5.3.4 Isiphetho
Vula izingcingo ake ochwepheshe abaningi kanye non-ochwepheshe ukuphakamisa izixazululo ezinkingeni lapho izixazululo kulula ukuhlola kuka ukukhiqiza.
Kuzo zonke call amaphrojekthi-Netflix ezintathu evulekile Prize, Foldit, peer-to-Patent-abacwaningi ebuza imibuzo ifomu ethize, uceliwe izixazululo, sabe sesithatha izixazululo best. Abacwaningi akazange ngisho badinga ukwazi uchwepheshe engcono ukubuza, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwafika imibono emihle evela ezindaweni ezingalindelekile.
Manje ngingasho kutsi uphindze ugcizelele kunezinto ezimbili ezihluke kakhulu obalulekile phakathi kokuphathwa ngendlela call evulekile amaphrojekthi kanye womuntu kathisha amaphrojekthi. Okokuqala, ngo call evulekile amaphrojekthi umcwaningi acacisa umgomo (isib, ukubikezela izilinganiso movie) kanti kathisha womuntu ucwaningo acacisa micro-msebenzi (isib, izinhlobo galaxy). Okwesibili, izingcingo evulekile abacwaningi wayefuna okomnikelo-the best algorithm best for ukubikezela izilinganiso movie, ukucushwa eliphansi kunawo wonke-energy of a amaprotheni, noma ucezu efanele kunayo art-hhayi ngaphambi uhlobo oluthile inhlanganisela elula kunazo zonke iminikelo.
Njengoba sazi isifanekiso jikelele for izingcingo evulekile kanye lezi zibonelo ezintathu, yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo zezinkinga in ucwaningo social ingalunga bona ngekwabo kubalulekile kulendlela? Kuleli qophelo, mina kufanele sivume ukuthi baye khona izibonelo eziningi eziyimpumelelo nokho (ngenxa yezizathu ukuthi ngizobuya ukuchaza ngokuphazima kweso). NgokoMthetho we analogue ngqo, omunye ongalindela ukuthi peer-to-Patent isitayela project sisetshenziswa umcwaningi zomlando ucwaninga idokhumenti bokuqala ukubalula umuntu othile noma umqondo. An evulekile call ndlela kuleli hlobo nkinga engaba yigugu ngokukhethekile uma imiculu ingangeni eqoqwe in a archive olulodwa kodwa basuke esakazwa.
Ngini ngokuvamile, ohulumeni abaningi banezinkinga okungase kube amenable ukuvula izingcingo ngoba bayindlu mayelana nokwakha izibikezelo engasetshenziswa ukuze liqondise action (Kleinberg et al. 2015) . Ngokwesibonelo, njengoba nje Netflix wayefuna ukubikezela izilinganiso on amabhayisikobho, ohulumeni ungase ufune ukubikezela imiPhumela yokuFunda kumiphumela yokuhlaziya njengokuthi imaphi zokudla cishe babe loku kuphulwa isimiso sezempilo ukuze ukwaba wokuhlola izinsiza ngokuyimpumelelo. Beshukunyiswe lolu hlobo nkinga, Glaeser et al. (2016) wasebenzisa ucingo evulekile ukuze asize City of Boston ukubikezela yokudlela kwenhlanzeko futhi bengenazo nezindlu zangasese Okunye ukwephula okusekelwe idatha kusuka Yelp ukubuyekezwa kanye nedatha zomlando wokuhlola. Glaeser kanye nozakwabo balinganisela ukuthi imodeli predictive ukuthi won ikholi evulekile kwakuyoba ngcono ukukhiqiza yokudlela abahloli ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-50%. Amabhizinisi iyaba nezinkinga nge isakhiwo njengo ukubikezela ikhasimende churn (Provost and Fawcett 2013) .
