5.2.1 Galaxy Zoo

Galaxy Zoo ihlanganisa imizamo eminingi non-uchwepheshe amavolontiya ukuze uhlukanise i-million imithala.

Galaxy Zoo zamila inkinga ababhekene nayo Kevin Schawinski, umfundi e-Astronomy at the University of Oxford ngo 2007. lula impela kancane, Schawinski wayenesithakazelo imithala, imithala kungenziwa oluthathwa by zabo morphology-okweqanda noma Kuvunguza futhi by umbala wazo-blue noma obomvu. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuhlakanipha okungokwesiko izazi zezinkanyezi kwaba ukuthi imithala Kuvunguza, like i-Milky Way wethu, baba ngamashumi blue ngombala (ebusheni okubonisa) nokuthi imithala okweqanda ngamashumi ubomvu (okubonisa nokuguga). Schawinski zazikungabaza lokhu ukuhlakanipha okungokwesiko. Yena okusolakala ukuthi nakuba lesi sibonelo angase abe yiqiniso bebonke, lapho cishe ayengabantu eziningana esikhudlwana sihlangane of akuwona wonke ayenjalo, nokuthi ngokutadisha eziningi zalezi zemithala engavamile yibo akaphenduli kulindeleke umtlhala-bangafunda okuthile mayelana nenqubo okuyothi imithala kwakhiwa.

Ngakho, yini Schawinski okudingekayo ukuze ukugumbuqela ukuhlakanipha okungokwesiko kwaba iqoqo elikhulu zemithala morphologically classified; okungukuthi, imithala ukuthi kwase labizwa ngokuthi kungaba Kuvunguza noma okweqanda. Nokho, Inkinga kwakuwukuthi ekhona izindlela algorithmic for ngezigaba sasingakabi okuhle ngokwanele ukuba isetshenziselwe ucwaningo lwesayensi; ngamanye amazwi, imithala ekulinganisweni kwaba, ngaleso sikhathi, inkinga ukuthi kwakunzima computer. Ngakho, yini eyayidingeka kwaba inqwaba emithala womuntu oluthathwa. Schawinski bahlolisisa le nkinga ngezigaba ne entshisekweni umfundi. Kuseshini elide eziyisikhombisa, izinsuku zamahora angu-12, wakwazi ukuba uhlukanise 50,000 imithala. Nakuba 50,000 imithala kungase kuzwakale kuyisibalo esikhulu kakhulu, empeleni ama-5% kuphela angaba yisigidi imithala okwakukade izithombe kule Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Schawinski waqaphela ukuthi wayedinga ndlela uyakaleka more.

Ngenhlanhla, kuvela ukuthi umsebenzi imithala ekulinganisweni akudingi ukuqeqeshwa kwezinga eliphakeme ekuqondeni yezinkanyezi; ungakwazi ukufundisa umuntu ukukwenza pretty ngokushesha. Ngamanye amazwi, nakuba ekulinganisweni imithala kuwumsebenzi ukuthi kwakunzima computer a, kwaba pretty lula ngabantu. Ngakho, njengoba yayihleli endaweni yokucima Oxford, Schawinski futhi sezinkanyezi esikanye Chris Lintott ngiphuphe up a website lapho izisebenzi zokuzithandela azibheka izithombe zemithala. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, Galaxy Zoo wazalwa.

Ngesikhathi website Galaxy Zoo, izisebenzi zokuzithandela ibhekane kwamaminithi ambalwa sokuqeqeshwa; Ngokwesibonelo, ukufunda umehluko phakathi Kuvunguza futhi galaxy okweqanda (Figure 5.2). Ngemva kwalokhu kuqeqeshwa, lezi zisebenzi kwadingeka kudlule lula imibuzo-ngefanelo ekulinganisweni 11 of 15 zemithala ne eyaziwa ngeengaba-bese sokuzithandela owawuyoqala ngezigaba real zemithala ezingaziwa ngokusebenzisa esibonakalayo elula web-based (Figure 5.3). Ukushintshela kusukela ivolontiya sezinkanyezi ziyokwenzeka ngemizuzu engaphansi kuka-10 no kuphela edingekayo kokudlulisa aphansi izithiyo, imibuzo elula.

