mina waba nenhlanhla kakhulu ukuba bakwazi ukusebenza nge web umthuthukisi abanamakhono ngokuthi uPetru Hausel cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha kuya enza ukuhlola. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi umeluleki wami, Duncan Watts, wayethole eziningi izibonelelo loluhlobo yocwaningo. Ubuchwepheshe iye yathuthuka kusukela sakha MusicLab ngo-2004, futhi kuyoba lula kakhulu ukwakha UCWANINGO esinjengalesi manje. Kodwa, high amasu fixed izindleko ngempela kuphela kungenzeka for abacwaningi abafunda ngokuhlobana ngandlela-thile amboze lezo zindleko.

Ekuphetheni, kwenziwa ucwaningo digital ungaba izakhiwo izindleko kakhulu kwesama kuka yenholo analog. Uma ufuna ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa enkulu ngempela, kufanele sizame ukuba wehlise izindleko zakho okuguquguqukayo ngangokunokwenzeka futhi kuhle yonke indlela eya 0. Ungenza lokhu nge automating izihambisimshini sokuhlolwa kwakho (isib, esikhundleni salo kufakwe isikhathi bebantfu, bese ubeka kwesikhathi computer) Kubala nekusungula ukuhlolwa abantu bafuna kube. Abacwaningi abahlole ekwazi ukuklama nemaresiphi nalezi zici uzokwazi ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezintsha ucwaningo ukuthi kwakungewona kungenzeka esikhathini esidlule.