ukuhlaziya Okwengeziwe

Lesi sigaba yakhelwe ukuba lisetshenziswe njengeHholo reference, kunokuba ukuze ifundwe njengoba lelandzisako.

• Isingeniso (Isigaba 6.1)

izimiso zokuhle Ucwaningo ngokwesiko kwakuhlanganisa izihloko ezifana ukukhwabanisa zesayensi nokwabiwa credit. Lezi zihloko Kuxoxwa kabanzi ngezokuzilibazisa e Engineering (2009) .

Lesi sahluko kakhulu ukulolongwa isimo e-United States. Ukuze uthole olunye on the izinqubo ethical review kwamanye amazwe, bheka iZahluko 6, 7, 8, no-9 zencwadi Desposato (2016b) . Ukuze impikiswano izimiso bezokwelapha yokuziphatha yathonya kulesi sahluko kukhona American ngokweqile, bheka Holm (1995) . Ukuze uthole olunye kubukezwa umlando Institutional Review Boards eU.S., bheka Stark (2012) .

I Belmont Umbiko kanye nemitheshwana okwalandela eU.S. baye benza umahluko phakathi ucwaningo kanye practice. Lokhu Ukuhlukaniswa liye wagxeka kamuva (Beauchamp and Saghai 2012; boyd 2016; Metcalf and Crawford 2016; Meyer 2015) . Angazi ukwenza lokhu Ukuhlukaniswa kulesi sahluko ngoba ngicabanga izimiso zesimilo nezinhlaka zisebenza kukho kokubili izilungiselelo. Ukuze uthole olunye ucwaningo lokwengamela Facebook, bheka Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . Ukuze isiphakamiso ucwaningo lokwengamela izinkampani kanye nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, bheka Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) kanye Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .

Ukuze uthole olunye on the case of the Ebola ngo-2014, bheka McDonald (2016) , futhi more ngezingozi nobumfihlo idatha mobile phone, bheka Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . Ukuze uthole isibonelo ucwaningo ezihlobene crisis-usebenzisa idatha mobile phone, bheka Bengtsson et al. (2011) kanye Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) .

• Izibonelo ezintathu (Isigaba 6.2)

Abantu abaningi baye ebhaliwe mayelana Contagion Emotional. Iphephabhuku i-Ethics Research wanikela konke udaba lwabo January 2016 ngokuxoxa ukuhlola; bheka Hunter and Evans (2016) ukubuka. Ekuqhubeni National Izifundiswa of Science lanyathelisa izingcezu ezimbili mayelana ukuhlola: Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) kanye Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Izincwajana zemininingwane izingcezu mayelana ukuhlola zihlanganisa: Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) ; Meyer (2014) ; Grimmelmann (2015) ; Meyer (2015) ; Selinger and Hartzog (2015) ; Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) ; Shaw (2015) ; Flick (2015) .

Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi Encore, bheka Jones and Feamster (2015) .

• Digital ihlukile (Isigaba 6.3)

