Imisebenzi

Key:

• degree of nobunzima: lula , medium , kanzima , Kanzima impela
• kudinga izibalo ( )
• kudinga esephepheni ( )
• iqoqo idatha ( )
• Izintandokazi zami ( )

1. [ ] In ukuqagulisana ngokumelene Emotional Contagion experiment, Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) wabhala:

   "Ngisho noma kuyiqiniso ukuthi izingozi for ukuhlola Facebook wawuphansi ngisho uma, ubheka emuva, imiphumela ahlulelwa ukuba wusizo, kukhona isimiso esibalulekile kusuke kusengozini lapha ukuthi kufanele kugcinwe. Ngendlela efanayo ukuthi ukweba ukweba kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini amanani ezihilelekile, ngakho sonke banelungelo hhayi ukuba bazama ngaphandle kolwazi lwethu nemvume, kungakhathaliseki ngohlobo locwaningo. "

   1. Yimuphi kulaba ababili nezinhlaka zesimilo okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sahluko-consequentialism noma deontology-lokhu agumenti ezihlobene ngokucacile kakhulu nge?
   2. Manje, ake ucabange ukuthi wena wayefuna phikisana kulesi sikhundla. Ubungayiphendula kanjani le uxabana icala intatheli e-New York Times?
   3. Indlela, uma, kwakuyoba impendulo yakho ibe ezahlukene uma bedingida le asebenza naye?

2. [ ] Maddock, Mason, and Starbird (2015) uyazicabangela umbuzo wokuthi abacwaningi kufanele usebenzise Tweets asulwe. Funda paper babo ukuba bafunde ngalo ngemuva.

   1. Hlaziya lesi sinqumo ngombono deontological.
   2. Hlaziya ngqo isinqumo esifanayo ngombono consequentialist.
   3. Yikuphi akuqinisekisa ngaphezulu kuleli cala?

3. [ ] Esihlokweni on izimiso nemaresiphi field, Humphreys (2015) , ehlongozwayo ukuhlolwa ezilandelayo esicabanga ukuthi kungaqhamuka ukugqamisa zezinselele zezindinganiso ukungenelela okwenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume yabo bonke amaqembu athintekile nokuthi kulimaza abanye futhi usize abanye.

   "Say a umcwaningi iyathintwa iqoqo izinhlangano zomphakathi ukuthi ufuna ukuthola ukuthi obeka izibani emigwaqo emijondolo kuzonciphisa ubugebengu obunobudlova. Kulesi ucwaningo the izifundo zilula izigebengu: efuna imvume unolwazi sezelelesi cishe kungabeka engcupheni ucwaningo kanye cishe ngeke kube kungafiki empeleni (ukwephulwa lokuhlonipha abantu); izigebengu ngeke cishe bathwale izindleko zocwaningo ngaphandle uyazuza (ukwephulwa yobulungisa); futhi kuyoba khona ukungavumelani mayelana izinzuzo ucwaningo - uma kuyaphumelela, izigebengu ikakhulukazi ngeke satise (esikhiqiza nobunzima lokuhlola unomusa). . . . Ezindabeni ekhethekile lapha akuzona nje emhlabeni izikhonzi Nokho. Lapha kukhona izingozi eziningi ezithola ukuba non-izikhonzi, uma isibonelo izigebengu Ukuziphindiselela izinhlangano ngokubeka izibani endaweni. Inhlangano Kungenzeka uyazi kakhulu lezi zingozi kodwa azimisele ukuzithwala ngoba baba nomcabango oyiphutha, waba nokholo okulindelwe ill elisekelwe abacwaningi emanyuvesi ekhomba ngophakathi ezaziba kwabona ushukumiseleka ngokwengxenye ukushicilela. "

   1. Bhala i-imeyili ku-inhlangano yomphakathi enikeza kuhlola zakho zokuziphatha ukuhlola njengoba yakhelwe? Ubungahamba yini ukuba benze ukuhlolwa njengoba kuhlongozwa? Yiziphi izinto okungenzeka ube nomthelela esiquntweni sakho?
   2. Ingabe zikhona izinguquko kwabanye ukuthi kungenzeka ngcono kuhlola yakho ye izimiso lo mklamo zokuhlola.

4. [ ] In amadoda 1970 60 bahlanganyela emkhakheni experiment esenzeka madoda yokugezela eyunivesithi engxenyeni ephakathi ye-US (abacwaningi musa igama leli iyunivesithi) (Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter 1976) . Abacwaningi babenesithakazelo indlela abantu abasabela ngayo ukwephulwa isikhala sabo siqu, okuyinto Sommer (1969) lichazwa ngokuthi "indawo ngemingcele engabonakali ezungeze umzimba womuntu kulo bangene angeke eze." Ngaphezu kwakho konke, abacwaningi ngakhetha ukufunda indlela a ukuchama mlisa ishaya khona abanye ababeseduze. Ngemva kokwenza luyingxenye observation isifundo, abacwaningi benza experiment insimu. Abahlanganyeli baphoqeleka ukusebenzisa kwesokunxele-iningi urinal endlini yangasese ezintathu urinal (abacwaningi musa ukuchaza ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ncamashi kanjani). Okulandelayo, ababekhona bababelwa ukuba omunye amazinga amathathu ibanga samakhono. Ngoba amanye amadoda a limise wasebenzisa ilungelo urinal eduze kwabo, ngoba amanye amadoda a limise wasebenzisa urinal isikhala asuke kubo, futhi amanye amadoda akukho limise wangena yokugezela. Abacwaningi kulinganiswa ngesiphetho sabo kamuva eziguquguqukayo-ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi nokuphikelela-wamisa umsizi ucwaningo ngaphakathi kwesibaya ethoyilethi ezakhelene urinal womuntu obambe iqhaza. Nakhu ukuthi abacwaningi echazwe inqubo sikalo:

