5.4.1 eBird
eBird iqoqa idatha ku nezinyoni birders; Izisebenzi zokuzithandela anganikeza isikali kwendawo akukho iqembu labacwaningi ongaba.
Izinyoni yonke indawo, futhi ornithologists ungathanda ukwazi lapho zonke nyoni ngato tonkhe tikhatsi. Njengoba sazi kudathasethi onjalo ophelele, ornithologists akwazi ukuhlaziya le mibuzo eminingi eyisisekelo ensimini yabo. Yiqiniso, eqoqa lolu idatha kungaphezu kwamandla anoma yimaphi umcwaningi ethile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi ornithologists sifise idatha acebile nokuningi ephelele, "birders" -abantu hamba nyoni ukubukela for fun-njalo izinyoni nokubhalisa yilokho abakubonayo. Lezi imiphakathi emibili banomlando omude wokukhonza bahlanganyela khona, kodwa manje lezi collaborations sekantjintjile engu digital. eBird kuyinto basakaza idatha iqoqo project ukuthi umema ulwazi kusuka birders emhlabeni wonke, futhi uye wathola kakade abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-260 yezinyoni kusukela 250,000 abahlanganyeli (Kelling et al. 2015) .
Ngaphambi kwethulwa eBird, ingxenye enkulu idatha adalwe birders ayitholakalanga ukuba abacwaningi:
"Ngo izinkulungwane zokugqoka emhlabeni wonke namuhla uqambe amanga izinto zokubhalela ezingenakubalwa, Inkomba amakhadi, tinhla tekutikhumbuta anamazwibela, futhi Diaries. Labo bethu bahileleke nezikhungo Birding bazi kahle ukukhungatheka ukuzwa ngokuphindaphindiwe mayelana 'ogcina imibhalo bird umalume yami yokuqala' Siyazi kanjani yigugu bekungase kube njalo. Ngokudabukisayo, siyazi asikwazi ukusebenzisa kwabo. " (Fitzpatrick et al. 2002)
Kunokuba kokuba le idatha ezibalulekile ukuhlala engasetshenziswanga, eBird kwenza birders ukuze ulayishe it eyodwa, database digital. Idatha alayishwa ku eBird iqukethe amasimu eyisithupha eyinhloko: ngubani, kuphi, nini, lokho zilwane, bangaki, futhi umzamo. Ngoba abafundi non-Birding, "umzamo" libhekisela izindlela ezisetshenziswa ngenkathi ngokwenza kokuma. amasheke izinga Data baqale ngisho nangaphambi kokuba idatha alayishiwe. Birders uzama ilethe imibiko-ngale ndlela engavamile nemibiko ka zezinyoni ezingavamile kakhulu, ukubalwa eliphezulu kakhulu, noma out of isizini imibiko-kuthiwa umkhosi, kanti website ucela ngokuzenzakalelayo ulwazi olwengeziwe, ezifana nezithombe. Ngemva lokuqoqa lolu lwazi olwengeziwe, imibiko ihlatshwe umkhosi ithunyelwa omunye emakhulwini sokuzithandela ochwepheshe lesifunda for kokubuyekeza. Ngemva kophenyo kwesifunda uchwepheshe-kuhlanganise kungenzeka singesihambelanayo eyengeziwe ne birder-imibiko ihlatshwe umkhosi kungenzeka ilahlwa njengoba engekho ohlwini lwemiBhalo yesiHeberu noma basuke angena eBird database (Kelling et al. 2012) . Lokhu database kokuma bahlolwe is bese zitholakala kanjani ukuze ubani emhlabeni uxhumano Inthanethi, futhi kuze kube manje, cishe 100 izincwadi peer-kubukezwe belisebenzisa (Bonney et al. 2014) . eBird libonisa ngokucacile ukuthi sokuzithandela birders bayakwazi ukuqoqa idatha ukuthi kuyasiza ucwaningo Ornithology real.
Enye yezinto ubuhle eBird wukuthi it ithumba "umsebenzi" okwenzekayo-kulokhu, Birding kakade. Lesi sici sikusiza iphrojekthi ukuze kuzuzwe ngezinga okusika. Nokho, lo "msebenzi" sikwenza ngokusifundisa birders akusho ahambisana idatha okudingekayo nge ornithologists. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-eBird, iqoqo idatha kunqunywa indawo birders hhayi indawo izinyoni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, kokuma kakhulu izinhlanzi zivame ukwenzeka close imigwaqo (Kelling et al. 2012; Kelling et al. 2015) . Ngaphezu kwalokhu yokwaba umzamo ngendawo, ukufundwa kokuma langempela eyenziwe birders njalo ekahle. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye birders kuphela ukulayisha ulwazi mayelana zilwane abacabanga ezithakazelisayo kunokuba ukulayisha imininingwane on zonke izinhlobo ukuthi uyalandelwa.
eBird abacwaningi izixazululo ezimbili eziyinhloko lezi zimpikiswano izinga idatha, izinto ezivela e eziningi ezinye basakaza iqoqo idatha amaphrojekthi. Okokuqala, eBird abacwaningi olokhu ezama ukuthuthukisa izinga imininingwane ethunyelwe nge birders. Ngokwesibonelo, eBird unikeza imfundo ukuze ababambiqhaza, futhi uye wadala yokubonisa idatha ngamunye owayekhona ukuthi, by design yabo, ukukhuthaza birders ukuze ulayishe ulwazi mayelana zonke izinhlobo ukuthi kugujwe, hhayi nje subset (Wood et al. 2011; Wiggins 2011) . Okwesibili, eBird abacwaningi babuye basebenzise onobuhle yezibalo ezizama alungise for nature ababethi bemitshingo heterogeneous of idatha eluhlaza. It is not yet ecacile uma lezi zimo zezulu zokuzenzela kwezibalo ukususa ngokugcwele ukucwasana kusukela idatha, kodwa ornithologists bayaqiniseka ngokwanele izinga idatha eBird kushintshwe lokho, njengoba ayekade okukhulunywe ngaye ekuqaleni, iye yasetshenziswa cishe 100 ezincwadini peer-kubukezwe zesayensi.
Abaningi ababesekudingisweni abangebona ornithologists okokuqala bayakungabaza ukuthi umuntu angaphila kakhulu lapho bezwa mayelana eBird ngokokuqala ngqá. Ngokubona kwami, ingxenye yaleli zokungabaza livela ukucabanga mayelana eBird ngendlela engafanele. Abantu abaningi bacabanga kuqala "Ingabe idatha eBird ophelele?", futhi impendulo ngokuphelele hhayi. Nokho, lokho akulona umbuzo ilungelo. Umbuzo sokunene, "Ngokuba imibuzo ethile ucwaningo, idatha eBird kangcono kunanoma idatha ekhona Ornithology?" Ngokuba lowo mbuzo impendulo siyafuna yebo, ngokwengxenye ngoba imibuzo eminingi nesithakazelo akukho okunye namaqiniso ukuba kusakazwe iqoqo idatha.
Le phrojekthi eBird kubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba zihilela amavolontiya ukuqoqwa idatha ebalulekile zesayensi. Nokho, eBird, futhi ahlobene amaphrojekthi, abonisa ukuthi izinselele ezihlobene izibonelo zalokho futhi izinga idatha ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha basakaza iqoqo idatha amaphrojekthi. Njengoba sizobona esihlokweni Nokho, bheka esigabeni esilandelayo, ne design ohlakaniphile nobuchwepheshe lezi tikhalo kuncishiswe kwezinye izilungiselelo.