NgokoMthetho we ukubhekwa mass, overviews ebanzi tinikwe Mayer-Schönberger (2009) kanye Marx (2016) . Ukuze uthole isibonelo ukhonkolo izindleko nokushintsha ukubhekwa, Bankston and Soltani (2013) ilinganisela ukuthi ethungatha umsolwa isigebengu ukusebenzisa omakhal 'ekhukhwini ushibhile mayelana izikhathi ezingu-50 kunokuba usebenzisa ukubhekwa ngokomzimba. Bell and Gemmell (2009) kunikeza nombono ukuthi ayemakhulu amathemba ababenawo more on esizikalayo ukubhekwa. Ngaphezu kokuba bakwazi ukulandelela ukuziphatha Ukwethwasa okungukuthi yomphakathi noma ingxenye yomphakathi (isib, Taste, Ties, kanye Time), abacwaningi ngokuya cabangela izinto abahlanganyeli abaningi abakubheka yangasese. Ngokwesibonelo, uMikhali Kosinski nozakwabo wabonisa ukuthi babekwazi cabangela nezindaba ezibucayi eziphathelene nabantu, ezifana ubulili kanye nokusebenzisa izinto eziluthayo kusukela ebonakala ingasho ezejwayelekile idatha trace digital (Facebook Ukuthandwa) (Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel 2013) . Lokhu kungase kuzwakale bemilingo, kodwa le ndlela Kosinski nozakwabo esetshenziswa-elihlanganisa izibazi digital, ukuhlola, futhi uqondiswa ukufunda-empeleni into esengivele thasisela you kusukela. Khumbula ukuthi eSahlukweni 3 (Ukubuza imibuzo) Nginitshelile ukuthi Josh Blumenstock kanye nozakwabo (2015) kuhlangene data inhlolovo nge idatha yeselula zisanda nobumpofu eRwanda. Lokhu oluqondile ndlela efanayo, angasetshenziswa kahle ukukala nobuphofu ezweni elisathuthuka, lungasetshenziswa for okunamandla ubumfihlo yokwephula okucatshangwayo.

Imithetho esiguqukayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kungaholela ucwaningo ukuthi engamhloniphi izifiso ababambiqhaza, futhi kungakuholela 'shopping tekulawula "ngokokukhetha kwabacwaningi (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . Ikakhulu, abanye abacwaningi abafisa ukuba sigweme kokwengamela IRB babe abalingani abangasithandi ehlanganiswa IRBs (isib, abantu at izinkampani noma ama-NGO) ukuqoqa kanye de-ukukhomba idatha. Ngemva kwalokho, abacwaningi sizohlaziya lo idatha de-ezihlonziwe ngaphandle zokwengamela IRB, okungenani ngokusho kwabanye nekuhumusha imithetho zamanje. Lolu hlobo ukugwema IRB libonakala lingahambisani ne indlela izimiso ezisekelwe.

Ukuze uthole olunye imibono nesimiso sobuntu sokuhlalisana ngokuthula futhi heterogeneous ukuthi abantu babe mayelana idatha impilo, bheka Fiore-Gartland and Neff (2015) . Ukuze uthole olunye inkinga ukuthi heterogeneity kudala zokuziphatha ucwaningo izinqumo ukubona Meyer (2013) .

Omunye umehluko emkhatsini analog yobudala kanye nocwaningo yobudala digital ukuthi eminyakeni digital ucwaningo nokuxhumana ababambiqhaza kuyinto ezikude. Lokhu kuhlanganyela ngokuvamile zenzeka ngomkhulumeli ezifana nezinkampani, futhi kukhona ngokuvamile ngokomzimba-bese social-elide phakathi abacwaningi kanye abahlanganyeli. Lokhu ukuxhumana ezikude kwenza ezinye izinto lula ucwaningo analog yobudala ezinzima ucwaningo age digital, ezifana ukuhlolwa out abahlanganyeli abadinga ukuvikelwa ngokwengeziwe, uzingela izigameko ezingezinhle ezavela, futhi ukulungisa umonakalo uma kwenzeka. Ngokwesibonelo, ake aqhathanise Contagion Emotional nge esicabanga ukuthi kungaqhamuka lab ukuhlolwa ngesihloko esifanayo. In the experiment lab, abacwaningi babengase screen out ubani efika lab obonisa izimpawu ezisobala lokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukuhlolwa lab wadala umcimbi ezingezinhle, abacwaningi bheka it, izidingo remediate umonakalo, bese yenze izinguquko ukuze ihlangabezane protocol yokulinga ukuvimbela efanele ibe kuhlu lokuhlukumezeka esizayo. Ubunjalo ezikude nokuxhumana uqobo Emotional Contagion experiment kwenza ngasinye salezi zinyathelo ezilula futhi onomqondo nzima kakhulu. Futhi, Ngiyasola ukuthi ibanga phakathi abacwaningi kanye abahlanganyeli kwenza abacwaningi ingazweli ukukhathazeka abahlanganyeli yabo.

