6.3 Digital uhlukile

Ucwaningo Social in the age digital has izici ezahlukene ngakhoke kuphakamisa imibuzo ezahlukene zokuziphatha.

ucwaningo social Iningi engu analog ngesikhathi ushayisa inguzunga balance zesimilo ezifanele. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-isibuyekezo of lab ukuhlolwa bebonke abathintekayo abantu abangaphezu kuka-100,000, Plott (2013) yathola umcimbi ezingezinhle eyodwa kuphela, umfundi acasuke ngenxa yokulahlekelwa imali game kwezomnotho. Nokho, Njengoba odlule izibonelo ezintathu digital ubudala Ngokwesibonelo, abacwaningi manje sebebhekene zezinselele zezindinganiso ukuthi sihluke kulabo esikhathini esidlule. Generalizing kusukela kulezi izifundo ezintathu, ngicabanga ukuthi inkinga enkulu ukuthi abacwaningi abanezinhloso abhekane wukuthi amakghono beshintsha ngokushesha kunemithetho, imithetho, kanye nokuthuthukiswa. Ngini ngokuqondile, abacwaningi-ngokuvamile ngokubambisana nezinkampani kanye nohulumeni-babe namandla abahlanganyeli kunangesikhathi esidlule. Ngamandla, I mean umane ikhono lokwenza izinto ukuze abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yabo noma ngisho nokuqwashisa. I Ngikhuluma ngezinto ezingasizi kungaba kokubona ukuziphatha kwabo noma ukubhalisa kwabo ucwaningo. Njengoba amandla abacwaningi ukuba bagcine futhi perturb kuyakhula, alikho i ukwanda okulingana ukucaciseleka mayelana nendlela lawo mandla kufanele lisetshenziswe nini. Eqinisweni, abacwaningi kumelwe sinqume ukuthi amandla abo isekelwe emithethweni nesimiso sobuntu sokuhlalisana ngokuthula futhi ezedlulayo, imithetho, kanye nokuthuthukiswa. Ukuze kucace, lokhu akusho ukuthi iningi digital ucwaningo yobudala abangenasimilo. Eqinisweni, unikezwa lesi simo, ngicabanga ukuthi abacwaningi baye babonisa ukwahlulela okuhle ngokuphawulekayo. Nokho, Inhlanganisela amakhono enamandla kanye nemihlahlandlela engacacile, kubeka abacwaningi abanezinhloso esimweni esinzima.

Nakuba wena mathupha angazizwa namandla ngokukhethekile mayelana ikhono lakho ukwenza izinto ukuze abantu, ngokuya abacwaningi-ngokuvamile ngokubambisana nezinkampani kanye nohulumeni-babe nekhono bagcine futhi perturb abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yabo noma nokuqwashisa. Ngokwesibonelo, zibone ngeso lengqondo esilandelayo umuntu nxazonke futhi ukurekhoda konke abakwenzayo. Lokhu kuyohlanganisa ethungatha izinto ezifana bangayaphi, lokho ithenga, ngubani ukukhuluma, futhi lokho abakufunda. Ukuqapha abantu kanje yobudala analog sebenzisa be Izinto zohulumeni isabelo ezinkulukazi. Manje, konke lokhu kwaziswa njalo futhi ngokuzenzekelayo akuloba izigidi futhi ngokushesha izigidigidi zabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi konke lokhu kwaziswa igcinwa ilebula lokumaka, kuba lula ukukopisha, search, udlulise, hlanganisa, esitolo. Ngamanye amazwi, lokho uvame kwenziwa namuhla ukwethusa mangaza iMpi Yomshoshaphansi spy ejensi like i-KGB, CIA, futhi Stasi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye enkulu yalesi kokulandela yokuziphatha kuyenzeka ngaphandle siyiqonde ngokugcwele nalabo surveilled.

Isingathekiso acacile kancane siletsa simo ukubhekwa mass iyona panopticon. Okokuqala ehlongozwayo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 ngo-Jeremy Bentham njengoba isakhiwo for amajele, panopticon iyona nokubonakaliswa ngokomzimba ukubhekwa (Figure 6.3). I panopticon kuyinto isakhiwo isiyingi nge amakamelo ngamakhasimende bezungeza kwenqaba central. Whoever ithatha le kwenqaba Ungakwazi ukugcina ukuziphatha bonke abantu emakamelweni. Futhi, ngalokujulile, abantu emakamelweni abakwazi ukugcina umuntu kuyi-Nqabayokulinda. Umuntu kuyi-Nqabayokulinda Ngakho i umboni ezingabonwayo (Foucault 1995) .

