3.3.2 Kukhuluma

Ukumeda imayelana Ukusebenzisa amasu okuqondisisa: kulokho wabaphenduli yakho ukusho lokho wabaphenduli yakho ucabange futhi wenze.

Isigaba sesibili Imininingwane kohlaka iphutha inhlolovo kuyinto nesilinganiso; sikhulumela ukuthi singamenza kanjani okucatshangwayo kusukela izimpendulo wokuthi ukunikeza zemibuzo yethu. It kuvela ukuthi izimpendulo sithola, futhi ngenxa yalokho okucatshangwayo esizenzayo, bathembele izindlela-on ngokuhlolisisa-futhi ngezinye izikhathi ayamangalisa esiyicelayo ncamashi kanjani. Mhlawumbe lutho esibonisa lokhu iphuzu elibalulekile ungcono kunendoda ihlaya kule ncwadi emangalisayo Ukubuza Imibuzo by Norman Bradburn, Seymour Sudman, Brian Wansink (2004) :

Abefundisi ababili, a Dominican futhi ongumJesuit, baxoxisana kungakhathaliseki kuyisono ukuba ngibheme futhi bathandaze ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngemva kokuhluleka ukuba sifinyelele isiphetho, ngamunye likhala ukuze abonisane kunaye abafanele. I Dominican uthi: "Yini eyashiwo yakho kunathi?"

I ongumJesuit esabela, "Uthe alright."

"Kuyahlekisa lokhu," eDominican uyaphendula, "Umphathi wami uthe isono."

I ongumJesuit wathi: "Naphuma ningakaceli nakucela kuye?" Lo Dominican uyaphendula: "Ngambuza uma bekungenjongo alright ukuba ngibheme ngesikhathi ethandaza." "O," kusho lo ongumJesuit, "Ngambuza uma kulungile ukuba bathandaze ngesikhathi ukubhema."

Kunezibonelo eziningi anomalies esinjengaleso esaba khona, futhi abapristi ababili. Eqinisweni, wona kanye lo magazini empandeni lokhu lwamancoko has igama emphakathini ucwaningo inhlolovo: Umbuzo ifomu imiphumela (Kalton and Schuman 1982) . Ukuze ubone ukuthi ifomu umbuzo imiphumela engase nomthelela survey Okuyınqo, lesi sihloko sizocabangela le mibuzo efanayo kakhulu emibili inhlolovo looking:

• "Kungakanani Uvumelana nala mazwi alandelayo: Abantu maningi okufanele asolwe ukwedlula izimo zenhlalo ubugebengu nokungabi namthetho kulelizwe."
• "Kungakanani uvumelana nesitatimende elandelayo: izimo Social maningi ngokuqhosha ukusola kunabantu ubugebengu nokungabi namthetho kulelizwe."

Nakuba kokubili imibuzo avele ukukala into efanayo, benza kuye kwaba nemiphumela ehlukene sokuhlolwa inhlolovo real (Schuman and Presser 1996) . Lapho ebuzwa one way, cishe 60% ​​of okwaxoxwa nabo yabika ukuthi abantu babeyithanda kakhulu yikho okumele kusolwe ngokushona nobugebengu, kodwa uma ebuzwa enye indlela mayelana 60% labika ukuthi izimo zenhlalo babe banengi yikho okumele kusolwe (Figure 3.2). Ngamanye amazwi, umehluko encane phakathi imibuzo emibili lungaholela abacwaningi ukuba esiphethweni esihlukile.

Figure 3.2: Ezenye kusuka experiment inhlolovo (Schuman and Presser 1996, Table 8.1) . Abacwaningi ungathola izimpendulo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi babuza ukuthi awakhe kanjani lo mbuzo. Lena isibonelo nomphumela ifomu umbuzo (Kalton and Schuman 1982) .

Ngaphezu isakhiwo umbuzo, abaphendula imibuzo futhi anganikeza izimpendulo ezahlukene esekelwe amagama athile asetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze akale imibono mayelana nezinto eziza kuqala kukahulumeni, abantu okwaxoxwa nabo funda ngokushesha elandelayo:

"Sibhekene nezinkinga eziningi kuleli lizwe, engekho kuzo zingaxazululwa kalula noma ephansi. Ngizofika sibala ezinye zalezi zinkinga, futhi yilowo nalowo Ngingathanda ukuba ungitshele ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi ochitha imali eningi kakhulu phezu kwalo, imali encane kakhulu, noma mayelana isilinganiso esifanele. "

". Aid for abampofu" Okulandelayo, nenxenye yababusi abantu okwaxoxwa nabo babuzwa mayelana 'inhlalakahle "nenxenye bebuzwa mayelana Nakuba lezi kungaba sengathi izinkulumo ezimbili ezahlukene into efanayo, benza sezempi emiphumeleni ehluke kakhulu (Figure 3.3); BaseMelika nombiko okuningi esekelayo of 'aid abantu abampofu? "Kuna" zezenhlalakahle " (Smith 1987; Rasinski 1989; Huber and Paris 2013) . Nakuba inhlolovo abacwaningi cabanga miphumela amagama athile ukuze abe anomalies, bakwazi ababheke okutholakele ucwaningo. Okungukuthi, siye safunda okuthile mayelana nemibono yomphakathi kusukela kulesi Chile.

Figure 3.3: Ezenye kusuka Huber and Paris (2013) . Esakhuluma kukhona okuningi esekelayo of 'aid abantu abampofu? "Kuna" zezenhlalakahle. "Lena isibonelo nomphumela umbuzo Indlela indaba ebekwe ngayo lapho izimpendulo abacwaningi ukuthola esithembele kuso kahle hle ukuthi yiziphi emagama labawaphimisako ukusebenzisa imibuzo yabo.

Njengoba lezi zibonelo zaleyo mibuzo ifomu imiphumela Indlela indaba ebekwe ngayo nemiphumela ubonise, izimpendulo abacwaningi ukuthola zingathonywa ngezindlela ezicashile esekelwe they buza ukuthi imibuzo yabo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi izinhlolo-vo akukafanele lisetjentiswe; ngokuvamile akekho choice. Kunalokho, izibonelo ezibonisa ukuthi kufanele sakha imibuzo yethu ngokucophelela futhi akufanele samukele izimpendulo uncritically.

Iningi babukana, lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ehlaziya idatha inhlolovo eqoqwe ngothile, qiniseka ukuthi ufundile lemibuzo langempela. Futhi, uma udala lemibuzo yakho siqu, enginakho iziphakamiso ezintathu. Okokuqala, mina asikisela ufunda okwengeziwe mayelana lwemibuzo design (isib, Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) ); kukhona nokwengeziwe Ngiye ngakwazi ukusebenza ukuchaza lapha. Okwesibili, mina basikisela ukuthi ukopisha-ngokwezwi nezwi-imibuzo kusukela survey eliphezulu. Nakuba lokhu kuzwakala umqondo womunye, imibuzo kukopa kuyakhuthazwa ucwaningo Inhlolovo (inqobo nje uma usho inhlolovo original). Uma ukopisha imibuzo kusukela survey eliphezulu, ungaqiniseka ukuthi baye ihlolwe futhi ungakwazi ukuqhathanisa izimpendulo inhlolovo yakho ukuze izimpendulo ezivela amanye inhlolovo. Ekugcineni, mina asikisela pre-avivinye imibuzo yakho nabantu abathile Uhlaka labantu bakho (Presser et al. 2004) ; isipiliyoni sami wukuthi pre-testing njalo kwembula nezindaba isimanga.