Eminye imithombo yamazinga nesimiso sobuntu sokuhlalisana ngokuthula nemithetho. Abanye lokhu ukuguquguquka livela iqiniso lokuthi lolu cwaningo okwenzekayo emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, Encore abathintekayo abantu abavela emhlabeni wonke, ngakho-ke kungase kube kuncike ezinhlinzekweni yokuvikelwa kokwaziswa futhi anemithetho yobumfihlo amazwe amaningi ehlukene. Kuthiwani uma kwezinkambiso ebusayo izicelo third-party web (ini Encore ayekwenza) zihlukile eJalimane, e-United States, Kenya, futhi China? Kuthiwani uma kwezinkambiso ngisho engaguquki ngaphakathi ezweni olulodwa? Umthombo wesibili ka ukuguquguquka livela collaborations phakathi abacwaningi emanyuvesi kanye nezinkampani; Ngokwesibonelo, Contagion Emotional kwaba ukubambisana phakathi usosayensi idatha at Facebook kanye uprofesa yezifundiswa student at Cornell. At Facebook egijima kwenziwa ucwaningo enkulu isimiso, ngaleso sikhathi, akazange kungadingeki third-party ethical review. Ngesikhathi Cornell inkambiso imithetho awafani; cishe bonke nemaresiphi kumele ibuyekezwe Cornell IRB. Ngakho, okuyinto imidanti okufanele zilawule Emotional Contagion-Facebook noma Cornell sika?

Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi nemizamo wokubukeza noMthetho Ovamile, bheka Evans (2013) , Council (2014) , Metcalf (2016) , kanye Hudson and Collins (2015) .

• Izimiso ezine (Isigaba 6.4)

Indlelanchubo yekusebentisa Classic izimiso ezisekelwe nesimilo bezokwelapha kuyinto Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . Bathi phakamisa ukuthi izimiso ezine eziyinhloko kufanele Siqondiso Sokuziphatha bezokwelapha: Inhlonipho Ukuzimela, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, futhi Justice. Isimiso nonmaleficence unxusa omunye ukuba nidede ezinkanukweni enza umonakalo kwabanye abantu. Lo mqondo ngokujulile exhunywe kwi umqondo Hippocratic of "Ingabe akukho umonakalo." In Ethics ucwaningo, lesi simiso uvame kuhlangene nesimiso Beneficence, kodwa bheka Beauchamp and Childress (2012) (Isahluko 5) for more on umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinto zombili . Ukuze uthole ukugxekwa ukuthi lezi zimiso zazisebenza benesandla American, bheka Holm (1995) . Ukuze uthole olunye on sekulinganisa lapho izimiso ukungqubuzana, bheka Gillon (2015) .

Izimiso abane okukhulunywa ngabo kule sahluko nabo baye ehlongozwayo ukuba aqondise umsebenzi wokubeka iso sokuziphatha ucwaningo kwenzekani at izinkampani kanye nama-NGOs (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) ngokusebenzisa imizimba esibizwa "Consumer Ndaba Review Boards" (CSRBs) (Calo 2013) .

• Ukuhlonipha Persons (Isigaba 6.4.1)

Ngaphezu ukuhlonipha yokuzimela, uMbiko Belmont liyavuma ukuthi akuwona wonke womuntu okwazi beqiniso lokuzibusa. Ngokwesibonelo, izingane, abantu abaphethwe yizifo noma abantu abahlala ezimweni wenkululeko lagodlwa angeke akwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo abantu njengoba ezizimele ngokuphelele, futhi laba bantu, Ngakho-ke, kuncike ukuvikelwa ngokwengeziwe.

