6.6.3 Inqubomgomo

Ubumfihlo kuyilungelo ukugeleza ezifanele kolwazi.

Indawo yesithathu lapho abacwaningi angase akuthole kunzima kuba ubumfihlo. Njengoba Lowrance (2012) wakubeka ngempela ngamafuphi: ". Ubumfihlo kumele sihlonishwe ngoba abantu kufanele sihlonishwe" Nokho, Ubumfihlo, kuba elidume Umqondo zingcolile (Nissenbaum 2010, Ch. 4) , futhi ngenxa yalokho, kunzima ukusebenzisa lapho ezama ukwenza izinqumo eziqondile mayelana nocwaningo.

Indlela evamile ukuba acabange mayelana nobumfihlo kwenzelwa / dichotomy yangasese yomphakathi. By ngale ndlela yokucabanga, uma imininingwane ingaphelele kunoma, khona-ke ingasetshenziswa ngokokukhetha kwabacwaningi ngaphandle ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuphula izimfihlo zabanye abantu. Kodwa le ndlela ingafinyelela izinkinga. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-November 2007 Costas Panagopoulos wathumela wonke umuntu ophakathi kwamasango ezintathu incwadi mayelana oluzayo ukhetho. Emadolobheni-Monticello ezimbili, Iowa futhi Holland, Michigan-Panagopoulos wathembisa / ezisengozini ukushicilela uhlu lwabantu abangathanda lase libeka ephephandabeni. In the ezinye edolobheni-Ely, Iowa-Panagopoulos wathembisa / ezisengozini ukushicilela uhlu lwabantu ababengazange bavotela ephephandabeni. Ingabe lezi zindlela badalwa ntombazane ukuqhosha futhi ihlazo (Panagopoulos 2010) ngoba mizwelo eyayitholakalé nomthelela abeze ezifundweni ngaphambili (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Ulwazi mayelana ngubani amavoti futhi engeke kuyinto yomphakathi e-United States; ubani angakwazi ukufinyelela kuso. Ngakho, umuntu angalimisa ngesihloko elokuthi ukuthi ngoba lolu lwazi ukuvota kakade yomphakathi, akunankinga ne umcwaningi kokushicilela it ephephandabeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, into mayelana naleyo ngxabano uzizwa akulungile ukuphawula lapho abantu abaningi.

Njengoba lesi sibonelo sibonisa, le / dichotomy yangasese yomphakathi kuyinto blunt kakhulu (boyd and Crawford 2012; Markham and Buchanan 2012) . Indlela engcono ukucabanga mayelana nobumfihlo, eliklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuba asingathe izindaba eziphakanyiswe yobudala digital, umqondo wokuthobela omunye umuntu ubuqotho zesimo (Nissenbaum 2010) . Kunokuba kokuhlola ukwaziswa wahulumende nobe wangasese, ubuqotho nekuhlahlelwa ligxile notshwala kolwazi. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abaningi babengeke babe unbothered uma udokotela wazo wabelane amarekhodi abo ezempilo nomunye udokotela kodwa babeyoba neze uma udokotela wazo bathengisa ukwaziswa okufanayo inkampani marketing. Ngakho, ngokusho Nissenbaum (2010) , "ilungelo lobumfihlo akuwona ilungelo isinyenyela noma ilungelo ukulawula kodwa ilungelo ukugeleza ezifanele kolwazi lomuntu siqu."

Umqondo Isihluthulelo esiyinhloko esibangela ubuqotho nekuhlahlelwa kuyinto umongo-isihlobo kwezinkambiso lwati (Nissenbaum 2010) . Lawa izinkambiso elawula notshwala ulwazi amasethingi abaluliwe, futhi bazimisele by nemingcele ezintathu:

• Izıhlabane (subject, umthumeli, umamukeli)
• izichasiso (zolwazi)
• Izimiso yokudlulisela (izingqinamba ngaphansi yiluphi ulwazi ageleza)

Ngakho, uma njengoba umcwaningi usuke banqume ukuthi balisebenzise yini idatha ngaphandle kwemvume kuwusizo simbuze, "Ingabe yile ndlela yokulisebenzisa abephula umongo-isihlobo kwezinkambiso tekwatisa?" Lapho ebuyela endabeni Panagopoulos (2010) , kuleli cala, abanesimo sokuzinikela ngaphandle umcwaningi nokushicilela uhlu lwamagama abavoti noma non-abavoti iphephandaba kubonakala okungenzeka ukuthi zephule izinkambiso lwati. Eqinisweni, Panagopoulos akazange uyasifeza isithembiso sakhe / usongo ngoba izikhulu ukhetho lwango kuyofikwa izinhlamvu kuye futhi emnxusa ukuthi kwakungeyona into enhle (Issenberg 2012, 307) .