   "Owabona lesi senzakalo wayemi e kwesibaya toilet ngokushesha ezakhelene urinal yezihloko '. Ngesikhathi uvivinyo umshayeli lezi zindlela kwacaca ukuthi lezi zinto ezikwazi sokuzwa ayengenakusetshenziswa eyobonisa emizameni futhi engasayi [ukuchama]. . . . Kunalokho, tibonwa yayisetshenziselwa. Obuka wasebenzisa nezibhebhe periscopic imbedded in inqwaba yomagazini izincwadi elele phansi kwesibaya toilet. An-11-inch (28 cm) isikhala phakathi floor nogange kwesibaya toilet enikeziwe nombono, ngokusebenzisa periscope, we esifubeni yomsebenzisi ephansi futhi okwenziwe kwaba nokwenzeka evela kubantu abathi ngqo ebonwayo ohlelweni umchamo. Nokho, ingqapheli, wayengasaboni ubuso yombambiqhaza. Obuka waqala stop amawashi amabili isifundo Wasukuma waya endaweni urinal, wayeka lapho ukuchama waqala, futhi wayeka enye lapho ukuchama waxoshwa. "

   Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi kwehle ngo ibanga ngokomzimba kuholela kokulibala anda sokuqala kanye bancipha nokuphikelela (Figure 6.7).

   1. Ucabanga ukuthi abahlanganyeli owalimala yilo experiment?
   2. Ucabanga ukuthi abacwaningi kufanele baye baqhuba lesi silingo?
   3. Iziphi izinguquko, uma ikhona, ungancoma ukuba ngcono esele zesimilo?
   

   Figure 6.7: Ezenye kusuka Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) . Amadoda abangena yokugezela babelwa ukuba omunye izimo ezintathu: ibanga close (a limise yafakwa urinal ngokushesha ezincikene), ibanga ngokulinganisela (a limise yafakwa eyodwa urinal isuswe), noma akukho limise wasebenzisa urinal. Owabona lesi senzakalo kumi itafula toilet wasebenzisa periscope siko-eyakhelwe ukuze bagcine nesikhathi ukubambezeleka futhi aphikelele ukuchama. Amaphutha Standard azungeze tilinganiso awatholakali.

5. [ ] Ngo-August 2006, cishe 10 izinsuku ngaphambi the ukhetho primary, abantu 20,000 abahlala Michigan wathola lwamakheli wabonisa zabo ukuziphatha okuvota ukuziphatha yokuvota zomakhelwane (Figure 6.8). (Njengoba sifundile esahlukweni eU.S., nohulumeni igcina amarekhodi ngubani samavoti okhethweni ngamunye futhi lolu lwazi lutholakale emphakathini.) Le ndlela yokwelapha ethile kwaveza umphumela omkhulu kunayo yonke owake wabona kuze kube yileso sikhathi ucezu iposwe single: lenyuka rate abeze by 8.1 ngemaphesenti (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Ukuze sibonise indlela lesi kusimongcondvo one piece entengiso ngokuvamile ukukhiqiza inyuka mayelana iphesenti iphuzu (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Ithonya lalilikhulu kangangokuthi a operative wezombangazwe okuthiwa Hal Malchow wanikela Donald Green $ 100,000 hhayi ukushicilela umphumela ukuhlola (mhlawumbe ukuze Malchow wayekwazi ukwenza ukusetshenziswa kwalolu lwazi ngokwakhe) (Issenberg 2012, p 304) . Kodwa, Alan Gerber, Donald Green, futhi Christopher Larimer akazange ukushicilela iphepha 2008 American Political Science Review.

   Uma sinelungelo lokuhlola ngokucophelela yeposi Figure 6.8 ungase uphawule ukuthi amagama abacwaningi 'awaveli kuso. Kunalokho, ikheli buya is kuze Olungokoqobo Consulting Political. In the bazisise leli phephandaba abalobi achaze: "Sibonga ngokukhethekile iya Mark Grebner of Esiwusizo Political Consulting, owaklama futhi zaphathwa uhlelo mail watadisha lapha."

   1. Sicela ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa le ndlela yokwelapha ngokulandela izimiso ezine zesimilo ezichazwe kulesi sahluko.
   2. Iziphi izinguquko, uma ikhona, ungancoma kule experiment?
   3. Bhala isithasiselo yokuziphatha babekwazi avele nale iphepha ngenkathi yanyatheliswa.
   

   Figure 6.8: Umakhelwane yeposi kusuka Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) . Lokhu yeposi lenyuka abeze amazinga ngo-8.1 ngemaphesenti, umphumela omkhulu kunayo yonke owake waba waphawula for yeposi single-piece.

