4.4.3 Izindlela

Izilingo ukukala ukuthi kwenzekeni. Izindlela uchaze ukuthi kungani kwenzekile nokuthi kwenzeke kanjani.

Esesithathu iphuzu eliyinhloko for ezihamba ngaphesheya kwenziwa ucwaningo elula tindlela. Izindlela usitshele ukuthi kungani noma kanjani ukwelashwa wabangela nomphumela. Inqubo sifuna tindlela ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi ngifuna ngokungenelela eziguquguqukayo noma ngumlamuli eziguquguqukayo. Nakuba ukucwaningwa kuhle kulinganiswa imiphumela esiyimbangela, avame ayakhelwe ukuba embule tindlela. Digital yobudala nemaresiphi kungasisiza sibone netindlela ngezindlela ezimbili: 1) sikwazi ukuqoqa idatha inqubo more and 2) sikwazi ukuba avivinye zokwelapha eziningi ezihlobene nawo.

Ngoba Izinqubo olukhohlisayo ukuchaza ngokomthetho (Hedström and Ylikoski 2010) , Ngizofika ukuqala nge isibonelo esilula: limes futhi ephathwa ukhwekhwe (Gerber and Green 2012) . Ngekhulu le-18 odokotela usuzwa kuhle ukuthi lapho amatilosi wadla limes abayitholanga ephethwe yisifo sezinsini. Ukhwekhwe yisifo umbono wesabeka kangaka lokhu kwaba lwazi enamandla. Kodwa, lezi odokotela wayengazi ukuthi kungani ehlelwa limes kwavimbela ephethwe yisifo sezinsini. Kwaze kwaba ngo-1932, cishe eminyakeni engu-200 kamuva, ukuthi ososayensi ayengase thembeke zibonisa ukuthi vitamin C kwaba yokuthi lime kwavimbela ukhwekhwe (Carpenter 1988, p 191) . Kulokhu, vitamin C mshini okuyothi limes ukuvimbela ukhwekhwe (Figure 4.9). Yiqiniso, ukuthola izimbangela mshini kubaluleke kakhulu ngokwesayensi-eziningi isayensi mayelana ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani izinto zenzeke. Ukuthola Ukuthi netindlela kubaluleke kakhulu ovulekile. Once siyaqonda ukuthi kungani ukwelashwa isebenza, singakwazi ezingabangela ukuthuthukisa zokwelapha ezintsha ezisebenzayo ngisho kangcono.

Umfanekiso 4.9: Limes ukuvimbela ukhwekhwe futhi lo mshini Vitamin C

Ngeshwa, ukuzihlukanisa tindlela kunzima kakhulu. Ngokungafani limes futhi ephathwa ukhwekhwe, ngo izilungiselelo eminingi yomphakathi, zokwelapha cishe ukusebenza ngokusebenzisa izindlela eziningi ezihlobene, okwenza kwemihlambi netindlela nzima ngokwedlulele. Nokho, endabeni ka-izindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nokusetshenziswa amandla, abacwaningi baye bazama ukwehlukanisa tindlela by lokuqoqa idatha inqubo nokuhlolwa zokwelapha ezihlobene.

Enye indlela yokuhlola tindlela kungenzeka by lokuqoqa inqubo idatha mayelana nendlela yokwelashwa nomthelela netindlela kungenzeka. Ngokwesibonelo, khumbula ukuthi Allcott (2011) lwabonisa ukuthi Ikhaya Imibiko Energy wabangela abantu ukwehlisa izinga lokusebenzisa ugesi. Kodwa, kanjani le mibiko izinga lokusebenzisa ugesi aphansi? Yayiyini tindlela? Ocwaningweni zokulandelisa, Allcott and Rogers (2014) abambisene nenkampani ngamandla ukuthi, ngokusebenzisa uhlelo isaphulelo, ababethole ulwazi on batsengi zithuthukiselwa zikagesi yabo ukuze amandla ephumelelayo models. Allcott and Rogers (2014) bathola ukuthi kancane abantu kokuthola Home Imibiko Energy upgraded Imishini yabo. Kodwa, lo mehluko omncane kakhulu ngakho kwakungase kuphela alandise 2% of the ukwehla ukusetshenziswa energy emakhaya baphathwa. Ngamanye amazwi, izinto ezisebenzisa ngcono kwakungezona mshini evelele kunazo zonke okuyothi ngalo Home Energy Umbiko bancipha ukusetshenziswa kukagesi.

Indlela yesibili ukutadisha tindlela iwukuba ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa izinguqulo athe ukuhluka kancane ukwelashwa. Ngokwesibonelo, e-experiment of Schultz et al. (2007) kanye nazo zonke okwalandela Home Energy Umbiko nemaresiphi abahlanganyeli sanikwa yokwelapha unezitho ezimbili eziyinhloko 1) amathiphu mayelana yokonga energy kanye 2) ulwazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa amandla zawo ezilinganiselwe kontanga yabo (Figure 4.6). Ngakho, kungenzeka ukuthi ukusindiswa amathiphu energy kukhona yini eyabangela ushintsho, hhayi ulwazi untanga. Ukuze ukuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amathiphu yedwa okungenzeka kwanele, Ferraro, Miranda, and Price (2011) abambisene nenkampani amanzi edude Atlanta, GA, futhi wagijima sokuhlolwa lehlobene nokongiwa kwamanzi ezihilela amakhaya ababalelwa ku-100-000. Kwakukhona izimo ezine:

• iqembu lathola amathiphu on ukonga amanzi.
• iqembu lathola amathiphu on ukonga amanzi + sikhalo zokuziphatha kobana bonge amanzi.
• iqembu lathola amathiphu on ukonga amanzi + sikhalo zokuziphatha ukuze bonge amanzi + ulwazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi isihlobo sabo kontanga yabo.
• iqembu control.

Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi amathiphu ukwelashwa nje akunamthelela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi esikhathini esifushane (unyaka owodwa), medium (oneminyaka emibili), kanye eside (yeminyaka emithathu) term. Amacebiso ukwelashwa isikhalazo + wabangela ababambiqhaza ukuba wehlise ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, kodwa kuphela zesikhashana. Ekugcineni, impatho amathiphu + isikhalo, + untanga Imininingwane wabangela bancipha ukusetshenziswa esikhathini esifushane, medium, futhi esikhathini eside (Figure 4.10). Lezi izinhlobo ucwaningo kanye zokwelapha Okuhlukanisiwe ayindlela enhle ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye ukwelashwa-noma iziphi izingxenye ndawonye-yibo ezibangela umphumela (Gerber and Green 2012, Sec. 10.6) . Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlolwa of Ferraro kanye nozakwabo lisibonisa ukuthi tips amanzi ukonga wedwa akwanele ukuba wehlise ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi.

Figure 4.10: Ezenye kusuka Ferraro, Miranda, and Price (2011) . Zokwelapha zathunyelwa May 21, 2007, futhi imiphumela alinganiswe ngesikhathi ehlobo 2007, 2008, no-2009 By unbundling ekwelapheni abacwaningi wayethemba ukuthi ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kangcono izindlela. Amacebiso ukwelashwa nje ngokuyisisekelo akunamthelela esikhathini esifushane (unyaka owodwa), medium (iminyaka emibili), kanye eside (iminyaka emithathu) term. Amacebiso ukwelashwa isikhalazo + wabangela ababambiqhaza ukuba wehlise ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, kodwa kuphela zesikhashana. Iziqubulo ezithi + iseluleko + untanga ukwelashwa Imininingwane wabangela ababambiqhaza ukuba wehlise ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi esikhathini esifushane, medium, futhi esikhathini eside. ezimile kulinganiselwa ukuzethemba ngezikhathi. Bheka Bernedo, Ferraro, and Price (2014) wempahla isifundo langempela.

Okungcono kakhulu, omunye lalizoba ngalé Bokuhlela izingxenye (amathiphu; amathiphu + ngilidlulisele; amathiphu + isikhalo, + ulwazi peer) ukuze full ngokwesimo design-futhi ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi i-\ (2 ^ k \) ngokwesimo design-lapho ngamunye inhlanganisela okungenzeka tincenye letintsatfu lihlolwe (Table 4.1). Ngokuhlola zonke inhlanganisela kungenzeka izingxenye, abacwaningi bahlole ngokugcwele umphumela yengxenye ngayinye todvwa futhi isebenzise inhlanganisela yazo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlolwa of Ferraro kanye nozakwabo akuvezi ukuthi untanga ngokuziqhathanisa kukodwa kwanele ukuba kuholele izinguquko eside ukuziphatha. Esikhathini esidlule, miklamo umnyuziki ngokwesimo kube nzima ukusebenzisa ngoba lemibiko lidinga inamba enkulu ababambiqhaza futhi zidinga abacwaningi ukuba bakwazi abalawula futhi akhulule inqwaba zokwelapha. Kodwa, yobudala digital kususa lezi izingqinamba yokudla kwezinye izimo.

Kafushane, tindlela-ezindleleni okuyothi ukwelashwa ine nomphumela-ngendlela emangalisayo ezibalulekile. Digital yobudala nemaresiphi kungasiza abacwaningi ufunde mayelana netindlela by 1) lokuqoqa inqubo idatha kanye 2) olwenza imiklamo umnyuziki ngokwesimo. Izinqubo basikisela lezi izindlela ke ihlolwe ngqo ngu ucwaningo eziklanyelwe ngokuqondile ukuba avivinye mechanisms (Ludwig, Kling, and Mullainathan 2011; Imai, Tingley, and Yamamoto 2013; Pirlott and MacKinnon 2016) .

Sekukonke, la amathathu imiqondo-kwemukeleka; heterogeneity yemiphumela yokwelashwa; netindlela-uhlinzeke iqoqo imibono enamandla ukuklama nekuhumusha ucwaningo. Laba bacwaningi imiqondo usizo ukudlulela ngale kwenziwa ucwaningo elula ngalokho "imisebenzi" kukubuka acebile ukuthi baxhumene baqaphe ukuze theory, ezembula kuphi futhi kungani zokwelapha ukusebenza, futhi kungase kukusize ngisho abacwaningi ukuklama zokwelapha ephumelela kakhudlwana. Sazi lokhu background lomqondo mayelana nemaresiphi ngizobuya manje uvule indlela ongasisebenzisa empeleni wenze ucwaningo nalokho yakho kwenzeke.