ukuhlaziya Okwengeziwe

Lesi sigaba yakhelwe ukuba lisetshenziswe njengeHholo reference, kunokuba ukuze ifundwe njengoba lelandzisako.

• Isingeniso (Isigaba 5.1)

Ngokubambisana Mass ihlangana imibono evela isakhamuzi isayensi, Ukuthumela, futhi intelligence collective. Citizen isayensi ngokuvamile lisho ezihilela 'izakhamuzi' (ie, non-ososayensi) kule nqubo zesayensi (Crain, Cooper, and Dickinson 2014) . Crowdsourcing ngokuvamile kusho ukuthatha inkinga ngokuvamile ixazululwe enhlanganweni futhi esikhundleni Outsourcing lona isixuku (Howe 2009) . Intelligence Collective ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi kunamaqembu kwabantu ngabanye nanjengeqembu oyibamba ngezindlela ezibonakala sengathi ezihlakaniphile (Malone and Bernstein 2015) . Nielsen (2012) is a emangalisayo incwadi sobude yethula amandla ngokubambisana mass ucwaningo lwesayensi.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi ngekubambisana mass zehlukile ngobunono zigaba ezintathu ukuthi ngamcela, futhi ngicabanga ezintathu libanakekele ekhethekile ngoba kungase kube usizo ucwaningo social at esithile. Esinye isibonelo salokhu isibikezelo izimakethe, lapho abahlanganyeli ukuthenga futhi izivumelwano umsebenzi basuke ukuhlengwa okusekelwe imiphumela zenzeka emhlabeni (Wolfers and Zitzewitz 2004; Arrow et al. 2008) . Izimakethe ukubikezela avame ukusetshenziswa amafemu kanye nohulumeni for ukubikezela, kanye nezimakethe ukubikezela baye nazo ibisetshenziswa abacwaningi social ukubikezela replicability sezifundo eyanyatheliswa ngo kwengqondo (Dreber et al. 2015) .

Isibonelo sesibili ukuthi kungahlali kahle zibe ngezigaba scheme yami project PolyMath, lapho abacwaningi ubambisene usebenzisa blogs nama-wikis wamahhala ukuze afakazele entsha izibalo theorems (Gowers and Nielsen 2009; Cranshaw and Kittur 2011; Nielsen 2012; Kloumann et al. 2016) . Le phrojekthi PolyMath kwezinye izindlela ezifanayo kuya Netflix Umklomelo, kodwa ku abahlanganyeli PolyMath project izikhandle kakhudlwana ekufuneni eyakhelwe phezu izixazululo ngokwengxenye yabanye.

A Isibonelo sesithathu ukuthi kungahlali kahle zibe ngezigaba scheme sami kuyinto mobilizations isikhathi ancike ezifana Ulwela Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Network Challenge (ie, Red Balloon Challenge). Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi la mobilizations ebucayi ukubona Pickard et al. (2011) , Tang et al. (2011) , kanye Rutherford et al. (2013) .

• Kathisha Human (Isigaba 5.2)

Igama elithi "kathisha ongumuntu" siphuma emsebenzini owenziwa ososayensi computer, kanye nokuqonda umongo ngemuva lolucwaningo Iyothuthukisa ikhono lakho ukuze sithathe izinkinga ezingase kube amenable kuso. Ngoba imisebenzi ethile, amakhompyutha emangalisayo esinamandla amakhono kakhulu uma siqhathaniswa abantu ngisho nochwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-chess, computer ungakwazi ukuwunqoba ngisho best amakhosi grand. Kodwa-futhi lokhu incane kahle bawazisa social ososayensi-kweminye imisebenzi, amakhompyutha empeleni kunalokho abantu. Ngamanye amazwi, manje wena ungcono ngisho computer eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekwenzeni imisebenzi ethile ehilela processing images, video, alalelwayo, futhi umbhalo. Ngakho-njengoba kwaboniswa XKCD emangalisayo cartoon-kukhona imisebenzi okulula for amakhompyutha kanye nzima ngabantu, kodwa kukhona futhi imisebenzi okunzima for amakhompyutha kanye lula ngabantu (Figure 5.13). ososayensi Computer ukusebenza ngalezi kanzima i-computer-okulula for-human imisebenzi, ngakho-ke, zaqaphela ukuthi zazingeke zikwazi zihlanganisa abantu inqubo yabo yezamakhompyutha. Nakhu ukuthi Luis von Ahn (2005) wachaza kathisha wesintu lapho kuqala ukuthi yavela naleli gama ocwaningeni lwakhe: ". Paradigm for sisebenzisa womuntu processing amandla ukuze imiraro computer awukwazi okwamanje ukuxazulula"