Ukusebenzisa isimiso of Ukuhlonipha Abantu the age digital kungaba yinselele. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo ucwaningo age digital, kungaba nzima ukunikeza ukuvikela okungeziwe kubantu abane khono elincane lokuzibusa ngoba nabacwaningi bavame abazi lutho ngayo abahlanganyeli yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvume unolwazi in ucwaningo social yobudala digital kuyinselele enkulu. Kwezinye izimo, imvume unolwazi ngempela kungasivikela uhlushwa obala indida (Nissenbaum 2011) , lapho ulwazi nokuqonda ezingqubuzana. Cishe, uma abacwaningi ukwaziswa okugcwele mayelana nohlobo ukuqoqwa idatha, ukuhlaziya idatha, kanye nemikhuba nokuvikeleka idatha, kuyoba nzima abahlanganyeli abaningi ukwamukela izinkolelo ezingaqondakali. Kodwa, uma abacwaningi inikeze ulwazi olusebenzisekayo, kungase nayo imininingwane ebalulekile lobuchwepheshe. Yocwaningo lwezempilo kuleli yobudala-analog setting abuse yacatshangelwa Belmont Report-wawungeke ucabange udokotela ekhuluma ngamunye ngamunye owayekhona ukusiza ukuxazulula indida izinto obala. In izifundo online ezihilela izinkulungwane noma izigidi zabantu, ubuso nobuso ndlela enjalo ayinakwenzeka. Inkinga yesibili kwemvume yobudala digital wukuthi kwezinye izifundo, ezifana analysis of okukhulu idatha yokugcina, bekuyoba nzima ukuthola imvume unolwazi kusuka bonke abahlanganyeli. I sizodingida le mibuzo neminye mayelana imvume unolwazi kabanzi Isigaba 6.6.1. Nokho, Naphezu kwalobu bunzima, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi imvume unolwazi ngokweqile akudingekile futhi ukwanele Ukuhlonipha abantu.

Ukuze uthole olunye ucwaningo lwezokwelapha phambi imvume unolwazi, bheka Miller (2014) . Ukuze uthole ukwelashwa incwadi sobude yemvume unolwazi, bheka Manson and O'Neill (2007) . Bheka futhi ukufundwa wasikisela mayelana imvume unolwazi ngezansi.

• Beneficence (Isigaba 6.4.2)

Harms ukuze ingqikithi umonakalo ucwaningo kungabangela hhayi abantu abathile kodwa benemibuthano. Lo mqondo a abstract kancane, kodwa mina ngizobe Ngokwesibonelo izibonelo ezimbili ezingafani: kuletha analog eyodwa digital.

Isibonelo esithinta zakudala efanele ibe kuhlu lokuhlukumezeka ukuze umongo livela Wichita amajaji Study [ Vaughan (1967) ; Katz, Capron, and Glass (1972) ; 2.] -. Nangokuthi ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi i-Chicago amajaji Project (Cornwell 2010) . Kulesi abacwaningi cwaningo kusukela University of Chicago, njengengxenye yocwaningo emikhulu mayelana izici zenhlalo isimiso somthetho sangaleso, aqoshiwe ngasese eziyisithupha amajaji esinquma e Wichita, Kansas. I amajaji nabameli ezimweni ukuphasisile okuqoshiwe, futhi kwakungekho zokwengamela okuqinile inqubo. Nokho, jurors sasingazi lutho ukuthi ukuqoshwa abangu ezenzeka. Lapho isifundo kwatholakala, kwakukhona ukucasula umphakathi. UMnyango wezobuLungiswa kwaqala uphenyo cwaningo, kanye abacwaningi nabizelwa ubufakazi phambi Congress. Ekugcineni, sashaya umthetho omusha ukuthi ikwenza kube ukwephula umthetho ukuba alobe amajaji kokucabangisisa ngasese.