Figure 5.2: Izibonelo zezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zemithala: Kuvunguza kanye okweqanda. Le phrojekthi Galaxy Zoo esetshenziswa izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezingaphezu kuka 100,000 imikhakha engaphezu kuka 900,000 izithombe. Source: www.galaxyzoo.org .

Figure 5.3: Input kwesikrini lapho abavoti acelwa ukuba uhlukanise nesithombe esisodwa. Source: www.galaxyzoo.org .

Galaxy Zoo bakhangwa amavolontiya alo kokuqala ngemva project wawusetshenziswa esihlokweni wezindaba, futhi cishe ngo-esingaba izinyanga eziyisithupha project baye bakhula baba okungaphezu 100,000 isakhamuzi ososayensi, abantu ababamba iqhaza ngoba bathokozela umsebenzi futhi befuna ukusiza isayensi yezinkanyezi kusengaphambili. Zihlangene zonke, lezi zisebenzi zokuzithandela 100,000 banikela Imininingwane ngeengaba abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-40, iningi ngeengaba okuvela, iqembu elincane core labahlanganyeli (Lintott et al. 2008) .

Abacwaningi abanesipiliyoni ukuqasha undergraduate abasizi ucwaningo masinyane sokungabaza izinga idatha. Nakuba lokhu zokungabaza kunengqondo, Galaxy Zoo kubonisa ukuthi lapho sokuzithandela iminikelo kahle sihlanza debiased, futhi uquqaba, angabawa nemiphumela eliphezulu (Lintott et al. 2008) . An trick ebalulekile wokuthola isixuku ukudala idatha izinga lochwepheshe komsebenzi; okungukuthi, nokuba umsebenzi ofanayo eyenziwa ngabantu abaningi ezahlukene. Ngo Galaxy Zoo, kwakunoFakazi abacishe babe ngu-40 ngeengaba galaxy ngayinye; Abacwaningi usebenzisa Undergraduate abasizi ucwaningo awulokothi ukukhokhela kuleli zinga komsebenzi ngakhoke kudingeka sibe okuningi ekhathalela kakhulu izinga ngalinye ngezigaba ngabanye. Lokho amavolontiya wayentula ekuqeqesheni, bambeka up for nge komsebenzi.

Nokho, nakuba zikhona ngeengaba amaningi emthaleni per, uhlanganise iqoqo sokuzithandela ngeengaba ukuze bakhiqize ngezigaba ukuvumelana luyakhohlisa. Ngoba-ke izinselele zivela elifanayo kakhulu kathisha amaphrojekthi womuntu, kuyasiza sihlole izinyathelo ezintathu abacwaningi Galaxy Zoo ezisetshenziswa emasimini ukukhiqiza ukudla ukuvumelana kwabo ngeengaba. Okokuqala, abacwaningi "bahlanza" idatha ngokususa ngeengaba mbumbulu. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abenza ngokuphindaphindiwe bahlukanisa okufanayo galaxy-into kwakuzokwenzekani uma bezama ukulawula imiphumela abangabesifazane-babebakhulu zonke ngeengaba zawo kulahliwe. Lokhu kanye nezinye yokuhlanza efanayo isuswe 4% wabo bonke ngeengaba.

Okwesibili, ngemva ukuhlanza, abacwaningi edinga ukususa ukucwasana ngerherho ngeengaba. Through uchungechunge sokuchema sokuzwa izifundo likaKhongolose ngaphakathi the original isibonelo project-for, okubonisa abanye zokuzithandela Umthala ezinombala ofanayo esikhundleni umbala i-abacwaningi bathola ukucwasana ehlelekile eziningana, njengomshini ukubuka luhlangothi lunye ehlelekile ukuze uhlukanise imithala kude Kuvunguza njengoba imithala okweqanda (Bamford et al. 2009) . Ukulungisa ngalezi ukucwasana ehlelekile kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba eyisilinganiso iminikelo eminingi akusisusi noma ukuchema kuzo ehlelekile; it kuphela ususa iphutha okungahleliwe.