Umfanekiso 5.13: Ngoba abanye imisebenzi computer amazing, yokudlula ikhono ochwepheshe womuntu. Kodwa, kweminye imisebenzi, abantu abajwayelekile kungaba ziphumelela kangcono ngisho eyindida computer systems. izinkinga ngezinga elikhulu letifaka ekhatsi imisebenti okunzima for amakhompyutha kanye lula ngabantu kahle evumelana kathisha womuntu. Asetshenziswa ngokwesikhathi okuchazwe lapha: http://xkcd.com/license.html

Ngale ncazelo FoldIt-okuyinto engiphatha echazwe esigabeni evulekile izingcingo-ingathiwa engumuntu kathisha project. Nokho, ngikhetha ngetigaba FoldIt njengoba ucingo evulekile ngoba kudinga amakhono akhethekile kuthatha ikhambi best ezaba nomthelela kunokuba usebenzisa uqhekeko-zisebenza-sihlanganise isu.

Ukuze omuhle ukwelashwa incwadi ubude kathisha womuntu, ngomqondo ovamile kakhulu kwegama elithi, bheka Law and Ahn (2011) . Isahluko 3 of Law and Ahn (2011) has nengxoxo ethakazelisayo of more complex zihlangana izinyathelo kunalena kulesi sahluko.

Igama elithi "uqhekeko-zisebenza-sihlanganise" lalisetshenziswa Wickham (2011) ukuchaza isu Computing kwezibalo, kodwa ngokuphelele ithumba inqubo eziningi kathisha amaphrojekthi womuntu. I uqhekeko-zisebenza-sihlanganise isu siyefana uhlaka MapReduce athuthukile-Google (Dean and Ghemawat 2004; Dean and Ghemawat 2008) .

Two uhlakaniphile womuntu kathisha amaphrojekthi angizange isikhala ukuze baxoxe kukhona ESP Game (Ahn and Dabbish 2004) kanye reCAPTCHA (Ahn et al. 2008) . Zombili lezi amaphrojekthi atholakele izindlela zokudala ukushukumisa ababambiqhaza ukunikeza amalebula izithombe. Nokho, zombili lezi amaphrojekthi wabuye waphakamisa imibuzo zesimilo ngoba, ngokungafani Galaxy Zoo, abahlanganyeli ESP Game futhi reCAPTCHA angazanga ukuthi idatha yabo wawusetshenziswa (Lung 2012; Zittrain 2008) .

Eshukunyiswa ESP Game, abacwaningi eziningi, aye azama ukuthuthukisa abanye 'imidlalo ngenjongo' (Ahn and Dabbish 2008) (ie, "kathisha wesintu-based imidlalo" (Pe-Than, Goh, and Lee 2015) ) ukuthi kungaba esetshenziswa ukuxazulula ezihlukahlukene nezinye izinkinga. Yini esiyifundile ngokuhlolwa kwale "imidlalo ngenjongo" enifana wukuthi bazama ukwenza imisebenzi ehilelekile kathisha womuntu kujabulise. Ngakho, nakuba ESP Game uhlanganyela uqhekeko-zisebenza-okuhlangana efanayo isakhiwo Galaxy Zoo, it uhluke kanjani ababambiqhaza bashukunyiswa-fun vs. isifiso sokusiza isayensi.

