6.1 Isingeniso

I Ezahlukweni ezandulele zibonisile ukuthi age digital idala amathuba amasha ukuze kuqoqwe futhi ehlaziya idatha social. Inkathi digital futhi kuye kwakhiwa nezindawo nezinselele ezintsha zokuziphatha. Umgomo kulesi sahluko ukukunika amathuluzi owadingayo ukusingatha le zezinselele zezindinganiso.

wabo okwamanje ukungaqiniseki nokungavumelani mayelana nokuziphatha ezifanele ubudala digital ucwaningo social. Lokhu ukungaqiniseki kudale izinkinga ezimbili ezihlobene, enye yazo uye wathola ukunakwa okuningi kunabanye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abacwaningi baye basolwa yokwephula ubumfihlo kwabantu noma ukubhalisa ababambiqhaza ucwaningo abangenasimilo. Lezi amacala-okuyinto ngizobuya ukuchaza kulesi sahluko-baye baba impikiswano olunzulu kanye nengxoxo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungaqiniseki zesimilo uye kwaba nethonya amakhaza, ekuvimbeleni ucwaningo nokuthi kuwukwephula izimiso futhi abalulekile okwenzekayo; iqiniso lokuthi ngicabanga is ingasaphathwa baziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi 2014 Ebola, abezempilo wayefuna ulwazi mayelana ukuhamba kwabantu emazweni kunazo kakhulu gciwane ukuze asize ukulawula kokugqashuka. izinkampani Umakhalekhukhwini kwase kunikelwe amarekhodi call esasingase sibe inqobo okunye kwalokhu kwaziswa. Nokho, ukukhathazeka zokuziphatha futhi zomthetho yizinkulumo imizamo abacwaningi 'okuhlaziya lokho kwaziswa (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . Uma sesinalo siyokwazi ukuhlakulela imikhuba namazinga zesimilo nezindinganiso asetshenziswa kokubili abacwaningi kanye nomphakathi-futhi ngicabanga ukuthi angenza lokhu-ke lapho singazi khona ukubophela amakhono age digital ngezindlela wemfanelo futhi kuyazuzisa emphakathini.

Kukhona umehluko obalulekile phakathi kanjani ososayensi bezenhlalo nososayensi idatha asondele izimiso zokuhle ucwaningo. Ngoba ososayensi bezenhlalo, ecabanga mayelana nendlela yokuziphatha ubuswa Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) kanye neziqondiso ukuthi Akhethelwe ngokuphoqelela. Phela, indlela kuphela ukuthi ososayensi enokwehla nabantu ukuzwa mpikiswano zokuziphatha ngenqubo bureaucratic of ukubuyekeza IRB. ososayensi Data, ngakolunye uhlangothi, awuhlangene ngalutho nakho ehlelekile nokuziphatha ucwaningo ngoba okuvame ukukhulunywa ngazo eziphathelene computer esayense nobunjiniyela ayisimanga. Akekho yini kulezi zindlela-kusondela imithetho-based ososayensi bezenhlalo noma ndlela ad-hoc kwedatha ososayensi-awunankinga yokwenze njalo ucwaningo emphakathini yobudala digital. Kunalokho, ngikholwa ukuthi thina njengoba umphakathi uyokwenza inqubekelaphambili uma singamukela izimiso ezisekelwe approach. Okungukuthi, abacwaningi kufanele ahlaziye ucwaningo lwabo ngokusebenzisa ekhona imithetho-okuyinto Ngizothatha njengombana sinikelwa futhi bazitshele kufanele kube followed- futhi ngokusebenzisa abengeziwe izimiso jikelele zokuziphatha. Le ndlela izimiso ezisekelwe kuqinisekisa ukuthi abacwaningi ungenza izinqumo kunengqondo ngocwaningo imithetho abazange zilotshwé okuyiwona nokho nokuthi singakwazi ukukhulumisana esikushoyo nezinye abacwaningi kanye nomphakathi.

Le ndlela izimiso okusekelwe I am kumela awumusha; esisondelene on amashumi eminyaka yokucabanga odlule. Njengoba uzobona, kwezinye izimo ndlela esekelwe ezimisweni-kuholela ukusula, izixazululo kuyenzeka. Futhi, uma aliholeli izixazululo ezinjalo, it icacisa ukuhweba-offs abathintekayo, okuyinto ethathwa njengomongo abatelekile lwakwazi ukulinganisela ezifanele kanye nokuba bakwazi ukuchaza indlela yokucabanga yakho ukuze abanye abacwaningi kanye nomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba uzobona, ethatha ndlela esekelwe ezimisweni-akudingi isamba ngokweqile isikhathi. Uma ufunde izimiso eziyisisekelo, ungasebenzisa ukuba masinya ukubonisana nathi mayelana yezinkinga ezihlukahlukene. Ekugcineni, le ndlela esekelwe ezimisweni-ngokwanele jikelele ukuthi ngilindele ukuthi iyoba usizo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucwaningo lwakho kuthatha indawo noma lapho ukusebenza (isib, eyunivesithi, uhulumeni, NGO, noma inkampani).

