5.3.3 peer-to-Patent

Peer-to-patent ucingo evulekile esisiza abahloli patent ukuthola ubuciko ngaphambi; kubonisa ukuthi izingcingo evulekile ingasetshenziswa isikhathi esingaphezu kosuku izinkinga bokubikezela.

Patent abahloli umsebenzi onzima. Zithola emifushane, izincazelo lawyerly ezisunguliwe amasha, futhi kumelwe anqume uma okusunguliwe washo kuyinto "inoveli." Okungukuthi, ungumhloli kumelwe uzinqumele ukuthi kukhona "ubuciko ngaphambi" -indlela ngaphambili wachaza version yale kokusunguliwe-ukuthi babeyokhulekela le patent ehlongozwayo engavumelekile. Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani lokhu nqubo iyasebenza, ake sicabangele umhloli patent okuthiwa u-Albert, behlonipha Albert Einstein owangena isiqalo sakhe ku-Swiss Patent Office. Albert sasivunyelwa isicelo like US Patent 20070118658 ezafakwa Hewlett Packard for "Umsebenzisi-ezikhethekayo ukuphathwa uqaphile format" futhi kuchazwe kabanzi encwadini naseBheti Noveck sika Wiki Uhulumeni (2009) . Nakhu isimangalo wokuqala isicelo:

"A uhlelo lwekhompyutha, ehlanganisa: wokugaya; eliyisisekelo input / system okukhipha (BIOS) kufaka iziyalezo logic okuyinto, uma ababulawa yi-processor, ulungiselele processor ukuze: owayeyosoka amandla ukuhlola (POST) ukucutshungulwa eziyisisekelo input / okuphumayo system of a device Computing; njengamanje noma ngaphezulu ukuphathwa uqaphile takhiwo in a interface yomsebenzisi; ukuthola uphawu Ukukhetha kusukela interface yomsebenzisi Ebalula esinye ngetakhiwo ukuphathwa uqaphile evezwa interface yomsebenzisi; futhi ulungiselele idivayisi kuhambisana uhlelo Computing nabaphathi ezihlonziwe format uqaphile. "

Okungafanele Albert umklomelo engu-20 amalungelo monopoly kule patent noma sekube art ngaphambi? Amathuba okulimala ezinqumweni eziningi patent ziphakeme, kodwa ngeshwa, u-Albert kuyodingeka wenze lesi sinqumo ngaphandle ukwaziswa okuningi ukuze kudingeke. Ngenxa ukusalela omkhulu wama-patents, Albert luyasebenza ngaphansi okukhulu kwesikhathi ingcindezi futhi kumelwe azenzele isinqumo sakhe esisekelwe amahora 20 kuphela umsebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa isidingo sokuhlale ohlongozwayo okusunguliwe secret, Albert ayivunyelwe ukuba abonisane ne ochwepheshe ngaphandle (Noveck 2006) .

Lesi simo wamshaya uprofesa wezomthetho Beth Noveck njengoba ephukile ngokuphelele. Ngo-July 2005, eziphefumulelwe ngokwengxenye by Wikipedia, yena wadala a post blog osesikhundleni "peer-to-Patent: A Proposal Nesizotha" ezazidinga elivulekile peer-review system for obunikazi. Ngemva ngokubambisana ne-US Patent Uphawu lohwebo eHhovisi ehola izinkampani technology ezifana IBM, peer-to-Patent wethulwa June ka 2007. engaba ngu-200 unyaka ubudala sama ngaphansi kukahulumeni kanye neqembu abameli kubonakala like an endaweni engalindelekile ukubheka amasu amasha , kodwa peer-to-Patent enza umsebenzi elithandekayo kulinganisa isithakazelo zawo wonke umuntu.

Figure 5.9: peer-to-patent ukuqhutshwa komsebenzi. Source: Bestor and Hamp (2010) .