Incazelo Yami Yezindaba Galaxy Zoo asebenzisa Nielsen (2012) , Adams (2012) , Clery (2011) , kanye Hand (2010) , kanye ngabeka intshumayelo yami imigomo locwaningo Galaxy Zoo kwaba lula. Ukuze okwengeziwe ngomlando yomthala ngezigaba kwezokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi nesayensi kanjani Galaxy Zoo uyaqhubeka leli siko, bheka Masters (2012) kanye Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) . Isakhiwo on Galaxy Zoo, abacwaningi agcwaliswe Galaxy Zoo 2 eqoqwe engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-60 ngaphezulu ngeengaba eziyinkimbinkimbi morphological ezisebenzi zokuzithandela (Masters et al. 2011) . Ngaphezu kwalokho, branched baphume bangene izinkinga ngaphandle kwe-morphology galaxy kuhlanganise uyihlole ebusweni inyanga, ekufuneni amaplanethi ukuguqulela amadokhumenti ubudala. Okwamanje, bonke imiklamo yabo kuqoqwa at www.zooniverse.org (Cox et al. 2015) . Omunye wemisebenzi-Snapshot Serengeti-kunikeza ubufakazi bokuthi Galaxy Zoo-hlobo imiklamo image ngezigaba kungabuye kwenziwe ucwaningo kwemvelo (Swanson et al. 2016) .

Ukuze abacwaningi uhlela ukusebenzisa i wezabasebenzi micro-msebenzi (isib, Amazon Mechanical Turk) ngomuntu kathisha project, Chandler, Paolacci, and Mueller (2013) kanye Wang, Ipeirotis, and Provost (2015) zinikeza izeluleko ezinhle umsebenzi design and ezinye izimpikiswano ezihlobene.

Abacwaningi nesithakazelo kwakheka lokho Ngiye esibizwa isizukulwane sesibili kathisha womuntu izinhlelo (isib, izinhlelo ezisebenzisa amalebula womuntu ukuqeqesha umshini model yokufunda) engase abe nesithakazelo Shamir et al. (2014) (isibonelo ngokusebenzisa umsindo) kanye Cheng and Bernstein (2015) . Futhi, kungenziwa kwalawa maphrojekthi kwenziwe nge izingcingo ovulekile, lapho abacwaningi ukuncintisana ukudala onobuhle umshini ofunda izinto zokwenza omkhulu kunabo wokuqagela. Ngokwesibonelo, ithimba Galaxy Zoo wagijima ucingo evulekile athola indlela entsha ukuthi outperformed lowo athuthukiswe Banerji et al. (2010) ; bheka Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) ukuze uthole imininingwane.

• Vula izingcingo (Isigaba 5.3)

Vula izingcingo ayimisha. Empeleni, omunye izingcingo evulekile kunazo owaziwa sihlehlela emuva 1714 lapho ePhalamende yaseBrithani wadala ikuphi Prize for ubani ezingaholela ukuthuthukisa indlela ukucacisa ikuphi olwandle. Inkinga stumped eziningi zesayensi kunabo bonke izinsuku, kuhlanganise u-Isaac Newton, futhi ikhambi yokuwina wagcina ezilethwe ngumuntu wamawashi evela emaphandleni eyeza ngendlela ehlukile inkinga nososayensi abakholelwayo babegxile ikhambi zaziyoba ngandlela-thile ezihilela astronomy (Sobel 1996) . Njengoba lesi sibonelo sibonisa, esinye sezizathu ukuthi izingcingo evulekile kucatshangwa ukuthi sisebenza kanjani kahle kanjalo siwukuthi kubikwa ukuthi zinikeza ukufinyelela abantu abane ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene kanye namakhono (Boudreau and Lakhani 2013) . Bheka Hong and Page (2004) kanye Page (2008) ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngenani kokwehluka ekuxazululeni inkinga.