6. [ ] Ngokwakha umbuzo odlule, once la mailers 20,000 bathunyelwa (Figure 6.8), kanye 60,000 nezinye mailers okunamandla ingazweli, kwakukhona nezinye izinkinga kusuka abahlanganyeli. Empeleni, Issenberg (2012) (p 198) ubika ukuthi "Grebner [umqondisi Esiwusizo Political Consulting] akazange neze ayeke ukuhlala ukubala ukuthi abantu abaningi bathatha enkingeni ukukhononda ngocingo, ngoba ehhovisi lakhe Waphendula machine yagcwalisa ngokushesha kangangokuthi umshayilucingo entsha abakwazanga ushiye umlayezo. "Empeleni, Grebner waphawula ukuthi backlash obekungabe ngenzé nakakhulu ukube okunyusiwe ekwelapheni. Wathi Alan Gerber, ongomunye wabacwaningi, "Alan uma sifuna wayechithe dollar ayinkulungwane namakhulu ayisihlanu namashumi ayehlanganisa yonke isimo wena futhi ngingathanda ukuba abaphila ne Salman Rushdie." (Issenberg 2012, p 200)

   1. Ingabe lolu lwazi ukushintsha izimpendulo zakho ukuze umbuzo odlule?
   2. Yini amasu ekubhekaneni senza izinqumo ngaphakathi the bombo of ukungaqiniseki ungancoma izifundo esizayo ezithi azifane?

7. [ ] In practice, iningi mpikiswano zesimilo kwenzeka ezifundweni lapho abacwaningi ungenayo imvume kweqiniso unolwazi kusukela abahlanganyeli (isib, icala izifundo ezintathu kulesi sahluko). Nokho, mpikiswano zesimilo kungabuye kwenzeke ngoba izifundo ukuthi ube kwemvume weqiniso unolwazi. Ukwakha isifundo esicabanga ukuthi kungaqhamuka lapho ubungeke ube kwemvume weqiniso unolwazi kusukela ababambiqhaza, kodwa wena namanje ucabanga ukuthi lingaba abangenasimilo. (Icebiso: Uma kunzima, ungazama ukufunda Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady (2000) .)

8. [ ] Abacwaningi ngokuvamile ukuchaza ukucabanga kwabo zesimilo komunye nomunye futhi umphakathi. Ngemva kwatholakala ukuthi Taste, Ties, futhi Isikhathi sasibizwa bokubonakala, uJason Kauffman, umholi leqembu labacwaningi, wenza ambalwa imibono yomphakathi mayelana izimiso project. Funda Zimmer (2010) bese ubhale imibono Kauffman usebenzisa izimiso kanye nezinhlaka yokuziphatha ekulesi sahluko.

9. [ ] Banksy ingenye umculi odumile kakhulu wesimanje-United Kingdom, futhi nguye nazi kwezombusazwe-ngamakhasimende emgwaqweni graffiti (Figure 6.9). Nokho, ungubani eqondile, kuyimpicabadala. Banksy has a website siqu ukuze akwazi ukwenza ungubani zakhe ezikhonza umphakathi uma efuna, kodwa yakhetha ukuba. Ngo-2008 Daily Mail, iphephandaba, yashicilela isihloko ngokwengxenye bezisholo ukuba ukuhlonza igama Banksy langempela. Kwabe sekuthi ngo-2016, uMichelle Hauge, uMarku Stevenson, D. Kim Rossmo noSteven C. Le Comber (2016) wazama ukuqinisekisa lokhu kusho usebenzisa Dirichlet inqubo ingxube model of ukuphrofayela ezindawo. Ngini ngokuqondile, babuthela izindawo zokuma kwezwe of graffiti Banksy yasobala ngo-Bristol and London. Okulandelayo, ngokucinga ngokusebenzisa i-athikili yeliphephandzaba ubudala kanye namarekhodi yokuvota yomphakathi, Hauge kanye nozakwabo yathola amakheli ngabanye ogama lakhe, umkakhe, futhi football yakhe (ie, soccer) team esidlule. Umbhali sika afingqe nokuthola iphepha kanje:

   "Njengoba ayikho enye 'abasolwa' kubi [sic] ukuba ahlole, kunzima ukwenza izitatimende nekutsi uphetsa ngalokufanele yini mayelana Banksy ungubani esekelwe ukuhlaziywa owethulwe lapha, ngaphandle kofake ethi iziqongo we geoprofiles in kokubili Bristol and London kufake hlangana amakheli eyaziwa abayohlanganiswa [yisho igama Kuhleliwe]. "

   Ukulandela Metcalf and Crawford (2016) , senginqume ukuba hhayi ukulifaka igama lalowo muntu lapho nixoxa ngale cwaningo.

   1. Ukuhlola kulolu cwaningo besebenzisa izimiso kanye nezinhlaka lisezingeni kulesi sahluko.
   2. Wawuyokwenzenjani wena kulolu cwaningo?
   3. Abalobi abuye asekele lo cwaningo abstract of iphepha lo musho olandelayo: "Ngokuyisisekelo, lezi miphumela ixhasa iziphakamiso eyedlule ukuhlaziywa ezincane izenzo nobushokobezi (isib, imidwebo) ebesingase sisetshenziselwe ukusiza thola lezisekelo amaphekula ngaphambi sesisibi izigameko zenzeka, futhi usibekela isibonelo esithakazelisayo isicelo oyisibonelo isakhiwo, inkinga wangempela. "Ingabe lolu shintsho umbono wakho ephepheni? Uma kunjalo, kanjani?
   4. Abalobi yayihlanganisa le ncwadi emfushane zesimilo ekupheleni ephepheni zabo: "Abalobi bayasazi, futhi ahloniphe, ubumfihlo of [igama Kuhleliwe] nezihlobo zakhe futhi ngaleyo ndlela baye basebenzisa kuphela idatha ku domain yomphakathi. Siye ivinjelwe ngamabomu amakheli eqondile. "Ingabe lolu shintsho umbono wakho ephepheni? Uma kunjalo, kanjani? Ucabanga ukuthi umphakathi / dichotomy yangasese kwenza umqondo kulokhu?
   