Nakhu ukuthi lusebenza kanjani (Figure 5.9). Ngemva umsunguli uyavuma ukuba isicelo sakhe zidlule Ukubuyekeza umphakathi (okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi kungani angahle akwenze lokho ngomzuzwana), isicelo posted kuwebhusayithi. Okulandelayo, isicelo kuxoxwa by ababuyekezi umphakathi (aphinde, okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi kungani bangamenze iqhaza ngomzuzwana) kanye nezibonelo kunokwenzeka ubuciko ngaphambi zitholakala, ichazwe, kanti alayishiwe kuwebhusayithi. Le nqubo ngxoxo, ucwaningo, nokulayisha uyaqhubeka, kuze, ekugcineni, umphakathi ababuyekezi amavoti ukukhetha izingcezu top 10 okusolakala ukuthi ubuciko ngaphambi ukuthi sekuthunyelwa ukuba umhloli patent ukuze ibuyekezwe. Umhloli patent ke uqhuba ucwaningo lakhe lihambisana uvo kusukela peer-to-Patent ekhipha isahlulelo.

Ukubuyela abuyele kithi Patent 20070118658 for a "Umsebenzisi-ezikhethekayo ukuphathwa uqaphile format." Lokhu patent ulayishwe peertopatent.org ngo-June 2007 lapho ufunda ngo-Steve Pearson, a isofthiwe engineer omdala IBM. Pearson wayewazi kahle kule ndawo yocwaningo kanye ekhonjwe ucezu yobuciko ngaphambi: a manual kusuka Intel olunesihloko esithi "Active Ukuphathwa Ubuchwepheshe: Quick Reference Guide" esashicilelwa eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili. Ehlome ngamathuluzi okuthola le dokhumenti, kanye nezinye art ngaphambi kanye ingxoxo Peer-to-Patent emphakathini, umhloli patent waqala ukubuyekeza olunzulu icala, futhi ekugcineni bayixosha isicelo se-patent, ngokwengxenye ngenxa bhukwana Intel ukuthi Yayiku ngu Pearson (Noveck 2009) . Amacala 66 usuqede peer-to-Patent, cishe abangu-30% yayikhishwa inyumbazane ngokuyinhloko esekelwe ubuciko ngaphambi atholakala ngokusebenzisa peer-to-Patent (Bestor and Hamp 2010) .

Yini eyenza design of peer-to-Patent nenhle ikakhulukazi kuyindlela ukuthi uthola abantu nezithakazelo eminingi engqubuzanayo yezindlela kubo bonke dance ndawonye. Abasunguli isisusa iqhaza kulolu ukubuyekeza patent evulekile ngoba ihhovisi lama-patent kubukezwe izicelo peer-to-Patent ngokushesha kunabazali obunikazi edabula yendabuko, inqubo yokubuyekeza imfihlo. Ababuyekezi babe nogqozi iqhaza ukuze avimbele nokuvunyelwa "okungenamsoco patents," futhi abaningi babefa ukuthola inqubo kujabulise. Ekugcineni, ehhovisi patent and patent abahloli babe nogqozi iqhaza ngoba kungaba kuphela ukwenza imiphumela yabo kangcono. Okungukuthi, uma inqubo yokubuyekeza umphakathi ithola izingcezu 10 ezimbi zobuciko ngaphambi, lo msebenzi kungaba mkhuba umhloli patent. Ngamanye amazwi, peer-to-Patent umhloli patent ukusebenza ndawonye kufanele ngibe nekhono elihle noma kangcono ukwedlula umhloli patent ukusebenza atihambi todvwa. Ngakho, izingcingo evulekile musa njalo buyisela ochwepheshe; ngezinye izikhathi ukusiza ochwepheshe benze umsebenzi wabo kangcono.

Nakuba peer-to-Patent kungase kubonakale ezahlukene ukwedlula Netflix Prize kanye Foldit, it has a isakhiwo elifuze leli kuleso izixazululo kulula ukuhlola kuka ukukhiqiza. umuntu Once ikhiqiza manual "Active Ukuphathwa Ubuchwepheshe: Quick Reference Guide" kuba kuqhathaniswa lula-for umhloli patent, okungenani-ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi yalombhalo art ngaphambi. Nokho, bathola ukuthi manual kunzima impela. Peer-to-Patent futhi kubonisa ukuthi ucingo evulekile imiklamo zingenzeka Ngehluleka ngisho nokwenza akuzona kusobala amenable ukuba quantification.