Ngamunye obala amacala call esahlukweni kudinga kancane okunye incazelo yingakho kungokwalabo kulesi sigaba. Okokuqala, enye indlela mina ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwekhompyutha esintu kanye call evulekile amaphrojekthi ingabe okukhipha kuyisilinganiso sabantu bonke izixazululo (kathisha human) noma ikhambi best (call evulekile). I-Netflix Prize Kuthi olukhohlisayo kule ndaba ngoba ikhambi best Kwatholakala ukuthi kube avareji eyindida izixazululo ngabanye, i wasondela ebizwa i solution ensemble (Bell, Koren, and Volinsky 2010; Feuerverger, He, and Khatri 2012) . Nokho, Ngokombono Netflix, konke ababenakho ukuba enze into engaphezu pick ikhambi best.

Okwesibili, abantu abangaba ngu-izincazelo kathisha womuntu (isib, Von Ahn (2005) ), FoldIt okufanele ibhekwe njengelungelo womuntu kathisha project. Nokho, ngikhetha ngetigaba FoldIt njengoba ucingo evulekile ngoba kudinga amakhono akhethekile kuthatha ikhambi best kwaba nomthelela, kunokuba usebenzisa uqhekeko-zisebenza-sihlanganise isu.

Ekugcineni, umuntu angalimisa ngesihloko elokuthi ukuthi peer-to-Patent uyisibonelo basakaza iqoqo idatha. Ngikhetha zihlanganisa njengethuba ucingo evulekile ngoba likwazi isakhiwo Emncintiswaneni-like futhi zisetshenziswa kuphela iminikelo best (kanti nge basakaza iqoqo idatha, umqondo eminikelo okuhle nokubi akwaziwa kahle).

Ukuze uthole olunye on the Netflix Prize, bheka Bennett and Lanning (2007) , Thompson (2008) , Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) , kanye Feuerverger, He, and Khatri (2012) . Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi FoldIt bheka, Cooper et al. (2010) , Andersen et al. (2012) , kanye Khatib et al. (2011) ; incazelo yami of FoldIt asebenzisa nezincazelo Nielsen (2012) , Bohannon (2009) , kanye Hand (2010) . Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi peer-to-Patent, bheka Noveck (2006) , Bestor and Hamp (2010) , Ledford (2007) , kanye Noveck (2009) .

Wayefana imiphumela Glaeser et al. (2016) , Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) , imibiko Isahluko 10 uzuza enkulu ukukhiqiza kwezindlu abahloli eNew York City lapho kuhlolwa siholwa onobuhle wokuqagela. In New York City, la amamodeli predictive zakhiwa ngabasebenzi umuzi, kodwa kwezinye izimo, omunye ongalindela ukuthi bangabizwa ukudaleka kwaso noma ngcono nge izingcingo evulekile (isib, Glaeser et al. (2016) ). Nokho, omunye ukukhathazeka okukhulu nenkambiso predictive esetshenziswayo izimali wukuthi onobuhle ezingadala baqinise ukucwasana ekhona. Abacwaningi abaningi bayawazi kakade "udoti, udoti", futhi nenkambiso predictive kungase kube "ukukhetha, ukubuka luhlangothi lunye out." Niyabo Barocas and Selbst (2016) kanye O'Neil (2016) ukuze uthole okwengeziwe mayelana nezingozi imifanekiso predictive eyakhelwe ngedatha ukuqeqeshwa evumelana nombono wazo.

Enye inkinga into engasenza singagxili ohulumeni kusukela ekusebenziseni imincintiswano evulekile ukuthi sidinga idatha ukukhululwa, okungase kuholele nokwephulwa kwemfihlo. Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi mayelana nobumfihlo idatha ukukhululwa izingcingo evulekile ukubona Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) kanye ingxoxo eSahlukweni 6.

• Okusatshalalisiwe iqoqo idatha (Isigaba 5.4)

Incazelo Yami Yezindaba eBird asebenzisa nezincazelo Bhattacharjee (2005) kanye Robbins (2013) . Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi kanjani abacwaningi babuye basebenzise onobuhle yezibalo kuhlatiya idatha eBird ukubona Hurlbert and Liang (2012) kanye Fink et al. (2010) . Ukuze uthole olunye umlando isakhamuzi yesayensi ornothology, bheka Greenwood (2007) .