Ukukhathalela abagxeki Study Wichita amajaji awuzange ukulimaza abahlanganyeli; kunalokho, kwaba efanele ibe kuhlu lokuhlukumezeka umongo amajaji amakhanda. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu bakholwa ukuthi uma amalungu amajaji wayengakholelwa ukuthi besaphuza izingxoxo isikhala ephephile futhi wavikela, bekuyoba nzima amajaji ezingxoxweni ukuze uqhubeke esikhathini esizayo. Ngaphezu amajaji amakhanda, kukhona nezinye izimo nezakhiwo eziqondile social ukuthi umphakathi inikeza ukuvikelwa extra ezifana ubudlelwano bommeli nekhasimende lakhe futhi kokunakekela kwengqondo (MacCarthy 2015) .

Ingozi efanele ibe kuhlu lokuhlukumezeka ukuze umongo kanye ukuphazamiseka zomphakathi futhi iza up kwezinye kwenziwa ucwaningo emkhakheni e Political Science (Desposato 2016b) . Ukuze uthole isibonelo more ngokwengqikithi cost-inzuzo Ukubalwa yekwenta i-eksperimenti insimu e Political Science, bheka Zimmerman (2016) .

• Justice (Isigaba 6.4.3)

Isinxephezelo abahlanganyeli esiye saxoxa eziningi izilungiselelo ezimayelana nocwaningo age digital. Lanier (2014) ehlongozwayo okhokhela ababambiqhaza iminonjana digital bakha. Bederson and Quinn (2011) sidingida izinkokhelo inthanethi ezimakethe zabasebenzi. Ekugcineni, Desposato (2016a) uhlongoza kokukhokha abahlanganyeli ucwaningo emkhakheni. Uveza ukuthi ngisho noma ababambiqhaza Ngeke kukhokhelwe ngqo, ukunikelela babekwazi ukuba iqembu ukusebenza egameni yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Encore abacwaningi eyayingenza ukunikelela iqembu ukusebenza ukuze asekele ukufinyelela Internet.

• Ezihlonipha umthetho ne- Public Interest (Isigaba 6.4.4)

Imigomo ye-service Izivumelwano kumele babe nesisindo esingaphansi kuka izinkontileka ukwehlisa imimoya yabantu kwahlalwa amaqembu alinganayo nemithetho adalwe ohulumeni abamisiwe. Izimo lapho abacwaningi ukwephula izivumelwano ngokoMthetho-of-service esikhathini esidlule ngokuvamile ezihilela ukusetshenziswa imibuzo ezenzakalelayo babale ukuziphatha izinkampani (sifana nemaresiphi ensimini ukukala ukucwaswa). Ukuze uthole ingxoxo eyengeziwe bheka Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , Bruckman (2016b) . Ukuze uthole isibonelo ucwaningo enokwehla ekhuluma imigomo yesevisi, bheka Soeller et al. (2016) . Ukuze uthole olunye ngezinkinga kungenzeka zomthetho abacwaningi nazo uma nemigomo yesevisi ye service ukubona Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .

• Izinhlaka amabili zesimilo (Isigaba 6.5)

Ngokusobala, umzukuzuku kuye kwabhalwa consequentialism kanye deontology. Ukuze uthole isibonelo sendlela lezi nezinhlaka zokuziphatha, nabanye, ingasetshenziswa ukuze sizisize zicabange mayelana nocwaningo age digital, bheka Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . Ukuze uthole isibonelo sendlela lezi nezinhlaka zesimilo singasetshenziswa kukubuka ensimini e ukuthuthukisa ezomnotho, bheka Baele (2013) .

• Kwemvume unolwazi (Isigaba 6.6.1)

Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi izifundo audit of ukubandlulula, bheka Pager (2007) kanye Riach and Rich (2004) . Abagcini lezi zifundo ngingenalo imvume unolwazi, they kuhilele nenkohliso ngaphandle debriefing.