Nokho, kwezinye izilungiselelo, ngangicabanga ngale ndaba umongo-isihlobo kwezinkambiso lwati kudinga kancane nakakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ake sibuyele kulo kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa mobile phone call izingodo ukulandelela ukuhamba phakathi Ebola eNtshonalanga Afrika ngo-2014, icala lokuthi Ngaxoxa esingenisweni salesi sahluko (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . Kulo mongo, singacabanga izimo ezimbili ezahlukene:

• Simo 1: ukuthumela idatha yerekhodi lwamakholi ephelele [nezimfanelo]; ohulumeni semthethweni akuphelele [Izıhlabane]; nganoma yisiphi esizayo kungenzeka zisebenzisa [izimiso yokudlulisela]
• Simo 2: ukuthumela amarekhodi ingxenye yomzimba ongaziwa [nezimfanelo]; ukuze sihlonishwe abacwaningi eyunivesithi [Izıhlabane]; ukuze isetshenziswe eziphendula Ebola kanye ngabelusi enyuvesi amabhodi zesimilo [izimiso yokudlulisela]

Nakuba womabili la zimo shayela idatha ugeleza of inkampani, kwezinkambiso tekwatisa ngokuphathelene nalezi zimo ezimbili azifani ngoba umehluko phakathi abadlali, izimfanelo, futhi izimiso transmission ezihilelekile. Ukugxila eyodwa kuphela yalezi nemingcele kungaholela ngokweqile lolumalula ekutsatseni tincumo. Empeleni, Nissenbaum (2015) ugcizelela ukuthi akukho neyodwa kulezi zinkolo nemingcele abathathu zingancishiswa kwabanye, nanoma yini omunye wabo ngabanye ichaze izinkambiso lwati. Lo muzwa esizalwa nawo unhlangothi-ntathu yamazinga lwati liyachaza ukuthi kungani imizamo-ukuthi esikhathini esidlule egxile noma izimfanelo noma yokudlulisela izimiso-baye bahluleka at ekuthumbeni ezivamile-umuzwa imibono ubumfihlo.

Enye inselele usebenzisa umqondo nomongo-isihlobo kwezinkambiso lwati ukuba liqondise izinqumo wukuthi abacwaningi bangase bangazi kubo ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi okunzima kakhulu ukukala (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho noma abanye ucwaningo kungephula nekuhlahlelwa-isihlobo kwezinkambiso lwati ukuthi akusho ukuthi ucwaningo akufanele kwenzeke. Empeleni, Isahluko 8 Nissenbaum (2010) ngokuphelele mayelana "Imithetho Breaking for Good." Naphezu kwalezi zinkinga, umongo-isihlobo kwezinkambiso lwati namanje indlela ewusizo kakhulu ukuvele acabange ngemibuzo ezihlobene ubumfihlo.

Ekugcineni, ubumfihlo ngumkhakha lapho ngiqaphelile ezibangelwa ukungaqondani abaningi phakathi abacwaningi abafunda ngokuhlobana lokubekwa eqhulwini kodaba lokuvulwa Ukuhlonipha abantu kanye nalabo lokubekwa eqhulwini kodaba lokuvulwa Beneficence. Cabanga nje endabeni umcwaningi yezempilo yomphakathi ngubani ngasese amawashi abantu abathatha imishanguzo yesifo izihlambi ngoba ekuqondeni nenhlanzeko kuyisihluthulelo ekuvimbeleni ukusakazeka isifo inoveli ezithathelwanayo. Abacwaningi sigxile emsebenzini Beneficence kwakuyoba agxile izunzo emphakathini kusukela lolucwaningo futhi bangase baphikise ngisho ukuthi ayikho ingozi ukuze ababambiqhaza uma umcwaningi enza ukuhlola kwakhe ngaphandle bangabonwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abacwaningi abafunda ngokuhlobana lokubekwa eqhulwini kodaba lokuvulwa Ukuhlonipha abantu bebengazidelela agxile eqinisweni lokuthi umcwaningi is hhayi ukuphatha abantu ngenhlonipho futhi eqinisweni nenza kwabo engozini ngenxa yokwephula ubumfihlo babo. Ngeshwa, akulula ukuba baxazulule lokho kungaboni ngaso imibono engqubuzanayo yezindlela kulesi simo (nakuba ikhambi best kuleli cala bangase nje ukuba ucele imvume).

Ekuphetheni, lapho bezindla mayelana nobumfihlo, kuyasiza ngaphezu ngokweqile lolumalula umphakathi / dichotomy ezizimele futhi babonisane esikhundleni mayelana izinkambiso umongo-isihlobo lwati, okuyinto zenziwa up timphawu letintsatfu: Izıhlabane (subject, umthumeli, umamukeli), izichasiso (zolwazi), kanye nezimiso transmission (izingqinamba ulwazi ageleza ngaphansi kwazo) (Nissenbaum 2010) . Abanye abacwaningi ahlaziye zobumfihlo mayelana umonakalo ongase uholele kusukela ukwephulwa langasese, kanti abanye abacwaningi babheka ukwephulwa izinto ziyimfihlo njengoba umonakalo futhi ngokwalo. Ngenxa imibono ingasese izinhlelo eziningi digital ziyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuye ngomuntu nomuntu, futhi ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezimo (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) , ubumfihlo bungaba umthombo izinqumo zokuziphatha zilukhuni kakhulu kubacwaningi for abanye isikhathi.