6.6.2 Ukuqonda nokuphatha ubungozi lwati

Ulwazi ingozi kunobungozi ezivame kakhulu ucwaningo social; ke liye landa ngendlela emangalisayo; futhi kuba ingozi enzima kakhulu ukuqonda.

Inselelo yesibili sokuziphatha yobudala social ucwaningo digital nengozi lwati, ukuthi kukhona okungalunga bese umonakalo kusuka ukudalulwa kolwazi (Council 2014) . efanele ibe kuhlu lokuhlukumezeka ilwazi kusuka ukudalulwa kolwazi lomuntu siqu kungaba kwezomnotho (isib, ukuphelelwa umsebenzi), social (isib, ukuphoxeka), ezingokwengqondo (isib, ukucindezeleka), noma ngisho lobugebengu (isib, ukuboshwa ukuziphatha ngokungemthetho). Ngeshwa, i-age digital kwandisa inani ingozi ephawulekayo-kukhona ulwazi nje kakhulu mayelana nokuziphatha kwethu. Futhi, ingozi tekwatisa ikufakazele nzima kakhulu ukuthi uqondisise futhi uphathe kuqhathaniswa nezingozi ukukhathazeka e ucwaningo social analog yobudala, ezifana ingozi ngokomzimba. Ukuze ubone ukuthi yobudala digital kwandisa ulwazi, cabanga aphuma iphepha Amarekhodi ngogesi zezokwelapha. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zezindlu kwamarekhodi ukudala ingozi, kodwa Amarekhodi ngogesi ukudala izingozi okukhulu ngoba ngezinga elikhulu they angadluliselwa iqembu okungagunyaziwe noma ahlanganisiwe nezinye amarekhodi. abacwaningi Social in the age digital kakade ngiligijimile enkingeni engozini lwati, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi babengakuqondi ngokugcwele indlela kwezakhi nokuphatha it. Ngakho, Ngiya ukunikela indlela kusiza ukucabanga mayelana ingozi lwati, bese Ngizofika ukukunika iseluleko kanjani ukuphatha ingozi lwati ocwaningweni lwakho futhi ukukhulula iyiswe kweminye abacwaningi.

Enye indlela ukuthi abacwaningi social unciphise ingozi lwati kuba 'anonymization "idatha. "Anonymization" inqubo wokususa izikhombi ezisobala siqu efana negama, ikheli, kanye nenombolo yocingo kusukela idatha. Nokho, le ndlela okuningi kangako uma beqhathaniswa nabantu abaningi bayaqaphela, futhi kuba, eqinisweni, ngokujulile futhi ngokuyisisekelo limited. Ngenxa yaleso sizathu, noma nini ngichaze "anonymization," Ngiyisebenzisa bokhulunyiwe ukukukhumbuza ukuthi le nqubo kudala ukubukeka yokufihla kodwa hhayi Ukuzifihla kweqiniso.

A Isibonelo acacile yokwehluleka "anonymization" livela 1990 selishonile Massachusetts (Sweeney 2002) . The Group Insurance Commission (GIC) kwaba kahulumeni okuthenga umshuwalense wezempilo bonke abasebenzi wombuso. Ngalesi msebenzi, le GIC oluqoqwe amarekhodi ezempilo eningiliziwe mayelana izinkulungwane abasebenzi wombuso. Emzamweni ukuze sikhuthazeke ucwaningo ngezindlela zokuthuthukisa impilo, GIC unqume ukukhipha la marekhodi abacwaningi. Nokho, abazange ukwabelana yonke idatha zabo; kunalokho, benza "ongaziwa" it ngokususa ulwazi olufana negama kanye nekheli. Nokho, bahamba eminye imininingwane babecabanga kungaba wusizo kakhulu kubacwaningi ezifana nolwazi lokubala ubuningi babantu (nekhodi yeposi, usuku lokuzalwa, uhlanga, kanye nobulili) kanye ulwazi lwezokwelapha (ukuvakashelwa idatha, uphethwe, inqubo) (Figure 6.4) (Ohm 2010) . Ngeshwa, lokhu "anonymization" kwaba alanele ukuvikela idatha.