Ekugcineni, ngemva debiasing, abacwaningi babedinga indlela ukuhlanganisa ngeengaba ngamunye ukuze bakhiqize ngezigaba ukuvumelana. Indlela elula ukuhlanganisa ngeengaba for galaxy ngamunye okungaba yilo ukukhetha ulwazi ngezigaba kuvamile kakhulu. Nokho, le ndlela ebengakhipha sokuzithandela ngamunye anesisindo esilinganayo, futhi abacwaningi okusolwa ukuthi ezinye izisebenzi zokuzithandela zazingcono at ngezigaba kunabanye. Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi wazakhela lelukhuni iterative inqubo silinganiso ezama bona ngokuzenzakalelayo classifiers umhlabeleli futhi abanike isisindo.

Ngakho, ngemva isinyathelo ezintathu inqubo-yokuhlanza, debiasing, kanye nezilinganiso-thimba labacwaningi Galaxy Zoo kwase iguqulwe 40 million sokuzithandela ngeengaba ibe iqoqo ukuvumelana ngeengaba morphological. Lapho lezi ngeengaba Galaxy Zoo abangu kuqhathaniswa imizamo ezincane-scale ezintathu langaphambilini izazi zezinkanyezi professional, kuhlanganise ngezigaba by Schawinski ezasiza ugqozi Galaxy Zoo, kwakukhona isivumelwano eqinile. Ngakho, lezi zisebenzi zokuzithandela, ekuhlanganisweni, bakwazi ukunikeza high quality ngeengaba begodu ngesikhathi ngezinga ukuthi abacwaningi abakwazanga ukufanisa (Lintott et al. 2008) . Empeleni, ngokuba ngeengaba zezisebenzi zalelo nani elikhulu zemithala, Schawinski, Lintott, nabanye ayekwazi ukubonisa ukuthi cishe 80% kuphela zemithala ulandele kulindeleke lemiklamo nephethini blue and ellipticals-and red amaphepha eziningi ziye kwabhalwa mayelana ukutholakala kwalo muzi (Fortson et al. 2011) .

Njengoba sazi yalokhu, Manje singakwazi ukubona ukuthi Galaxy Zoo kanje uqhekeko-zisebenza-hlanganisa recipe, iresiphi efanayo ukuthi isetshenziswa kakhulu kathisha amaphrojekthi womuntu. Okokuqala, inkinga enkulu ihlukaniselwe nezixhobo. Kulokhu, inkinga ka izinhlobo million imithala kuhlukaniswa nezinkinga million of ekulinganisweni eyodwa galaxy. Okulandelayo, i operation sisetshenziswa isinqamu ngayinye ngokuzimela. Kulokhu, uyisisebenzi sokuzithandela azibheka galaxy ngamunye njengoba kungaba Kuvunguza noma okweqanda. Ekugcineni, imiphumela ehlangana ukuze kuvezwe umphumela othile ukuvumelana. Kulokhu, lo hlanganisa isinyathelo zazihlanganisa yokuhlanza, debiasing, kanye nezilinganiso ukuze bakhiqize ngezigaba ukuvumelana for galaxy ngamunye. Nakuba amaphrojekthi kakhulu ukusebenzisa lolu iresiphi jikelele, ngamunye izinyathelo kudingeka egcizelele inkinga ethize okhuluma naye. Ngokwesibonelo, the human kathisha project ochazwe ngezansi, ngeke walandela recipe okufanayo, kodwa zisebenza futhi sihlanganise tinyatselo kuyoba awafani.

Ngoba ithimba Galaxy Zoo, le phrojekthi yokuqala kwakuseyisiqalo nje. Ngokushesha kakhulu baqaphela ukuthi nakuba babekwazi uhlukanise eduze imithala million, lokhu ngezinga akwanele ukuba basebenze amasha digital sky survey, ezinganikwa iveze imifanekiso ye kunabantu abangaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 10 imithala (Kuminski et al. 2014) . Ukuze asingathe lesi sibalo sikhule ukusuka ku-1 million kuya ku-10 billion-factor 10,000-Galaxy Zoo kwakuzodingeka ziqasha kalukhuni Ezikhathini 10,000 abahlanganyeli. Nakuba inani lezisebenzi zokuzithandela on the Internet inkulu, akusiyo akupheli. Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi realized lowo they bazoya ukusingatha amanani elikhulayo idatha, Kwakudingeka othile omusha, ngisho uyakaleka more, ndlela.