   Figure 6.9: Street yobuciko by Banksy e Cheltenham, eNgilandi. Isithombe ngu-Brian Robert Marshall. Source: Wikimedia Commons .

10. [ ] Esihlokweni ezithakazelisayo Metcalf (2016) kwenza empikiswaneni yokuthi "datasets utfolakala emphakatsini eliqukethe idatha yangasese ziphakathi kwezinhle kunazo ezithakazelisayo abacwaningi futhi okuyingozi kakhulu ukuba izikhonzi."

    1. Yiziphi izibonelo ezimbili ukhonkolo esekela lesi simangalo?
    2. Kulesi sihloko esifanayo Metcalf uthi futhi kuyinto anachronistic ukuba singaphethi ngokuthi "phi hlungu Iwazi vele osekwenziwe by yedathasethi yomphakathi". Nikeza isibonelo esisodwa esibonisa lapho lokhu kungaba icala.

11. [ ] Kulesi sahluko ngamcela kokubusa thumb ukuthi yonke idatha engase ibe Tfola yonke idatha engase ibe ebucayi. Ithebula 6.5 inikeza uhlu izibonelo idatha esiye akukho kusobala ubuwena, kodwa ezingasenza singazwani namanje kube exhumene nabantu abathile.

    1. Khetha ezimbili zalezi zibonelo bese uchaza ukuthi kuhlasela de-anonymization kuzo zombili izimo has a isakhiwo efanayo.
    2. Ngayinye izibonelo ezimbili in okuyingxenye (a), uchaze ukuthi idatha kungaveza ulwazi olubucayi ngabantu kudathasethi.
    3. Cosha kudathasethi yesithathu etafuleni. Bhala i-imeyili ku umuntu ucabangela ukukhulula khona. Chaza them kanjani lokhu idatha kungaba engase ibe Tfola engase ibe bucayi.

    Ithebula 6.5: Uhla izibonelo kwemininingwane yesimo senhlalo akanayo imininingwane ezisobala olugagulayo, kodwa ezingasenza singazwani namanje kube exhumene nabantu abathile.

    Idatha	ukulandisa
    Amarekhodi umshuwalense wezempilo	Sweeney (2002)
    Credit card idatha yokukhokha	Montjoye et al. (2015)
    Netflix Isilinganiso movie idatha	Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008)
    Hambayo call meta-data	Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016)
    idatha Ukucinga log	Barbaro and Zeller Jr (2006)
    idatha emayelana, zokuphatha, kanye nesakhiwonchanti setenhlalo ngabafundi	Zimmer (2010)

12. [ ] Ukubeka uzicabange usesimweni sawo wonke umuntu kuhlanganisa ababambiqhaza yakho kanye nomphakathi jikelele, hhayi nje ontanga yakho. Lokhu Ukuhlukaniswa siboniswe endabeni yamaJuda Chronic Disease Hospital (Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, Ch. 1; Lerner 2004; Arras 2008) .

    UDkt Chester M. Southam wayengudokotela ovelele futhi ongumcwaningi Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research and likaprofesa Medicine at the Cornell University Medical College. Ngo-July 16, 1963, Southam kanye nozakwabo ababili injected amangqamuzana omdlavuza bukhoma yimizimba yezinto 22 iziguli buthakathaka ngesikhathi yamaJuda Chronic Disease Hospital eNew York. Lezi imijovo ubuyingxenye yaleli ucwaningo Southam ukukuqonda omzimba iziguli umdlavuza. Ocwaningweni ngaphambili, Southam babethole ukuthi amavolontiya aphilile sakwazi ukuba benqabe amangqamuzana omdlavuza injected kalukhuni 4 kuya ku-6 amasonto, kanti-ke wathatha iziguli abase nomdlavuza isikhathi eside. Southam wazibuza ukuthi ngabe impendulo ilibele iziguli umdlavuza yokuthi wayenomdlavuza noma ngenxa yokuthi babengavumelani asebekhulile kanye buthakathaka kakade. Ukuze kusingathwe lezi zinhlangothi, Southam wanquma ukujova amangqamuzana omdlavuza bukhoma iqembu labantu ababe asebekhulile kanye buthakathaka kodwa ongazange abe umdlavuza. Lapho izwi ukusabalala cwaningo, libangelwa ngokwengxenye ukwesula odokotela abathathu abacelwa ukuba bahlanganyele Abanye babenza iziqhathaniso ukuze amaNazi Izilingo Ekamu Lokuhlushwa, kodwa abanye-esekelwe ngokwengxenye ziqinisekiso by Southam ayitholile ucwaningo unproblematic. Ekugcineni, i-New York State Board of Regents kubukezwe icala ukuze banqume uma Southam kufanele bakwazi ukuqhubeka ukuzijayeza umuthi. Southam phikisana at ukuzivikela kwakhe ukuthi wayenza azivikela Southam kwakusekelwe eziningana izimangalo, eyayibonakala zonke osekelwa ochwepheshe eziningana ovelele owafakaza egameni lakhe "isiko best of wemfanelo umkhuba emtholampilo.": (1) nocwaningo lwakhe kwaba ephezulu sokunconywa zesayensi sakhe ngekwemiva netenhlalo; (2) zazingekho izingozi appreciable abahlanganyeli; yesimangalo ezinze ingxenye Southam iminyaka engu-10 of nesipiliyoni nezikhonzi ezingaphezu kuka-600; (3) izinga ukudalulwa kumele kushintshwe ngokuvumelana nezinga lobungozi ezibangelwa umcwaningi; (4) Ucwaningo ngokuvumelana nendinganiso kwezokwelapha ngaleso sikhathi. Ekugcineni, ibhodi le Regent lathola Southam enecala lokukhwabanisa, ukukhohlisa nokuziphatha engiwenzayo, sokuthi kumiswe ilayisensi yakhe yokwelapha unyaka owodwa. Nokho, eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uChester M. Southam wakhethwa umongameli we-American Association of Cancer Abacwaningi.

