2.3.2.1 Akuphelele
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi "big" "idatha big" yakho ke mhlawumbe akanawo ulwazi ofuna.
Iningi big imithombo idatha awaphelele, ngomqondo wokuthi abanalo ulwazi lokuthi uyofuna ucwaningo lwakho. Lena esivamile idatha ukuthi kwadalwa ngenhloso ngaphandle ucwaningo. Kakade ososayensi abaningi nabantu waba nokuhlangenwe nakho yokubhekana incompleteness, njenge-inhlolovo ekhona ukuthi akazange acele le umbuzo ubufuna. Ngeshwa, izinkinga incompleteness avame ukuba ngokwedlulele idatha big. Ngolwazi lwami, idatha big buvame ulahlekile ezintathu izinhlobo ulwazi oluwusizo ucwaningo social: kwabantu ukuziphatha kwamanye ezisekelweni, futhi idatha kusebentisa kwaqanjwa theory.
Womathathu lezi zinhlobo incompleteness zikhonjiswe esifundweni by Gueorgi Kossinets futhi Duncan Watts (2006) mayelana kwemvelo yokuxhumana eyunivesithi. Kossinets futhi Watts kwaqala izingodo imeyili evela nyuvesi, okuyinto kwadingeka imininingwane eqondile mayelana othumele imeyili kubani ngasiphi isikhathi (abacwaningi wayengakwazi ukufinyelela okuqukethwe imeyili). Lamarekhodi imeyili kuzwakale sengathi ukhishwa kudathasethi amazing, kodwa, zingabantu-Naphezu kobungako nobuningi bayo granularity-ngokuyisisekelo lingaphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, izingodo imeyili ungafaki idatha mayelana nezici ekhanga abantu babo bonke abafundi, ezifana ubulili nobudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingodo imeyili musa zihlanganisa ulwazi mayelana zokuxhumana nezinye media, ezifana amakholi wefoni, umyalezo wombhalo, noma izingxoxo ubuso nobuso. Ekugcineni, izingodo imeyili engahileli ngokuqondile zihlanganisa ulwazi mayelana nobudlelwano, lo kwaqanjwa theory imibono eminingi ekhona. Kamuva esahlukweni, lapho ngixoxa ngezinselele amasu ucwaningo, uzobona indlela Kossinets futhi Watts ixazululwe lezi zinkinga.
Of izinhlobo ezintathu incompleteness, inkinga kwemininingwane akuphelele kusebentisa kwaqanjwa theory kunakho ukuxazulula, futhi ngo isipiliyoni sami, ngokuvamile ngengozi azisinaki ososayensi idatha. Cishe, kwaqanjwa theory imibono abstract ukuthi ososayensi bezenhlalo ukutadisha, kodwa, ngeshwa, lezi kwaqanjwa abanakwethenjwa ngaso sonke isikhathi nangokunembile kuchazwe walinganisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ake sicabange ezama empirically avivinye ukuzisholo ngokusobala elula ukuthi abantu abakhuluphele ezihlakaniphile more imali eningi. Ukuze ukuhlola lesi simangalo kuzomele ukukala "intelligence." Kodwa, kuyini intelligence? Ngokwesibonelo, Gardner (2011) wagomela ukuthi kukhona ngempela ngezindlela ezahlukene eziyisishiyagalombili intelligence. Futhi, ingabe zikhona izinqubo ezingaholela ukukala ngokunembile kunoma yiziphi lezi zinhlobo intelligence? Naphezu umzukuzuku umsebenzi ngodokotela, le mibuzo asinayo izimpendulo ocacile. Ngakho, ngisho yesimangalo-abantu lilula abakhuluphele ezihlakaniphile more uthole imali-angasiza kube nzima ukuba bahlole empirically ngoba kungaba nzima ukusebenzisa kwaqanjwa theory idatha. Ezinye izibonelo kwaqanjwa senkolelo-mbono zibalulekile kodwa kunzima ukusebenzisa zihlanganisa "izinkambiso," "capital social," futhi "ukubusa ngentando yeningi." Izazi zokuhlalisana abize komdlalo phakathi kwaqanjwa theory kanye nedatha enza kwemukeleka (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) . Futhi, njengoba lolu hlu kwaqanjwa isikisela, ukwakha kwemukeleka kuyinkinga ukuthi ososayensi bezenhlalo baye balwisana okwesikhathi eside kakhulu, ngisho nalapho ayesebenza ne idatha eqoqwe ngenjongo yocwaningo. Lapho ekusebenteni ngedatha eqoqwe ngenhloso ngaphandle ucwaningo, izinkinga enza ukuba semthethweni zinzima nakakhulu (Lazer 2015) .