Figure 6.4: "Anonymization" inqubo wokususa kusobala ukwaziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ukukhulula amarekhodi zezokwelapha umshuwalense kwabasebenzi isimo Massachusetts Group Insurance Commission (GIC) ukhishwe igama nekheli amafayela. Ngisebenzisa izingcaphuno azungeze igama elithi "anonymization" ngoba inqubo inikeza ukubukeka yokufihla, kodwa hhayi langempela beqinisekisa ukungamethembi uRamaphosa.

Ukuze sifanekise amaphutha GIC "anonymization", Latanya Sweeney-ke umfundi eMIT-paid $ 20 ukuthola amarekhodi yokuvota kusukela emzini Cambridge, umuzi ka-Massachusetts umbusi William Weld. Lamarekhodi ukuvota babehlanganisa ulwazi olufana negama, ikheli, ikhodi yeposi, usuku lokuzalwa, ubulili kanye. Iqiniso lokuthi medical ifayela idatha kanye ifayela Umvoti ehlanganyelwe ikhodi amasimu-zip, usuku lokuzalwa, ubulili kanye-kwakusho ukuthi Sweeney ayengase ukuxhumanisa. Sweeney wayazi ukuthi usuku lokuzalwa Weld kwakungu July 31, 1945, kanye namarekhodi yokuvota babehlanganisa abantu abayisithupha kuphela Cambridge naleso birthday. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulezo abantu abayisithupha, abathathu kuphela abesilisa. Futhi, yalawo madoda amathathu, eyodwa kuphela okwabelwana zip code Weld sika. Ngakho, idatha yokuvota wabonisa ukuthi ubani idatha zezokwelapha inhlanganisela Weld sika usuku lokuzalwa, ubulili, kanye nekhodi zip uWilliam Weld. Empeleni, lezi izingcezu ezintathu ulwazi enikeziwe iminwe eliyingqayizivele kuye idatha. Ukusebenzisa leli qiniso, Sweeney wamthola amarekhodi Weld lwezokwelapha, futhi emtshela feat yakhe, yena imiyalezo ikhophi yamarekhodi yakhe (Ohm 2010) .

Umfanekiso 6.5: Re-idenification idatha "angavezwa". Latanya Sweeney kuhlangene "ongaziwa" amarekhodi ezempilo kanye nemarekhodi ukuvota ukuze uthole amarekhodi zezokwelapha soMbusi William Weld (Sweeney 2002) .

Umsebenzi Sweeney sibonisa isakhiwo esiyisisekelo of ukuhlaselwa de-anonymization Lokudlulisa bashayele ngokucophelela lesidze emphakathini ezokuphepha computer. Kulezi zigameko, amasede amabili idatha, noma okuyinto ngokwayo kwembula ulwazi olubucayi, kuxhumene, futhi ngokusebenzisa le nokuxhumanisa, ulwazi olubucayi edalulwa. Ngandlela-thile le nqubo iyefana nendlela ukuthi baking soda no uviniga, izinto ezimbili bebodwa ephephile, zingahlanganiswa ukuze bakhiqize umphumela ezimbi.

Besabela umsebenzi Sweeney nangezinye umsebenzi ahlobene, abacwaningi manje ususe ngokuvamile okuningi ulwazi olunabile-bonke kangaka okuthiwa "Ulwazi Ngokwami ​​Kutfola Loko" (Pii) (Narayanan and Shmatikov 2010) -during inqubo "anonymization." Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi abaningi manje bayaqaphela ukuthi ezithile idatha-efana amarekhodi zezokwelapha, amarekhodi ezimali, izimpendulo ahlolisise imibuzo mayelana ngokungemthetho ukuziphatha-mhlawumbe sensitive kakhulu ukukhulula ngisho nangemva 'anonymization. "Nokho, izibonelo zamuva ukuthi ngizobuya ukuchaza ngezansi ukhombise ukuthi abacwaningi social kudingeka lokushintsha ukucabanga kwabo. Njengesinyathelo sokuqala, kuwukuhlakanipha ukuphetha ngokuthi yonke idatha engase ibe Tfola yonke idatha engase ibe ebucayi. Ngamanye amazwi, esikhundleni sokuba acabangele ukuthi ingozi lwati sisebenza subset elincane amaphrojekthi, kufanele lokucabanga ukuthi sisebenza-ngezinga elithile-ukuze wonke amaphrojekthi.