    1. Ukuhlola isifundo Southam usebenzisa izimiso ezine kulesi sahluko.
    2. Kubonakala sengathi Southam wathatha nombono nozakwabo nangendlela efanele obekulindelekile ukuthi zingase aphendule umsebenzi wakhe; Empeleni, abaningi babo wafakaza egameni lakhe. Kodwa, wayengumuntu ungasakwazi noma ungasathandi ukuba baqonde indlela yocwaningo lwakhe kungase kube ezisikhathazayo umphakathi. Iyiphi indima Ucabanga umbono-okuyinto umphakathi kungaba kwehlukene nemibono ababambiqhaza-kufanele babe okumayelana nokuziphatha ucwaningo? Yini okufanele yenzeke uma Mayelana nombono othandwa iningi, silunguze umbono ziyehluka?

13. [ ] Ephepheni osesikhundleni "Crowdseeding e Eastern Congo: ukusebenzisa umakhalekhukhwini ukuze Qoqa Ingxabano Events Idatha Time Real", kusho uVan der Windt futhi Humphreys (2016) uchaze basakaza iqoqo idatha system (bheka iSahluko 5) ukuthi wadala empumalanga yeCongo. Chaza indlela abacwaningi asebenzelana ngayo ukungaqiniseki mayelana efanele ibe kuhlu lokuhlukumezeka kungenzeka abahlanganyeli.

14. [ ] Ngo-October 2014, ososayensi ezombusazwe ezintathu ezazithunywe mailers ukuba 102,780 abavoti bhalisiwe e Montana njengengxenye yokuhlola ukukala ukuthi abavoti anikwa ukwaziswa okwengeziwe maningi amathuba okuba ukuvota. I mailers-okuyinto zibhalwe 2014 Montana General Election Voter Information Guide-ibekwe Montana Supreme Court Justice abazobhapathizwa, okuyinto ukhetho non-ukweseka, ngezinga kusuka ovulekile ngoludala, eyayihlanganisa Barack Obama Mitt Romney njengoba iziqhathaniso. I yeposi wahlanganisa kabusha Omkhulu Seal State of Montana (Figure 6.10).

    I mailers elakhiwe izikhalazo ezivela Montana abavoti, futhi babangela Linda McCulloch, uNobhala Montana sika of State, ngiyofaka isikhalo esisemthethweni Montana wombuso kahulumeni. Kwavulwa amayunivesithi ukuthi basebenzisa abacwaningi-Dartmouth Stanford-lathumela incwadi kuwo wonke umuntu ukuthi wayethole yeposi nokuxolisa noma ikuphi ukudideka abangahle futhi okwenza kucace ukuthi yeposi "awuzange abasemaqenjini yiliphi iqembu lezombusazwe, ozobhapathizwa noma inhlangano, futhi kwaba akuhloselwe ithonya yimuphi umjaho. "le ncwadi ibuye yacacisa ukuthi simo" wencika ulwazi umphakathi mayelana nokuthi ubani babenikele ngamunye nemikhankaso. "(Figure 6.11)

    Ngo-May 2015, uKhomishani Political Imikhuba of State of Montana, uJonathani Motl, sinqume ukuthi abacwaningi ephulwa Montana umthetho: "UKhomishana inquma ukuthi kukhona amaqiniso lwanele ukukubonisa ukuthi Stanford, Dartmouth kanye / noma abacwaningi kwayo kuhlukumeza Montana umkhankaso practice imithetho edinga ukubhaliswa, nokubika kanye nokudalulwa izindleko ozimele. "(Sufficient Finding Number 3 in Motl (2015) ). UKhomishana watusa ukuthi County Attorney ukuphenya ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ukusetshenziswa okungagunyaziwe aDumileko of Montana kwephula umthetho wombuso Montana (Motl 2015) .

    Stanford futhi Dartmouth awavumelani nokubekelwa yokubusa Motl sika. Okhulumela Stanford ULisa Lapin wathi "Stanford ... akakholelwa iyiphi imithetho yokhetho ezephulwayo" nokuthi iposwe "bebengenayo nokumela ukusekela noma eziphikisanayo yimuphi candidate." Yena waveza ukuthi yeposi loluvetwa ukuthi "nonpartisan futhi ayitusi candidate noma party. " (Richman 2015)