Lapho ufunda iphepha ucwaningo, enye indlela esheshayo futhi ewusizo ukuhlola ukukhathazeka mayelana enza sokuba semthethweni ukuthatha isimangalo main ephepheni, okuyinto ngokuvamile uzwakalise mayelana kwaqanjwa, futhi kabusha ukubeke mayelana idatha asetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga izifundo ezimbili esicabanga ukuthi kungaqhamuka ezithi ukukhombisa ukuthi abantu nohlakaniphe kakhulu imali eningi:
- Study 1: ntu amaphuzu kahle Raven Progressive matrices Test-a test wafundelwa kahle intelligence ahlaziye (Carpenter, Just, and Shell 1990) -Air abahola kakhulu umbiko wephephandaba abo entela
- ISifundo Sesi-2: abantu on Twitter ayesebenzisa amazwi eside, maningi amathuba okuba ukubalula brand okunethezeka
Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, abacwaningi babengase bagomela ukuthi luye lwabonisa ukuthi abantu nohlakaniphe kakhulu imali eningi. Kodwa, kulolu cwaningo kuqala kwaqanjwa theory kahle operationalized idatha, kanye lesibili abafihli izinto ngokungadingekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba lesi sibonelo sibonisa, idatha ngaphezulu akusho ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokuzenzakalelayo nge enza ikhombe kwetsembeka. Kufanele zingabaza imiphumela ISifundo Sesi-2 noma ngabe kwakuhilela million Tweets, a Tweets billion, noma Tweets trillion. Ngoba abacwaningi engazazi umqondo enza semthethweni, Ithebula 2.2 sihlinzekela ezinye zezibonelo nezifundo eziye operationalized kwaqanjwa theory usebenzisa idatha trace digital.
| trace Digital | enza theory | ukulandisa |
|---|---|---|
| izingodo imeyili kusuka enyuvesi (meta-data kuphela) | ubudlelwano Social | Kossinets and Watts (2006) , Kossinets and Watts (2009) , De Choudhury et al. (2010) |
| izikhala social media ku Weibo | engagement Civic | Zhang (2016) |
| izingodo imeyili kusuka ngokuqinile (meta-data kanye umbhalo ophelele) | kufanelekile Cultural enhlanganweni | Goldberg et al. (2015) |
Nakuba inkinga idatha eyayisatholakala operationalizing kwaqanjwa theory is pretty kanzima ukuxazulula, kukhona izixazululo ezintathu ezivame ukuba inkinga ka ayiphelele nolwazi lokubala ubuningi babantu kanye selwazi ngokuziphatha kwamanye ezisekelweni. Esokuqala empeleni ukuqoqa idatha udinga; Ngizokutshela mayelana salokho eSahlukweni 3 lapho mina ngikuxoxele survey. Ngeshwa, lolu hlobo iqoqo idatha akuyona njalo kungenzeka. Owesibili ikhambi main ukwenza lokho ososayensi idatha shayela yomsebenzisi-sibaluli nikhuluma futhi lokho ososayensi bezenhlalo ukubiza imputation. Kulesi ndlela, abacwaningi babuye basebenzise ulwazi lokuthi banayo on abanye abantu ukuphetha imfanelo abanye abantu. Esesithathu kungenzeka ikhambi-nalowo owasetshenziswa Kossinets kanye Watts-kwaba ukuhlanganisa imithombo idatha multiple. Le nqubo ibizwa ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi ukuhlanganisa noma irekhodi nokuxhumanisa. Isingathekiso engiyithandayo salokhu inqubo kwahlongozwa esigabeni sokuqala ngqá iphepha lokuqala kakhulu kunazo zonke ezake zabhalwa emlandweni nokuxhumanisa (Dunn 1946) :
"Umuntu ngamunye emhlabeni kudala Book of Life. Le Ncwadi iqala nokuzalwa futhi aphethe ngokucela nokufa. Amakhasi Its akhiwe amarekhodi izenzakalo isimiso ekuphileni. Record nokuxhumanisa kuyinto elethiwa inqubo ukuhlangana ekule ncwadi ibe ivolumu. "
La mavesi kwakubhalwe 1946, futhi ngaleso sikhathi, abantu babecabanga ukuthi le eNcwadini yokuPhila kungahlanganisa izenzakalo ezinkulu ekuphileni efana lokuzalwa, umshado, isehlukaniso, nokufa. Nokho, manje ukuthi ukwaziswa okuningi kangaka mayelana nabantu silotshwe, eNcwadini yokuPhila kungaba portrait emangalisayo enemininingwane, uma lawo makhasi ezahlukene (ie, iminonjana yethu digital), kungenziwa ahlanganiswa. Le eNcwadini yokuPhila kungaba insiza enhle yokusebenza kubacwaningi. Kodwa, eNcwadini yokuPhila nawo ayengase abizwe ngokuthi database of incithakalo (Ohm 2010) , inqubo eyayingase isetshenziswe zonke izinhlobo izinjongo abangenasimilo, njengoba kuchazwe kabanzi ngezansi lapho mina ukukhuluma ngesimo ebucayi ulwazi oluqoqiwe by big data imithombo ngezansi futhi eSahlukweni 6 (Ethics).