Zombili lezingxenye yalesi kabusha orientation basuke efanekiselwa Netflix uMklomelo. Njengoba kuchazwe eSahlukweni 5, Netflix ezikhishwe million 100 izilinganiso movie olunikezwa cishe 500,000 amalungu, futhi kwadingeka ucingo evulekile lapho abantu emhlabeni wonke elethwe ubuchule ukuthi ngingakwazi ukuthuthukisa ikhono Netflix sika ukuncoma amabhayisikobho. Ngaphambi ukukhulula idatha, Netflix isuswe noma yiluphi ulwazi kusobala uqobo olubonakalisa, ezifana namagama. Netflix futhi waya okwengeza esinye isinyathelo futhi yethulwa perturbations omncane ezinye amarekhodi (isib, ishintsha ezinye izilinganiso 4 izinkanyezi 3 izinkanyezi). Ngokushesha Netflix Nokho, ukuthi kwatholakala ukuthi naphezu kwemizamo yabo, idatha zazingewona neze engaziwa.

Amabili nje ngemva kwamasonto idatha badedelwa Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) wabonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba ufunde mayelana nabantu abathile sika izintandokazi movie. The trick kabusha umazisi wabo attack kwakufuze Sweeney sika: uhlangane ndawonye imithombo ezimbili ulwazi, omunye ngolwazi engase ibe bucayi futhi alukho ulwazi kusobala ekuboneni kanye lowo liqukethe ungubani zabantu. Ngayinye yalezi imithombo idatha kungenzeka ngabanye ephephile, kodwa lapho ehlangana kudathasethi elihlanganisiwe kungadala ingozi lwati. Endabeni idatha Netflix, nakhu kwakungase kwenzeke kanjani. Cabanga nje ukuthi ngikhetha ukwabelana imicabango yami mayelana action and comedy movie ne engisebenza, kodwa ukuthi ngingafuni ukwabelana imibono yami mayelana amabhayisikobho senkolo nezombangazwe. co-abasebenzi My angasebenzisa ulwazi lokuthi ngiye wabaxoxela ukuthola amarekhodi lwami idatha Netflix; ukwaziswa ukuthi mina ukwabelana kungaba iminwe esiyingqayizivele like nje usuku William Weld azalwa, ikhodi yeposi, kanye nobulili. Khona-ke, uma ukuthola zeminwe yami eyingqayizivele idatha, babekwazi ukufunda izilinganiso yami mayelana wonke amabhayisikobho, kuhlanganise ama-movie lapho ngikhetha ukungahlanganyeli ukwabelana. Ngaphezu lolu hlobo attack ezihlosiwe egxile ongashadile, Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) wabuye wabonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba wenze ebanzi ukuhlaselwa olingana esihilela abantu abaningi-by ukuhlanganisa idatha Netflix nge idatha Isilinganiso siqu futhi movie ukuthi abanye abantu baye bakhetha ngeposi kwi Database Movie Internet (IMDb). Nanoma yiluphi olunye ulwazi zeminwe eliyingqayizivele lokuba umuntu-ngisho ethize isethi kwabo movie izilinganiso-ingasetshenziswa ukukhomba kubo.