    1. Ukuhlola kulolu cwaningo besebenzisa izimiso ezine kanye nezinhlaka ezimbili ezichazwe kulesi sahluko.
    2. Lokucabanga ukuthi mailers bathunyelwa isampula okungahleliwe abavoti (kodwa ngalolo ngomzuzwana), ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo le iposwe iye kwashintsha umphumela wokhetho Supreme Court Justice?
    3. Empeleni, lo mailers azange zithunyelwe ku isampula okungahleliwe abavoti. Ngokusho kombiko ngoJeremiya Johnson (a ososayensi ezombusazwe esasisiza ekuphenyeni), mailers "bathunyelwa 64.265 abavoti ezikhonjwe njengoba cishe ovulekile centrist elincike eDemocratic yokuncika emagcekeni kanye 39.515 abavoti ezihlonzwe njengoba ngoludala ukuba centrist e Republican elincike emagcekeni. Abacwaningi nezaba kungalingani obuhlangana neenomboro Democratic futhi Republican ngezizathu ukuthi bekulindele abeze ukuba abe aphansi phakathi Democratic abavoti. "Ingabe lolu shintsho kuhlola yakho ye-design ucwaningo? Uma kunjalo, kanjani?
    4. Ukuphendula uphenyo, abacwaningi bathi babutha kulolukhetho ngokwengxenye ngoba "ngeke uhlanga zokwahlulela ayekade eduze baphikisana ku primary. Ngokusekelwe uhlaziyo 2014 imiphumela yokhetho primary esimeningcondvo odlule Montana ukhetho zokwahlulela, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi le ucwaningo njengoba yakhelwe bekungeke kukushintshe umphumela noma umncintiswano. " (Motl 2015) Ingabe lokhu ukushintsha kuhlola yakho ucwaningo ? Uma kunjalo, kanjani?
    5. Eqinisweni, ukhetho Kwatholakala ukuthi kungabi eduzane (Table 6.6). Ingabe lokhu shintsha kuhlola yakho ucwaningo? Uma kunjalo, kanjani?
    6. It kuvela ukuthi isifundo sathunyelwa Dartmouth IRB omunye abacwaningi, kodwa engafani kakhulu langempela Montana isifundo. The yeposi lisetshenziswe Montana aliphindanga ungeniswe kumphatsi wesifundvo IRB. Ucwaningo never ungeniswe kumphatsi wesifundvo Stanford IRB. Ingabe lokhu shintsha kuhlola yakho ucwaningo? Uma kunjalo, kanjani?
    7. Iphinde kuvela ukuthi abacwaningi wathumela efanayo izinto ukhetho 143.000 abavoti eCalifornia 66.000 eNew Hampshire. Ngokwazi kwami, zazingekho izikhalazo lokuhlelekile ibangelwe lezi mailers cishe 200,000 ezengeziwe. Ingabe lokhu shintsha kuhlola yakho ucwaningo? Uma kunjalo, kanjani?
    8. Kuthiwani uma kukhona, yikuphi abebengakwenza ngendlela ehlukile oyenzile uma ubungase abaphenyi oyinhloko? Wawuyosabela kanjani wena uma yakhelwe cwaningo uma unentshisekelo ukuhlola noma ulwazi olwengeziwe kwandisa ukuvota abeze ku izinhlanga nonpartisan?

    Ithebula 6.6: Ezenye ka-2014 okhethweni Montana Supreme Court Justice. Source: Ikhasi lewebhu of Montana UNobhala woMbuso .

    candidate	Amavoti wathola	Amaphesenti
    Supreme Court Justice # 1
    W. David Herbert	65.404	21,59%
    Jim Rice	236.963	78,22%
    Supreme Court Justice # 2
    Lawrence VanDyke	134.904	40,80%
    Mike Wheat	195.303	59,06%

    

    Umfanekiso 6.10: Mailer wathumela ososayensi ezombusazwe amathathu kuya 102.780 abavoti bhalisiwe e Montana njengengxenye yokuhlola ukukala ukuthi abavoti anikwa ukwaziswa okwengeziwe maningi amathuba okuba ukuvota. Ubukhulu isampula kuleli experiment kwaba kungacishe 15% abantu abazovota in the state.

    

    Umfanekiso 6,11: Apology incwadi eyathunyelwa abavoti 102.780 bhalisiwe e Montana obamukele yeposi Figure 6.10. Le ncwadi wathunyelwa oMongameli of Dartmouth Stanford, amayunivesithi ukuthi basebenzisa abacwaningi othumele yeposi.

15. [ ] Ngo-May 8, 2016, abacwaningi-Emil ezimbili Kirkegaard uJuliyu Bjerrekaer-esusa ulwazi kusuka online dating site OkCupid publicly kudedelwa kudathasethi abasebenzisi mayelana 70,000, kuhlanganise eziguquguqukayo kwegama, iminyaka yobudala, ubulili, indawo, imibono ezihlobene nenkolo, imibono ezihlobene ukubhula ngezinkanyezi, ukuphola izithakazelo, inombolo yezithombe, njll, kanye nezimpendulo ezanikezwa zemibuzo phezulu 2600 esakhiweni. Ephepheni okusalungiswa lokuhambisana ezidedelwe, laba balobi ukuthi "Abanye bangase akuphikise ukusho izimiso kubutsela ndzawonye ukhulula lo idatha. Nokho, yonke idatha ezitholakala kudathasethi noma belapho kakade etholakala emphakathini, ngakho ukukhulula lo kudathasethi simane presents it in a ifomu more ewusizo. "

    Ukuphendula ukukhululwa idatha, labalobi wabuza on Twitter ukuthi: "Lokhu set idatha kakhulu kabusha okukwazi ukubona. Ngisho kuhlanganisa Amagama omsebenzisi e? Ingabe ukhona umsebenzi nhlobo kwenziwe ukuze ukungazivezi it? ". Ephendula wathi, "Cha Idatha kakade yomphakathi ". (Zimmer 2016; Resnick 2016)

    1. Ukuhlola lokhu kukhululwa idatha besebenzisa izimiso kanye nezinhlaka zesimilo okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sahluko.
    2. Ongalisebenzisa le datha olwakho ucwaningo?
    3. Kuthiwani uma esusa ngokwakho?