Ngakho-ke, Manda Banerji-esebenza Kevin Schawinski, uChris Lintott, kanye namanye amalungu Galaxy Zoo computer nokufundisa ithimba kuqalwe ukuze uhlukanise imithala. Ngini ngokuqondile, besebenzisa ngeengaba womuntu owadalwa Galaxy Zoo, Banerji et al. (2010) wakha umshini imodeli yokufunda ezingaholela zibikezela ngezigaba wobuntu mayelana galaxy esekelwe izici yesithombe. Uma lo mshini oyisibonelo yokufunda babekwazi nokuzala ngeengaba womuntu ngokunemba high, khona-ke itawusetjentiswa by Galaxy Zoo abacwaningi ukuba uhlukanise isibalo ngokuyisisekelo okungenamkhawulo zemithala.

Umnyombo Banerji kanye nozakwabo 'ndlela empeleni pretty efanayo bavezelwe amathekniki evame ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ocwaningweni social, nakuba lokho ukufana kungase kungabi sobala ngenkathi unganakile. Okokuqala, Banerji kanye nozakwabo iguqulwe isithombe ngasinye ibe iqoqo izici ezinombolo ukuthi afingqe kungcono izakhiwo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuba izithombe lemithala kungaba khona izici ezintathu: umthamo blue esithombeni, ukuhluka ngokukhanya pixels, futhi inani pixels non-white. Ukukhethwa izici lesifanele kuyingxenye ebalulekile nkinga, futhi ngokuvamile kudinga subject-ndawo ubuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuyisinyathelo sokuqala, obizwa ngokwejwayelekileyo ngokuthi isici ubunjiniyela, kubangela matrix idatha nge umugqa owodwa image ngamunye bese ezintathu amakholomu echaza leso sithombe. Njengoba sazi matrix idatha kanye okukhipha oyifunayo (isib, ngabe isithombe oluthathwa ngumuntu womuntu njengenhlangano galaxy okweqanda), umcwaningi ulinganisela kwemigomo yezibalo isibonelo model-for, okuthile okunjengesizwe ukuhlehla-ukuthi logistic ubikezela ngezigaba obuntu esekelwe on the izici yesithombe. Ekugcineni, umcwaningi isebenzisa nemingcele kule oyisibonelo yezibalo ukukhiqiza ngeengaba okucatshangelwa zemithala entsha (Figure 5.4). Ukucabanga analog social, sithi-ke nolwazi lokubala ubuningi babantu ayisigidi abafundi, futhi niyazi ukuthi ngempela benza waphothula ekolishi noma cha. Wena engalingana kwaba nokushiywa logistic kule idatha, bese ungasebenzisa okuholela model nemingcele ukucabangela ukuthi ingabe abafundi ezintsha ziya ngokuya iziqu ekolishi. Ngo umshini ofunda izinto, le ndlela-usebentise tibonelo oluphawulwe ngokuthi ukwenza umfuziselo ezibalo ezingaba ke kulebula idatha entsha-ubizwa ngokuthi okuqondiswa ukufunda (Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman 2009) .

Figure 5.4: incazelo Lula yendlela Banerji et al. (2010) asetshenziswa Galaxy Zoo ngeengaba ukuqeqesha umshini model yokufunda ukwenza ngezigaba galaxy. Izithombe zemithala baguquka in a matrix izici. Kulesi sibonelo owenziwe lula zikhona izici ezintathu (umthamo blue esithombeni, ukuhluka ngokukhanya pixels, futhi inani pixels non-white). Bese, ngoba isethi engezansi izithombe, amalebula Galaxy Zoo zisetshenziswa ukuqeqesha model yokufunda umshini. Ekugcineni, lo yokufunda Kusetshenziswa umshini ukulinganisa ngeengaba for imithala asele. Kepha mina ngibiza lolu hlobo project a lesibili isizukulwane yezamakhompyutha womuntu project ngoba, kunokuba abantu abavelele ngenxa ukuxazulula inkinga, banalo abantu ukwakha kudathasethi engasetshenziswa ukuze aqeqeshe computer ukuxazulula inkinga. Buhle le ndlela computer-assisted wukuthi ezikuvumela ukuba asingathe amanani ngokuyisisekelo esingapheliyo idatha usebenzisa kuphela anele umzamo womuntu.