Nakuba idatha Netflix kungenziwa kabusha ekhonjwe noma ukuhlaselwa okubhekiswe noma omkhulu, namanje ingase ibonakale engozini low. Phela, izilinganiso movie musa kubonakale ebucayi kakhulu. Nakuba lokho kungase kube yiqiniso bebonke, ngoba abanye abantu 500,000 in the kudathasethi, izilinganiso movie bangethuka ezwelayo. Eqinisweni, lapho ephendula de-anonymization owesifazane lesbian closeted wajoyina suit ekilasini isinyathelo Netflix. Nakhu ukuthi inkinga ibonakala ubusela yabo (Singel 2009) :

"[M] ovie nokukala idatha iqukethe ulwazi of nature kakhulu siqu futhi ebucayi [sic]. Idatha movie yelungu lidalula isithakazelo ilungu Netflix siqu kanye / noma ukuphazamiseka ezehlukene siqu kakhulu, kuhlanganise ezocansi, ukugula ngengqondo, alulame utshwala, futhi zokuhlushwa kusukela ukulalana kwenhlobo, ukuhlukumeza ngokomzimba, ubudlova basekhaya, ukuphinga, nokudlwengula. "

I de-anonymization of idatha Netflix uMklomelo wakukhombisa kokubili ukuthi yonke idatha engase ibe Tfola kutsi yonke idatha engase ibe ebucayi. Kuleli qophelo, ungase ucabange ukuthi lokhu kusebenza idatha ukuthi lokho ekungizo mayelana nabantu kuphela. Ngokumangalisayo, ukuthi akunjalo. Ekuphenduleni Freedom of Information Law isicelo, le New York City Government kudedelwa amarekhodi azo zonke ride taxi eNew York ngo-2013, kuhlanganise iveni bese uphonsa off izikhathi, izindawo, kanye yokugibela amanani (khumbula ukuthi eSahlukweni 2 Farber (2015) esetshenziswa le datha ukuze ahlole imibono ebalulekile emshikashikeni ezomnotho). Nakuba lokhu idatha emayelana itekisi kuyiwe kungase kubonakale kungavamile ukuba ingozi ngoba akubonakali ulwazi mayelana nabantu, Anthony Tockar waqaphela ukuthi le kudathasethi taxi empeleni equkethwe ulwazi oluningi ezwelayo ngabantu. Ukuze sicacise leli phuzu, wabheka nhlobo hambo Kusukela Hustler Club-a esikhulu strip club eNew York-phakathi kwamabili 6am bese kutholakala ezindaweni drop-off. Lokhu search phendla-empeleni-a uhlu amakheli abanye abantu abavame ukuvakashela The Hustler Club (Tockar 2014) . Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi uhulumeni lomuzi lwalunezisekelo lokhu engqondweni lapho kudedelwa idatha. Eqinisweni, le nqubo efanayo ebesingase sisetshenziselwe ukuthola amakheli ekhaya labantu abaya iyiphi indawo edolobheni-emtholampilo wezokwelapha, ebhilidini likahulumeni, noma isikhungo zenkolo.

Kulezi zimo ezimbili Netflix uMklomelo kanye New York City taxi idatha-show ukuthi abantu kuqhathaniswa abanamakhono yehlulekile ngokunembile ukulinganisa engozini lwati idatha ukuthi bakhululwe, zamacala la neze esiyingqayizivele (Barbaro and Zeller Jr 2006; Zimmer 2010; Narayanan, Huey, and Felten 2016) . Ngaphezu kwalokho, kweziningi zalezi zimo, idatha eziyinkinga isatholakala ngokukhululekile online, okubonisa ukuthi kunzima owake ekulungiseni a ukukhululwa idatha. Bebonke lezi zibonelo-kanye nocwaningo computer science mayelana nobumfihlo-umkhondo isiphetho esibalulekile. Abacwaningi okufanele acabange ukuthi yonke idatha engase ibe Tfola yonke idatha engase ibe ebucayi.