Ukuze uthole olunye on the Malawi AmaJenali Project, bheka Watkins and Swidler (2009) kanye Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti (2015) . Futhi uma ufuna ulwazi olungaphezulu project ahlobene eNingizimu Afrika, bheka Angotti and Sennott (2015) . Ukuze uthole izibonelo ezengeziwe zalokhu idatha ucwaningo besebenzisa kusukela Malawi AmaJenali Project ukubona Kaler (2004) kanye Angotti et al. (2014) .

• Ukuklama zakho siqu (Isigaba 5.5)

Indlelanchubo My kokunikela design iseluleko kwaba exhasa, ngokusekelwe ngezibonelo yimpumelelo futhi ehluleka ukubambisana amaphrojekthi mass ukuthi Ngalalela mayelana. Kukhona umfudlana ucwaningo ezama ukusisebenzisa eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma kabanzi jikelele social ezingokwengqondo ukuba aklame imiphakathi online efanele design of mass ngokubambisana amaphrojekthi, bheka, isibonelo, Kraut et al. (2012) .

Ngokuphathelene abahlanganyeli ashukumisa, empeleni ngempela olukhohlisayo ukuthola kahle ukuthi kungani abantu babambe iqhaza mass ngokubambisana amaphrojekthi (Nov, Arazy, and Anderson 2011; Cooper et al. 2010, Raddick et al. (2013) ; Tuite et al. 2011; Preist, Massung, and Coyle 2014) . Uma uhlela ukuba esekele nenhlanganyelo lokukhokha on a wezabasebenzi micro-msebenzi (isib, Amazon Mechanical Turk) Kittur et al. (2013) unikeza izeluleko ezithile.

Ngokuphathelene olwenza ukumangala, izibonelo ezengeziwe eziye zatholwa ezingalindelekile ephuma Zoouniverse amaphrojekthi, bheka Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) .

Ngokuphathelene nokuba nezimiso zokuziphatha, abanye izingeniso ezinhle jikelele izimpikiswano ezihilelekile kukhona Gilbert (2015) , Salehi et al. (2015) , Schmidt (2013) , Williamson (2016) , Resnik, Elliott, and Miller (2015) , kanye Zittrain (2008) . Ngoba eziqondene eziphathelene nezindaba zomthetho kanye nabasebenzi isixuku, bheka Felstiner (2011) . O'Connor (2013) elazisa imibuzo mayelana kokwengamela zesimilo yocwaningo lapho izindima labacwaningi futhi abahlanganyeli usabonakala. Ukuze eziphathelene idatha ukwabelana, kuyilapho evikela participats e isakhamuzi amaphrojekthi isayensi, bheka Bowser et al. (2014) . Bobabili Purdam (2014) kanye Windt and Humphreys (2016) unayo izingxoxo mayelana nezindaba lisezingeni basakaza iqoqo idatha. Ekugcineni, amaphrojekthi iningi labo liyavuma iminikelo kodwa ungadikibali ubuqambi credit abahlanganyeli. Ngo Foldit, abadlali Foldit avame ohlwini i author (Cooper et al. 2010; Khatib et al. 2011) . Kwezinye amaphrojekthi call evulekile, abangamalungu akhokhela lo mshwalense yokuwina kungaba ngokuvamile ukubhala iphepha echaza izixazululo zabo (isib, Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) kanye Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) ). In the Galaxy Zoo umndeni amaphrojekthi, ababenikele asebenzayo ngokwedlulele futhi zibaluleke kangakanani ngezinye izikhathi ababemenyelwa co-abalobi on amaphepha. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Ivan Terentev futhi Tim Matorny, ababambiqhaza ezimbili Radio Galaxy Zoo ezivela eRussia, baba ngamashumi co-abalobi kwenye amaphepha wasuka lo msebenzi (Banfield et al. 2016; Galaxy Zoo 2016) .