16. [ ] Ngo-2010 i-umhlaziyi intelligence US Army wanika 250,000 amakhebuli classified lezombusazwe inhlangano WikiLeaks, futhi batshelwe kamuva ngosi. Gill and Spirling (2015) bathi "lokuveta WikiLeaks okunamandla limele afihlekile idatha engase isetshenziselwe ukunqanda ukwanda ahlole imibono lobhacile wezangaPhandle ", bese wezibalo njani isampula kwemibhalo oputshukile. Ngokwesibonelo, abalobi balinganisela ukuthi bamele 5% azo zonke amakhebuli zamanxusa ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa ukuthi lokhu silingane kuhluka embassy amanxusa (bheka uMdwebo 1 of iphepha).

    1. Funda leli phepha, bese ubhala isithasiselo zesimilo kuso.
    2. Abalobi akazange hlaziya okuqukethwe kwanoma iliphi imibhalo oputshukile. Ingabe ikhona project usebenzisa yalezi zintambo ukuthi wayeqhuba? Ingabe ikhona project usebenzisa yalezi zintambo ukuthi ubungeke ukuqhuba?

17. [ ] Ukuze ukutadisha indlela izinkampani aphendule izikhalo, umcwaningi wathumela inkohliso isikhalazo izincwadi ku-240 high-ekupheleni zokudlela eNew York City. Nasi ngcaphuno encwadini ngamanga.

    "Ngibhala le ncwadi ngoba mina am abathukuthele mayelana lokusandza kwenteka emphilweni yakhe enganginayo restaurant yakho. Esikhathini esingeside esidlule, futhi mina nomkami umkhosi weminyaka engu sethu sokuqala. ... Kusihlwa phathelana ukudukiswa lapho izimpawu kwaqala ukuvela ngemva kokudla cishe amahora amane. isicanucanu Extended, ukuhlanza, ukukhishwa yisisu kanye nokuba amajaqamba esiswini zonke wakhuluma ngenye yazo: poisoning ukudla. Kwenza me wagan 'unwabu becabanga nje ukuthi kusihlwa zethu ezikhethekile romantic phathelana kuyehla kube umkami engibukisisa ukoma up in a isikhundla esiswini esitezi tile of yethu yokugezela phakathi emahlandla yokudlala up. ... Nakuba akuyona inhloso yami ukuba afake noma yimiphi imibiko nge Business Better Bureau noma uMnyango Wezempilo, I want you [igama le-restaurateur], ukuze baqonde lokho Ngabhekana ilindele ukuthi yini ozoyenza ngokufanele. "

    1. Linganisa kulolu cwaningo besebenzisa izimiso kanye nezinhlaka zesimilo ezichazwe kulesi sahluko. Given kuhlola wakho, ingabe ubuyokwenza isifundo?
    2. Nansi indlela zokudlela abathola incwadi eyasabela ngayo: "Kwakungenxa chaos Culinary ngabanikazi, abaphathi kanye labapheki asesha amakhompyutha [igama Kuhleliwe] ukubhuka noma credit card amarekhodi, amamenyu kubukezwe futhi akhiqize ukudiliva for ukudla okungenzeka ichithekile, kungafanele futhi esola abasebenzi ekhishini mayelana iphelelwa isikhathi kungenzeka, bonke begqugquzelwa yilokho kokubili eyunivesithi kanye uprofesa manje siyavuma kwaba isifundo zezebhizinisi esihogweni. " (Kifner 2001) Ingabe lokhu kwaziswa ukushintsha indlela ukuhlola isifundo?
    3. Ngokwazi kwami, kulolu cwaningo awuzange sibuyekezwe IRB noma yimuphi omunye third-party. Ingabe lolu shintsho indlela ukuhlola isifundo? Kungani uthi yebo noma cha?

18. [ ] Ngokwakha lo mbuzo odlule, ngingathanda ukuba uqhathanise kulolu cwaningo ukuze isifundo ehluke ngokuphelele ukuthi zihilelekile zokudlela. Kulesi izifundo, Neumark kanye nozakwabo (1996) wathuma ababili besilisa abafundi ababili nensikazi basekolishi ne kuzicelo lamanga ukuze isicelo imisebenzi njengoba oweta futhi waitresses at 65 zokudlela e Philadelphia, ukuze aphenye ucansi ngaphandle nokubandlulula emkhakheni yokudlela nokuqashwa. Izicelo 130 kwaholela 54 izingxoxo no-39 umsebenzi intengiso. Lolu cwaningo lwathola ubufakazi wezibalo obalulekile of sex ukucwaswa kwabesifazane ephezulu intengo zokudlela.

    1. Bhala isithasiselo sokuziphatha isifundo.
    2. Ucabanga lesi sifundo ngobulungiswa ezahlukene kusukela lowo ochazwa umbuzo odlule. Uma kunjalo, kanjani?

19. [ ] Abanye manje 2010, 6.548 osolwazi e-United States babethola ama-imeyili efanayo nalena.

    "UProfesa Salganik othandekayo,

    Ngikulobela ngoba mina am a Ph.D. abazoba umfundi isithakazelo esikhulu ucwaningo lwakho. Icebo lami iwukuba ziyasebenza Ph.D. izinhlelo lokhu kuwa ezayo, futhi mina ngokwami ​​nginesifiso ukufunda okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka engingakwenza mayelana namathuba ocwaningo okwamanje.