Ngeshwa, kukhona asikho isisombululo esilula iqiniso lokuthi yonke idatha engase ibe Tfola yonke idatha engase ibe ebucayi. Nokho, enye indlela ukuze kuncishiswe inani ingozi lapho usebenza nge idatha ukwakha futhi ukulandela plan yokuvikelwa kokwaziswa. Loluhlelo luzokuba kunciphisa amathuba okuba idatha yakho ngeke angena futhi uzokwehla umonakalo uma ukuvuza ngandlela-thile kwenzeka. Imininingwane izinhlelo ezivikela imininingwane, njengokuthi okuyifomu ukubethela ukusebenzisa, izoshintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa UK Data Services zisize ihlela yezinhlobo plan ukuvikelwa idatha ku 5 izigaba Bayibiza 5 safes: amaphrojekthi ephephile, abantu bahlale bephephile , izilungiselelo ephephile, idatha iphephile, kanye Imiphumela ephephile (Table 6.2) (Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton 2016) . None of the safes ezinhlanu ngabanye ukunikeza isivikelo esiphelele. Kodwa, ndawonye bakha iqoqo izici ezingaba unciphise ingozi lwati enamandla.

Ngaphezu ekuvikeleni idatha yakho ngenkathi usebenzisa it, isinyathelo esisodwa ku locwaningo lapho ingozi lwati kuyinto eziphawulekayo ikakhulukazi idatha ukwabelana nabanye abacwaningi. Idatha ukwabelana lososayensi kuyinto value core of engcono zesayensi, futhi kakhulu izikhungo ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwezindaba ulwazi. Nakhu indlela UK House of Commons wachaza ukubaluleka ukwabelana idatha:

"Ukufinyelela idatha kusemqoka uma abacwaningi nokuzala, ukuqinisekisa nokwakhela imiphumela ezibikwa izincwadi. Amaphuzu ayaphikisana kumele kube ukuthi, ngaphandle uma kunesizathu esinamandla ngenye indlela, idatha okufanele saziswe ngokugcwele futhi kwenziwe kutholakale esidlangalaleni. Ngokuvumelana nalesi simiso, lapho kunokwenzeka, idatha nawo wonke ucwaningo uxhaso lwezimali kufanele kwenziwe kabanzi futhi lutholakale ngokukhululekile. " (Molloy 2011)

Nokho, ngokwabelana idatha yakho nomunye umcwaningi, ungase okwandisa ingozi lwati abahlanganyeli yakho. Ngakho, kungase kubonakale sengathi abacwaningi abafisa ukwabelana yabo idatha-noma kudingeka ukwabelana yabo idatha-abhekene kwadambisa isimo esasishubile eliyisisekelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi banesibopho sokunakekela zesimilo ukwabelana idatha namanye ososayensi, ikakhulukazi uma ucwaningo original uxhaso lwezimali. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, abacwaningi banesibopho zesimilo ukunciphisa amathuba okwenza izinto, ngangokunokwenzeka, ingozi ulwazi kubabambiqhaza babo.

Ngenhlanhla, nale nselele akuyona njengoba obukhulu njengoba kubonakala. Kubalulekile ukucabanga idatha nokwabelana kanye Eziqhubekayo kusuka akunasabelo idatha bakwazi ukulindela ukukhululwa nokuphumula akhohlwe, lapho idatha "ongaziwa" futhi posted kunoma ubani ukuze afinyelele (Figure 6.6). Zombili lezi zikhundla ngokwedlulele babe izingozi nezinzuzo. Okungukuthi, akusiyo ngokuzenzakalelayo into zesimilo kunazo hhayi ngedatha yakho; le ndlela iqeda izinzuzo eziningi ezingase zisetshenziselwe ukuba umphakathi. Ukubuyela Nambitha, Ties, futhi Time, isibonelo esisanda kuxoxa ngazo esahlukweni, izizathu eziphikisa idatha lokukhipha ukugxila efanele ibe kuhlu lokuhlukumezeka kungenzeka futhi ezingavumelani nentando izinzuzo benesandla eyodwa emaceleni; Mina ngizoba ukuchaza izinkinga nalona emaceleni, ndlela bekuvikela ngokweqile kabanzi ngezansi uma nginikela iseluleko mayelana nokwenza izinqumo ngaphakathi the bombo of ukungaqiniseki (Isigaba 6.6.4).