Lesi sahluko lwakhiwe ukusiza owayengahlose bubi umcwaningi ngabanye. Kufanele ucabanga kanjani mayelana izimiso umsebenzi wakho siqu? Yini ongayenza ukuze wenze umsebenzi wakho siqu zesimilo kakhudlwana? ENgxenyeni 6.2, ngizobuya ukuchaza amaphrojekthi ezintathu digital ubudala ucwaningo eziye ekhiqizwa mpikiswano zokuziphatha. Kwabe sekuthi ngo-Section 6.3, ngizobuya abstract kulezo zibonelo eziqondile ekuchazeni lokho engicabanga ukuthi isizathu esiyinhloko sokuba ukungaqiniseki zesimilo: Amandla esikhula ngokushesha ngoba abacwaningi ukuba bagcine futhi ukuhlolwa kwabantu ngaphandle kwemvume yabo noma ngisho nokuqwashisa. Lezi amakghono ziyashintsha ngokushesha ukwedlula izinkambiso zethu, imithetho, kanye nemithetho. Okulandelayo, eSigabeni 6.4, ngizobuya izimiso ezine ekhona ukuthi kungaba aqondise ukucabanga kwakho: Inhlonipho Persons, Beneficence, uJustice, begodu ezihlonipha umthetho ne- Public Interest. Kwabe sekuthi ngo-Section 6.5, ngizobuya afingqe ezimbili ezibanzi zesimilo nezinhlaka-consequentalism futhi deontology-ukuthi angakusiza ukuba ubonisane yezinselelo ejulile ongase ubhekane naso: uma kufaneleka ukuba uthathe izindlela uphula izimiso ukuze kuzuzwe i ekupheleni ngobulungiswa ezifanele. Lezi zimiso kanye nezinhlaka zesimilo kuyokwenza ukwazi ukuthuthela ngalé wagxila kulokho kuvunyelwe mithetho ekhona futhi zithuthukisa ikhono lakho lokukhuluma ukukhuluma yakho namanye abacwaningi kanye nomphakathi (Figure 6.1). With isizinda, eSigabeni 6.6, mina sizoxoxa ngezinye izici ezine ezisebusweni kunzima ngokukhethekile age digital abacwaningi social: kwemvume unolwazi (Isigaba 6.6.1), ukuqonda kanye nokuphatha ilwazi ingozi (Isigaba 6.6.2), ubumfihlo (Isigaba 6.6.3 ), kanye nokwenza izinqumo zokuziphatha ngaphakathi the bombo of ukungaqiniseki (Isigaba 6.6.4). Ekugcineni, ngo-Section 6.7, mina ngizobe siyophetha ngenkulumo amathiphu amathathu akhuthazayo ngokusebenza endaweni nokuziphatha nokwethuka. In the Historical iSithasiselo, ngizobuya ukuchaza ukuvela isimiso samanje kwesimilo ucwaningo zokwengamela e-United States kubandakanya Tuskegee ugcunsula Study, uMbiko Belmont, lo noMthetho Ovamile, kanye noMbiko Menlo.

Figure 6.1: Imithetho elawula ucwaningo zihlobene izimiso ezingasisiza zihlobene nezinhlaka zokuziphatha. Isizathu esiyinhloko salesi sahluko wukuthi abacwaningi kufanele ahlaziye ucwaningo lwabo ngokusebenzisa imithetho-okuyinto ekhona Ngizothatha njengombana sinikelwa futhi bazitshele kufanele kube followed- futhi ngokusebenzisa abengeziwe izimiso jikelele zokuziphatha. I noMthetho Ovamile kuyinto isethi ziqondiso okwamanje elawula ucwaningo Federally-uxhaso kakhulu e-United States (ukuze uthole ulwazi oluthe xaxa, bheka iSithasiselo Historical). Izimiso ezine zivela amabili aluhlaza-ribbon panel ukuthi baye bafuna ukunikeza isiqondiso zesimilo abacwaningi: The Belmont Umbiko kanye Menlo Umbiko (ukuze uthole ulwazi oluthe xaxa, bheka iSithasiselo Historical). Ekugcineni, consequentialism futhi deontology kukhona izinhlaka eziphathelene nezimiso zokuziphatha eziye athuthukiswe yizazi zefilosofi amakhulu eminyaka. Indlela esheshayo futhi ongahluziwe ukuhlukanisa izinhlaka ezimbili wukuthi consequentialists agxile amachopho deontologists ukugxila izindlela.