    Mina ngibe on campus namuhla, futhi nakuba ngiyazi it isaziso esifushane, Bengizibuza uma ungase ube imizuzu 10 uma angavuma ukuhlangabezana nami ukukhuluma kafushane mayelana nomsebenzi wakho yimuphi amathuba ngakwazi ukuba ahileleke ucwaningo lwakho. Noma nini lapho kuphathwa ukuthi isiphi isikhathi esikahle ngawe bekungaba ocolekileyo nami, njengoba behlangana nawe kuza kuqala ekuphileni kwami ​​ngqá phakathi nalo ukuvakashelwa campus.

    Ngiyabonga kusengaphambili for ukucabangela kwakho.

    Ozithobayo, Carlos Lopez "

    Lezi ama-imeyili ayeyingxenye experiment insimu ukukala ukuthi oprofesa ayemaningi amathuba okuba uphendule i-imeyili kuye 1) nesikhathi esishiwo-(namhlanje vs ngesonto elizayo) kanye 2) igama umthumeli okwakubekelwa ezihluka eyobonisa uhlanga nobulili (isib, Meredith Roberts, Raj Singh, njll). Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi lapho izicelo babezohlangana e-1 ngesonto, abesilisa zaseCaucasia sanikezelwa ukufinyelela amalungu ubuhlakani mayelana 25% kaningi kunakuqala abaningi kwakungabantu besifazane kanye ezincane. Kodwa, lapho abafundi ngamanga eceliwe emihlanganweni lelo langa lamaphethini ngokuyinhloko kwakuyinkathi siqedwa (Milkman, Akinola, and Chugh 2012) .

    1. Ukuhlola lokhu ngokuvumelana nezimiso kanye nezinhlaka kulesi sahluko.
    2. Ngemva isifundo sesiphumile, abacwaningi wathumela le debriefing imeyili elandelayo kubo bonke abahlanganyeli.

    "Muva nje, uthole i-imeyili evela umfundi ecela imizuzu 10 isikhathi sakho ukuze nixoxe Ph.D. yakho Uhlelo (komzimba imeyili ibonakala ngezansi). Thina Uthumelela namuhla debrief kuwe ngenjongo langempela kwalowo imeyili, njengoba kwakunjalo elaliyingxenye yocwaningo ucwaningo. Sinethemba isifundo sethu imbangela noma ikuphi ukuphazamiseka kokuthula futhi siyaxolisa ukube ngaso sonke esingesihle. Sethemba ukuthi le ncwadi zizonikeza ngencazelo ezanele ngenhloso design esifundweni sethu ukuze uqede ukukhathazeka ongase ube mayelana nokuhileleka yakho. Sifuna ukukubonga isikhathi sakho futhi sokufunda olunye uma wena sokwazi ukuthi kungani uthola lo myalezo. Sithemba uzobona ukubaluleka ulwazi thina ngabomvu esiyikhiqizayo kulolu cwaningo esikhulu academic. "

    Ngemva kokuchaza injongo kanye nomklamo cwaningo, baba waphinde waphawula ukuthi:

    "Ngokushesha nje lapho imiphumela yocwaningo lwethu ayatholakala, sizothumela them kumawebhusayithi ethu. Sicela sesiqiniseka ukuthi akukho idatha olukhombekayo iyoke kubike kulolucwaningo, futhi phakathi kuncike yethu design kuqinisekisa ukuthi sizobe kuphela akwazi ukukhomba amaphethini imeyili Ukuphendula ekuhlanganisweni - hhayi ezingeni ngabanye. Akekho umuntu noma iyunivesithi kuyoba obonakala yimuphi ucwaningo noma idatha esisimemezelayo. Yiqiniso, noma ubani ukusabela imeyili ngabanye akuyona okunenjongo njengoba kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani ilungu ubuhlakani ngamunye angase ukwamukela noma ngenqabe isicelo somhlangano. Yonke idatha kakade de-ezihlonziwe futhi izimpendulo imeyili olukhombekayo baye kakade ususiwe yolwazi zethu futhi iseva ahlobene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi idatha kwaba olukhombekayo, yayibizwa evikelwe nge amaphasiwedi aqinile evikelekile. Futhi njengoba kuhlale kwenzeka lapho ucwaningo izifundiswa ukuziphatha ezihilela izikhonzi womuntu, Izivumelwano zethu ucwaningo zavunyelwa amayunivesithi yethu 'Institutional Review Boards (i-Columbia University Morningside IRB kanye University of Pennsylvania IRB).

    Uma unanoma yimiphi imibuzo mayelana namalungelo wakho njengombana a subject ucwaningo, ungathintana ne-Columbia University Morningside ukubuyekeza Institutional eBhodi 212-851-7040 noma nge-imeyili at askirb@columbia.edu kanye / noma University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board at 215 -898-2614.

    Ngiyabonga futhi isikhathi sakho kanye nokuqonda umsebenzi esikwenzayo. "

    3. Yiziphi izizathu debriefing kuleli cala? Yiziphi izizathu eziphikisa? Ucabanga ukuthi abacwaningi kwakufanele debriefed iqhaza kulokhu?
    4. In the materials asekelayo online, abacwaningi section osesikhundleni "Tifundvo letifundvwa Human Ukuvikeleka." Ake ufunde lokhu sigaba. Ingabe kukhona yini ukuthi uzonginika noma ususe.
    5. Yayiyini izindleko yomzamo kuya abacwaningi? Yayiyini izindleko yomzamo abahlanganyeli? Andrew Gelman (2010) uye wagomela ukuthi abahlanganyeli kule ezifundwayo ayengase aye kwavuzwa isikhathi sabo emva ucwaningo wayephezu. Ingabe uyavuma? Zama ukwenza impendulo yakho usebenzisa izimiso kanye nezinhlaka lisezingeni esahlukweni.