Embhalweni main, Ngaxoxa izinto ezingelona esiyimbangela kusukela idatha non-sokuhlola kusebenzisa kwenziwa ucwaningo zemvelo kanye elihamelanayo. Kulesi isithasiselo, mina uyokwethula inkulumo abangahle imiPhumela yokuFunda kumiphumela yokuhlaziya imodeli, futhi ichaze ngokunembile izimo adingekayo nikhuluma esiyimbangela kusuka idatha obubonakalayo. Lesi sahluko uyosondela on Morgan and Winship (2014) kanye Imbens and Rubin (2015) .