Figure 6.3: Design ejele panopticon, okokuqala ehlongozwayo by Jeremy Bentham. In the centre, kukhona i umboni ongabonakali Ungakwazi ukugcina ukuziphatha wonke umuntu futhi ayikwazi waphawula. Drawing by Willey Reveley, 1791. Source: Wikimedia Commons .

Empeleni, ukubhekwa digital ngokwedlulele nakakhulu kunomuntu Enqabeni ngoba ungaveza irekhodi ephelele digital ukuziphatha zingagcinwa phakade (Mayer-Schönberger 2009) . Nakuba ingekho okwamanje ukurekhoda ezigcwele zonke ekuziphatheni kwabantu benziwe database master, izinto ezihamba kulolo hlangothi. Futhi, lokho ukunyakaza tando ningi cishe lokhu kusazoqhubeka njengoba nje amakhono izinzwa iyaqhubeka yanda, izindleko isitoreji uyaqhubeka yehle, futhi ngaphezulu ekuphileni kwethu abe umlamuleli-computer.

Ukuze abacwaningi abaningi social lemininingwane inkosi eyayingase ekucaleni ezizwakala zijabulisa, futhi wayengasho neze ingasetshenziswa for bacwaninga ezibalulekile. Nokho, izazi zomthetho, ziye zanikeza igama elehlukile kule database enkosini: database of incithakalo (Ohm 2010) . Kudalwa ngisho akuphelele inkosi database kungaba nomphumela athusayo on ekuphileni kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe uma abantu babe engazimisele ukufunda izinto ezithile noma sixoxe ngezihloko ezithile (Schauer 1978; Penney 2016) . Kukhona nengozi ukuthi database inkosi, kanti wadala omunye injongo-ngithi izikhangiso-angase sokukhomba ngelinye ilanga ingasetshenziswa ngenjongo ehlukene, nesimo esibizwa zamabanga ukusetshenziswa. Isibonelo esithinta ezinyantisayo unanticipated zamabanga ukusetshenziswa kwenzeka ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili lapho ekhipha umyalo wokuba kubalwe uhulumeni idatha-master database langaleso sikhathi-, yasetshenziselwa ukwehlisa lula ukuqothulwa kohlanga ukuthi okwakwenzeka ngokumelene namaJuda, Roma, nabanye (Table 6.1) (Seltzer and Anderson 2008) . The labantu ngubani baqoqa idatha phakathi nezikhathi obunokuthula cishe ngokuqinisekile babenezinhloso ezinhle. Kodwa, lapho Umhlaba-lapho amaNazi weza wathatha amandla okubusa eJalimane futhi nasemazweni angomakhelwane-le datha amandla zamabanga ukusetshenziswa aliphindanga okuhloswe. Once database master likhona, kunzima ukucabanga kusengaphambili ukuthi ubani angathola ukufinyeleleka nokuthi kuyosetshenziswa.

Abacwaningi Ordinary yokuzijabulisa kakhulu, kude kakhulu okunje ngokudala imiphumela amakhaza emphakathini noma ingahlanganyeli ukuhlukunyezwa onengqondo ngokusebenzisa zamabanga ukusetshenziswa. I okhethe Nokho ukudingida lezi zihloko, ngoba ngicabanga ukuthi kuzosiza abacwaningi social uqonde lens okuyothi abanye abantu kwabo bayakuwubona umsebenzi wabo. Ake ubuyele the Taste, Ties, futhi Time project, isibonelo. By ukuhlanganisa idatha ndawonye ephelele futhi luyimbudumbudu ku-Facebook idatha ephelele futhi luyimbudumbudu eHarvard, abacwaningi wadala umbono ocebile ngokumangalisayo sokuphila namasiko bafundi (Lewis et al. 2008) . Ukuze abacwaningi abaningi social lokhu kubonakala like the master database, inqubo eyayingase isetshenziswe kube kuhle. Kodwa, ukuze abanye, kubukeka sengathi ekuqaleni database of incithakalo ukuthi wadalwa ngaphandle kwemvume ababambiqhaza. I Taste, Ties, futhi Time project kwaqala ngo-2006, futhi ulwazi lokuthi abacwaningi kwadingeka wayengekho yangasese ikakhulukazi. Kodwa, uma ubheka phambili kancane ungacabanga ukuthi lezi zinto cishe ukuze uthole eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Hlobo luni lwezinto yokufekethisa digital ngeke abacwaningi bakghone ukwakha mayelana abafundi 2026 noma 2046?