Bobabili Desposato (2016a) kanye Humphreys (2015) zinikeza izeluleko mayelana kwenziwa ucwaningo emkhakheni ngaphandle kwemvume.

Sommers and Miller (2013) ubukeza nezimpikiswano eziningi zithi akufanele debriefing ababambiqhaza emva nenkohliso, futhi uthi abacwaningi kufanele sidele "debriefing ngaphansi iqoqo emincane kakhulu izimo, okungukuthi, ngo ucwaningo emkhakheni lapho debriefing siyingozi izithiyo esiwusizo eside kodwa abacwaningi kuzodingeka bangayiboni into embi ngokuqamba debriefing uma bengase bakwazi. Abacwaningi akufanele zivunyelwe ukuba sidele debriefing ukuze ekulondolozeni ukuzikhohlisa umhlanganyeli ichibi, iwavikele ngokwabo kusukela umhlanganyeli intukuthelo, noma ukuvikela ababambiqhaza ekulimaleni. "Abanye baye bame kwelokuthi uma debriefing kubangela kungalimaza kakhulu kunokuba kusize kufanele zigwenywe. Debriefing icala lapho abanye abacwaningi lokubekwa eqhulwini kodaba lokuvulwa Ukuhlonipha abantu abangaphezu Beneficence, futhi abanye abacwaningi wenze okuphambene. Omunye isixazululo okusemandleni ukuthola izindlela ukwenza debriefing isipiliyoni ukufunda for abahlanganyeli. Okungukuthi, esikhundleni sokuba acabangele of debriefing njengoba into ezingalimaza, mhlawumbe debriefing Futhi kungase kube yinto ezuzisa ababambiqhaza. Ukuze uthole isibonelo salolu hlobo imfundo debriefing, bheka Jagatic et al. (2007) ku debriefing abafundi ngemuva phishing experiment social. Odokotela bengqondo baye bahlakulela namasu debriefing (DS Holmes 1976a; DS Holmes 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) kanti ezinye zalezi ingase ngempumelelo ayebhekiswe kuma ucwaningo yobudala digital. Humphreys (2015) unikeza imicabango ezithakazelisayo mayelana kwemvume ayilibalanga, okuyinto lihlobene eduze isu debriefing ukuthi Ngachaza.

Umqondo kokubuza isampula ababambe iqhaza kwemvume yabo kuhlobene kanjani nalokho Humphreys (2015) ubiza kwemvume yakho.

Esinye umqondo okuye okuhlongozwayo ahlobene kokwaziswa ukwakha ithimba ntu uyavuma ukuthi ucwaningo inthanethi (Crawford 2014) . Labanye baphikisana ngekutsi lokhu panel ubuyoba isampula non-okungahleliwe abantu. Kodwa, Isahluko 3 (Ukubuza imibuzo) kubonisa ukuthi lezi zinkinga ezingaba addressable usebenzisa post-babhekane nezinga elikhulu futhi isampula elihamelanayo. Futhi, imvume abe iphaneli yayihamba ezihlukahlukene ucwaningo. Ngamanye amazwi, ababambiqhaza angase akudingeki ukuba avume ukuba experiment ngayinye, umqondo esibizwa kwemvume ebanzi (Sheehan 2011) .

• Ukuqonda nokuphatha ubungozi lwati (Isigaba 6.6.2)