Izici e Banerji et al. (2010) umshini model yokufunda ngamashumi uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalezo ithoyizi lami isibonelo-ngokwesibonelo, wasebenzisa izici ezinjengokuthi "de Vaucouleurs bamba isilinganiso Axial" -futhi model yakhe wayengenaye ukuhlehla logistic, kwaba uxhaxha artificial kwemizwa. Ukusebenzisa izici zalo, imodeli wakhe, futhi ukuvumelana Galaxy Zoo ngeengaba, wakwazi ukwakha izinsimbi on isici ngasinye, bese usebenzisa lezi izinsimbi ukwenza izibikezelo mayelana ngezigaba imithala. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlaziya sakhe bathola ukuthi izithombe nge low "de Vaucouleurs bamba isilinganiso Axial" ayemaningi amathuba okuba babe imithala Kuvunguza. Ngenxa yalezi izisindo, wakwazi ukubikezela ngezigaba wobuntu mayelana galaxy ngokunemba okwamukelekile.

Umsebenzi we Banerji et al. (2010) waphenduka Galaxy Zoo zibe yilokho mina Uyobiza lesibili isizukulwane uhlelo kathisha womuntu. Indlela engcono kakhulu abakucabangayo ngalezi izinhlelo lesibili isizukulwane wukuthi kunokuba abantu abanesimo ukuxazulula inkinga, banalo abantu ukwakha kudathasethi engasetshenziswa ukuze aqeqeshe computer ukuxazulula inkinga. Inani kwemininingwane esidingekayo computer kungaba enkulu kangangokuthi kudinga womuntu mass ukubambisana ukudala. Endabeni Galaxy Zoo, amanethiwekhi kwemizwa olusetshenziswa Banerji et al. (2010) edingekayo inombolo enkulu izibonelo wesintu-abhalwe ukuze kwakhiwe imodeli owakwazi thembeke nokuzala ngezigaba womuntu.

Buhle le ndlela computer-assisted wukuthi ezikuvumela ukuba asingathe amanani ngokuyisisekelo esingapheliyo idatha usebenzisa kuphela anele umzamo womuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, umcwaningi nge million imithala womuntu labizwa ungazakhela imodeli predictive elingase ke ingasetshenziswa ukuze uhlukanise i-billion noma ngisho imithala trillion. Uma kukhona isibalo sezinkanyezi zemithala, khona-ke lolu hlobo wesintu-computer hybrid ikhambi kungenzeka kuphela ngempela. Nokho Lokhu scalability elingapheli akuyona free. Ukwakha umshini imodeli yokufunda ukuthi kungaba ngokunembile nokuzala ngeengaba womuntu ngokwaso inkinga kanzima, kodwa ngenhlanhla zikhona kakade izincwadi omuhle abazinikezele kuleli sihloko (Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman 2009; Murphy 2012; James et al. 2013) .

Galaxy Zoo ikhombisa kwemvelo abaningi kathisha amaphrojekthi womuntu. Okokuqala, umcwaningi imizamo iphrojekthi eyedwa noma nge iqembu elincane labasizi ucwaningo (isib, initial ngezigaba umzamo Schawinski sika). Uma le ndlela akusho ukucaca kahle, umcwaningi angakwazi ukuhambisa a human kathisha project lapho abantu abaningi nesandla ngeengaba. Kodwa, volume ethile idatha, imizamo yomuntu okuhlanzekile ngeke kwanele. Ngaleso sikhathi, abacwaningi kudingeka ukwakha lesibili isizukulwane izinhlelo lapho ngeengaba zabantu esisetshenziselwa ukuqeqesha a umshini imodeli ukufunda ezingaba ke sisetshenziswe amanani cishe angenamkhawulo data.