Ngaphezu kwalokhu mass ukubhekwa, abacwaningi-aphinde ngokubambisana nezinkampani kanye nohulumeni-kungaba ngokuya ehlelekile angenele ezimpilweni zabantu ukuze adale nemaresiphi randomized elawulwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Contagion Emotional, abacwaningi wabhalisa abantu 700.000 in UCWANINGO ngaphandle kwemvume yabo noma nokuqwashisa. Futhi, njengoba Ngachaza kabanzi ngazo eSahlukweni 5 (Ukugijima nemaresiphi), lolu hlobo izinsizwa imfihlo ababambiqhaza nemaresiphi akuyona into engavamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it akudingi ukubambisana ezinkampani ezinkulu. Njengoba Ngachaza kabanzi ngazo eSahlukweni 5, abacwaningi ngokuya nokwakha nemaresiphi digital with zero izindleko variable, isakhiwo izindleko eyenza ucwaningo nalokho ezinkulu ngokweqile. Like ikhono agcine, ikhono ehlelekile perturb cishe lokhu kusazoqhubeka ukuze zikhule.

In the face lawo mandla anda, abacwaningi babhekene imithetho nesimiso sobuntu sokuhlalisana ngokuthula futhi ezedlulayo, imithetho, kanye nokuthuthukiswa. Omunye wemithombo yale ukuguquguquka wukuthi amakhono yobudala digital lishintsha ngokushesha okukhulu kunemithetho, imithetho, kanye nokuthuthukiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho Common (isethi elawula kahulumeni kakhulu ucwaningo abaxhaswe United States) ayishintshanga kangako kusukela 1981. ngomzamo nesimanje noMthetho Ovamile waqala ngo-2011 kodwa kwakungeyona ephelele njengoba kwehlobo lika-2016 A yesibili umthombo ukuguquguquka wukuthi kwezinkambiso nxazonke imiqondo abstract like nobumfihlo namanje ayenziwa kwaphikiswana abacwaningi, abenzi inqubomgomo, kanye isishoshovu. Uma ongoti kulezi zindawo abakwazi ukufinyelela ekuvumelaneni umfaniswano, akufanele silindele ukuthi abacwaningi enokwehla noma ababambiqhaza ngeke bafinyelele ekuvumelaneni noma. Umthombo final ye ukuguquguquka wukuthi ucwaningo yobudala digital ngokuya exubile zibe nokunye okuqukethwe, okuholela kwezinkambiso ezingabangela ezedlulayo kanye nemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, Contagion Emotional kwaba ukubambisana phakathi usosayensi idatha at Facebook kanye uprofesa yezifundiswa student at Cornell. At Facebook egijima kwenziwa ucwaningo enkulu sekuyinsakavukela inqobo nje uma nemibandela Facebook of service, futhi ngaleso sikhathi, kwakungekho ukubuyekeza third-party ucwaningo. Ngesikhathi Cornell inkambiso imithetho awafani; cishe bonke nemaresiphi kumele ibuyekezwe Cornell IRB. Ngakho, okuyinto imidanti okufanele zilawule Emotional Contagion-Facebook noma Cornell sika? Lapho kukhona imithetho nesimiso sobuntu sokuhlalisana ngokuthula futhi ezedlulayo, imithetho, kanye nokuthuthukiswa ngisho abanezinhloso abacwaningi kungase unenkinga nenza into enhle ngempela. Eqinisweni, ngenxa ukungalandelani, okungenzeka ukuthi abanayo ngisho kube khona ngisho nento eyodwa kwesokudla.

Sekukonke, lezi zici-obandayo amabili amandla kanye nokuntuleka isivumelwano mayelana nendlela lawo mandla kufanele asetshenziselwe-zisho ukuthi abacwaningi abasebenza yobudala digital bazoya abhekane zezinselele zezindinganiso esikhathini esizayo. Ngenhlanhla, abacwaningi obhekene nalezi zinselele akudingeki ukuqala kabusha. Kunalokho, abacwaningi esingacaphuna ukuhlakanipha izimiso ngaphambilini asethuthukile zesimilo nezinhlaka, izihloko izigaba ezimbili olandelayo.