Kunokuba esiyingqayizivele, Netflix uMklomelo abonisa ebaluleke lobuchwepheshe datasets eziqukethe ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe mayelana nabantu, futhi ngaleyo ndlela inikeza izifundo ezibalulekile mayelana nokwenzeka "anonymization" kwamasethi edatha zanamuhla social. Amafayela yizicucu eziningi ulwazi mayelana umuntu ngamunye kungenzeka kwaphela, ngomqondo kuchazwe ngokomthetho ngo Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Okungukuthi, ngoba nalelo rekhodi azikho amarekhodi ezifanako, futhi eqinisweni azikho amarekhodi ezithi azifane kakhulu: Umuntu ngamunye ikude umakhelwane wabo eseduze kudathasethi. Omunye Ungacabanga ukuthi idatha Netflix ingase ibe kwaphela ngoba amabhayisikobho mayelana 20,000 ngezinga elingelikhulu 5 star, kunezinguqulo ezingaba ngu-\ (6 ^ {20,000} \) amagugu kungenzeka ukuthi umuntu ngamunye ayengase abe (6 ngoba ngaphezu izinkanyezi eyodwa kuya 5 , umuntu angase abazange balesi movie nhlobo). Le nombolo enkulu kangaka, kunzima ngisho sakuqonda.

Sparsity kunemithelela ezimbili eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, kusho ukuthi izama ukuba 'yenza' kudathasethi esekelwe perturbation okungahleliwe ngeke luphumelele. Okungukuthi, ngisho noma Netflix kwakufanele ngezikhathi ulungise ezinye izilinganiso (Nangempela bayithola), lokhu kwakungeke kwanele ngoba irekhodi ubuyophazamiseka namanje irekhodi esiseduzane kungenzeka ukuba ulwazi ukuthi umhlaseli has. Okwesibili, le sparsity kusho ukuthi de-anonymization kungenzeka ngisho uma umhlaseli onolwazi abangaphelele ongakhethi noma. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo idatha Netflix, ake sicabange umhlaseli uyazi izilinganiso zakho movie ezimbili kanye nezinsuku wena wenza labo izilinganiso +/- 3 izinsuku; nje ukuthi ulwazi kukodwa kwanele ukuba ngokuhlukile 68% of abantu idatha Netflix. Uma abahlaseli uyazi 8 amafilimu afake +/- 14 izinsuku, ngisho noma ezimbili zalezi izilinganiso ezaziwayo kukhona okungalungile ngokuphelele, 99% of amarekhodi kungenziwa kuphela ekhonjwe kudathasethi. Ngamanye amazwi, sparsity kuyinkinga eliyisisekelo imizamo "yenza" idatha, okuyinto ngeshwa ngoba kudathasethi zanamuhla social kuyindlala.

Telephone imethadatha futhi ingase ibonakale 'engaziwa "hhayi ebucayi, kodwa lokho akulona icala. Telephone nemethadatha Tfola ebucayi (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .

Ngo Figure 6.6, mina sketched out ukuthi ukuhweba phakathi kwakhe engozini ukuze ababambiqhaza kanye nezinzuzo labacwaningi basemayunivesithi idatha ukukhululwa. Ukuze uqhathanise kuvinjelwe ukutholakala kusondela (isib, a Ingadi ebiyelwe ngodonga) kanye nedatha ishintshela kokungavinjelwe kusondela (isib, uhlobo oluthile lokuhlobisa anonymization) ukubona Reiter and Kinney (2011) . Ukuze uthole ehlongozwayo ngezigaba uhlelo amazinga ingozi data, bheka Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Ekugcineni, for a more ingxoxo jikelele lokuhlanganyela idatha, bheka Yakowitz (2011) .

Ukuze analysis eningiliziwe yalesi ukuhweba phakathi ingozi kanye Umbuso idatha, bheka Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Wu (2013) , Reiter (2012) , kanye Goroff (2015) . Ukuze ubone lokhu ukuhweba ayebhekiswe kuma idatha enkulu kunonophiswe kubuye evulekile izifundo inthanethi (MOOCs), bheka Daries et al. (2014) kanye Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .

Ubumfihlo Ukwahlukaniswa futhi unikeza indlela ehlukile zingahlangana kokubili inzuzo okusezingeni emphakathini kanye engozini low abahlanganyeli, bheka Dwork and Roth (2014) kanye Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .

Ukuze uthole olunye umqondo ulwazi olukugagulayo (Pii), okuyinto central eziningi imithetho mayelana nendlela yokuziphatha yocwaningo, bheka Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) kanye Schwartz and Solove (2011) . Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi yonke idatha nokuhlasela okungenzeka ebucayi, bheka Ohm (2015) .

Kule ngxenye, ngiye kuchazwa nokuxhumanisa of datasets ezahlukene njengoba into kungaholela ingozi lwati. Nokho, kungase futhi ukudala amathuba amasha ucwaningo, njengoba ayephikisana ngo Currie (2013) .

Ukuze uthole olunye on the safes ezinhlanu, bheka Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . Ukuze uthole isibonelo sendlela Imiphumela kungenziwa olubonakalisa, bheka Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) , okuyinto ebonisa indlela amabalazwe isifo yokudlanga kungenziwa lokuhlonza. Dwork et al. (2017) iphindze ibuke behlasela idatha sesisonke, njengemininingwane emayelana bangaki abantu babe nesifo esithile.

• Inqubomgomo (Isigaba 6.6.3)

Warren and Brandeis (1890) is a esihlokweni esiyingqopha-mlando zomthetho mayelana nobumfihlo, kanti sihloko kakhulu ezihlobene nombono wokuthi ubumfihlo kuyilungelo ukuba sisale sodwa. Muva nje incwadi ubude zokwelapha lobumfihlo ukuthi ngingathanda ukukhuthaza zihlanganisa Solove (2010) kanye Nissenbaum (2010) .

Ukuze uthole ukubukezwa yocwaningo enokwehla kanjani abantu abacabanga ngazo mayelana nobumfihlo, bheka Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . The Science banyathelisa umagazini okhethekile osesikhundleni "Ukuphela Inqubomgomo ', okuyinto ukhuluma nezindaba lobumfihlo kanye nokwaziswa engozini ezihlukahlukene ngezindlela ezahlukene; for a summary ukubona Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) unikeza uhlaka ecabanga efanele ibe kuhlu lokuhlukumezeka ukuthi bavela nokwephulwa kwemfihlo. Isibonelo zakuqala yokukhathazeka ngokungcoliswa ingasese kakhulu ekuqaleni kwezwe digital Packard (1964) .

• Ukwenza izinqumo ngaphansi ukungaqiniseki (Isigaba 6.6.4)

Enye inselele uma uzama ukusebenzisa sakugcina ingozi standard ukuthi akucaci ukuphila kwakhe nsuku zonke ukuba usetshenziselwe zinga (Council 2014) . Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abangenamakhaya amazinga aphezulu kabi ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke. Kodwa, lokho akusho ukuthi kuba ngokuziphatha kuvunyelwe adalule abantu abangenamakhaya nocwaningo nengozi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lapho kubonakala ukuvumelana lokhulako nalowenta wonkhe umuntfu ingozi sakugcina kufanele esifundweni selitheresi nezibalo ngokumelene jikelele labantu standard, hhayi labantu standard ethize. Nakuba ngivame ngivumelana umqondo jikelele labantu standard, ngicabanga ukuthi i-ezisekelweni ezinkulu online ezifana Facebook, inabantu standard othize kunengqondo. Okusho ukuthi, uma ucabangela Contagion Emotional, ngicabanga ukuthi kunengqondo ukuba lokuma ngokumelene ingozi kwansuku on Facebook. A ethize labantu standard kulokhu lula kakhulu ukuhlola nokwenza akunakwenzeka zishayisane nesimiso Justice, okuyinto sivimbela imithwalo yocwaningo uzokwehluleka ngokungafanele on kuleyo miphakathi eyayincishwe amathuba (isib, iziboshwa nezintandane).

• Amathiphu ezingokoqobo (Isigaba 6.7)

Ezinye izazi ziye esibizwa nangokuthi i-amaphepha ukuze ufake OKUNANYATHISELWE zesimilo (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015) . King and Sands (2015) futhi inikeza awusizo.