Ekugcineni, ngaphezu ukuvula izingcingo letifaka ekhatsi imiphumela baye kakade kwenzeka isethi idatha ethile (isib, ukubikezela isimiso sezempilo Okunye ukwephula usebenzisa idatha ku esidlule Okunye ukwephula isimiso sezempilo), omunye ongalindela ukubikezela imiphumela ziye akukenzeki namuntu kudathasethi . Ngokwesibonelo, Imikhaya Fragile and Child Ukuphila kahle ucwaningo zilandelwa izingane mayelana 5,000 selokhu kwazalwa e US imizi engu-20 ahlukene (Reichman et al. 2001) . Abacwaningi baye baqoqa idatha mayelana nalezi zingane, imindeni yabo, futhi indawo yabo ibanda lapho ngizalwa futhi emazingeni 1, 3, 5, 9, no-15 Njengoba sazi konke ukwaziswa mayelana nalezi zingane, kuhle kanjani abacwaningi abakwazanga ukubikezela imiPhumela yokuFunda kumiphumela yokuhlaziya ezifana obani abayoba bephothula ekolishi? Noma, ingavezwa ngendlela leyo mbubhiso eyayizofika ngawo mnandi abacwaningi abaningi, lapho idatha nemibono bekuyoba ephumelela kunazo ukubikezela lemiphumela? Njengoba kungashiwo ukuthi lezi zingane okwamanje esekhule ngokwanele ukuya ekolishi, lokhu kungaba umsebenzi omkhulu uma phambili isibikezelo weqiniso futhi kukhona namasu amaningi ehlukene ukuthi abacwaningi kungase baqashe. Umcwaningi okholelwa ukuthi omakhelwane zibalulekile ekubumbeni imiPhumela yokuFunda kumiphumela yokuhlaziya ekuphileni kungase kuthathe ndlela eyodwa ngenkathi umcwaningi ngubani ligxile imikhaya ingase ukwenza okuthile okuhlukile ngokuphelele. Yikuphi kulezi zindlela uzosebenza kangcono? Asazi, futhi kule nqubo yokuthola singafunda okuthile okubalulekile ngomuntu imindeni, omakhelwane, imfundo, kanye nokungalingani kwezenhlalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zibikezelo ingase ayelusa iqoqo idatha esizayo. Cabanga nje ukuthi kwakukhona inamba encane ekolishi abaphothule abangasokile wabikezela iziqu nganoma iyiphi models; laba abantu babeyoba candidates ekahle zokulandelisa interview qualitative nokuqaphelisisa ethnographic. Ngakho, kuleli hlobo call evulekile, izibikezelo akuzona ukuphela; kunalokho, zinikeza indlela entsha ukuqhathanisa, yokucebisa, futhi sihlanganise amasiko ehlukene theory. Lolu hlobo ucingo evulekile ungacacisi ukuba besebenzisa idatha kusuka Imindeni Fragile kuya ukubikezela ukuthi obani abayokuya ekolishi; itawusetjentiswa ukuze ukubikezela yimuphi umphumela oyogcina kuqoqwe noma iyiphi longitudinal isethi idatha social.
Njengoba ngangiqhubeka ozibhale ngaphambili kulesi sigaba, azibanga khona izibonelo eziningi abacwaningi social besebenzisa izingcingo evulekile. Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izingcingo evulekile kungukuthi kuhambisana kahle indlela ukuthi ososayensi bezenhlalo ngokuvamile ukubiyela imibuzo yabo. Ukubuyela Netflix Prize, ososayensi bezenhlalo kwakungeke ngokuvamile ukubuza ukubikezela bathanda, babeyoqhubeka ukubuza ukuthi kungani zamasiko akuthandayo ziyehluka abantu abavela amakilasi etindzaweni letihlukene tekuhlalisana (Bourdieu 1987) . Ezinjalo "indlela" futhi "kungani" umbuzo akuvezi lula ukuqinisekisa izixazululo, futhi ngenxa yalokho babonakala ayiqondakali kufanelekile ukuvula izingcingo. Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi izingcingo evulekile kukhona amenable kulo mbuzo bokubikezela kokubuzwa imibuzo incazelo; for more on umehluko phakathi ukubikezela kanye nokuchazwa ubone Breiman (2001) . Nokho, bempilo kwakamuva, ngikubizé on ososayensi bezenhlalo becabanga dichotomy phakathi kwencazelo futhi isibikezelo (Watts 2014) . Njengoba umugqa phakathi ukubikezela kanye nokuchazwa blurs, ngilindele ukuthi imiqhudelwano evulekile ngeke sekuvame in the social sciences.