Umfanekiso 6.6: Data amasu release ungawela kanye Eziqhubekayo. Kuphi kufanele kube kanye lokhu continuum lincike imininingwane letsite idatha yakho. Kulokhu, ukubuyekeza Umuntu wesithathu angabhala ukukusiza unqume ibhalansi elifanele of ingozi futhi inzuzo kuwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwalezi emacaleni amabili obedlulele ukuthi ngizokwenzani okuthiwa i-obiyelwe ndlela ensimini lapho idatha uyabelana nobani abantu abahlangabezana nezimfuneko ezithile futhi abavumelana ukuthi sizibophezele imithetho ethile (isib, umsebenzi wokwengamela kusuka ku-IRB kanye izinhlelo yokuvikelwa kokwaziswa) . Le ndlela Ingadi ebiyelwe ngodonga inikeza eziningi zezinzuzo ukukhululwa bese ukhohlwa nge nengozi kancane. Yiqiniso, i-obiyelwe ndlela ingadi kudala imibuzo-abantu abaningi okufanele ukufinyelela, ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo, isikhathi eside kangakanani, ubani okufanele akhokhe igcine futhi namaphoyisa obiyelwe engadini njll-kodwa lezi azizona. Empeleni, kukhona asebevele besebenza ezibiyelwe ngodonga endaweni ukuthi abacwaningi angasebenzisa manje, ezifana archive idatha ye Consortium Inter-university for Political and Social Research at the University of Michigan.

Ngakho, lapho kufanele idatha kusuka isifundo akho mawabe Eziqhubekayo akunasabelo, Ingadi ebiyelwe ngodonga, nokukhululwa futhi azikhohlwe? It kuxhomeke imininingwane idatha yakho; Abacwaningi kumelwe alinganisele phakathi kwemithwalo Inhlonipho Persons, Beneficence, uJustice, begodu ezihlonipha umthetho ne- Public Interest. Uma sihlola balance kufaneleka ngoba ezinye izinqumo abacwaningi bafuna iseluleko nokwamukelwa IRBs, kanye nedatha ukukhululwa kungaba nje enye ingxenye yaleso sigaba sokukhula. Ngamanye amazwi, nakuba abanye abantu bacabanga idatha ukukhululwa njengoba morass zesimilo ongenafu, sesivele sinalo tinhlelo endzaweni lefanele kute ukusiza abacwaningi yokulinganisela kulezi uhlobo izinkinga zokuziphatha.

Enye indlela yokugcina ukucabanga mayelana nokwabelana data by Isifaniso. Njalo izimoto ngonyaka banesibopho okubangela ukufa kwezinkulungwane zabantu, kodwa thina ungazami lokuvala ukushayela. Eqinisweni, yengxoxo enjalo lokuvala ukushayela Kungaba okungenangqondo ngoba ukushayela kwenza izinto eziningi ezimangalisayo. Kunalokho, umphakathi ubeka imingcele eyayibekelwe ngubani angenza (isib, kudingeka ube neminyaka ethile ubudala, kudingeka baye badlula kuvivinywa) nangokuthi bangakuthola kanjani ukushayela (isib, ngaphansi ijubane). Society Ubuye abantu ibuye enforcing le mithetho (isib, amaphoyisa), futhi thina ajezise abantu ababanjwe ukuzephula. Lolu hlobo olufanayo ukucabanga okulinganiselayo umphakathi kusebenza olawula ukushayela singasebenza ukuba ukwabelana idatha. Okungukuthi, kunokwenza-agumenti absolutist noma ngokumelene ukwabelana idatha, ngicabanga izinzuzo ezinkulu kunazo zonke iyovela wokuqonda singahlanganyela kanjani idatha okuningi ngokuphepha.

Ukuphetha, ingozi tekwatisa liye landa ngendlela emangalisayo, futhi kunzima kakhulu ukubikezela nokukala. Ngakho, kungcono kakhulu ukuba singaphethi ngokuthi yonke idatha engase ibe Tfola engase ibe bucayi. Ukuze unciphise ingozi lwati lapho ecwaninga, abacwaningi Ungakha bese ukulandela plan yokuvikelwa kokwaziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingozi tekwatisa akubavimbeli abacwaningi ukwabelana idatha nabanye ososayensi.