3.6.2 ukubuza kwakucebisa

Nakuba kungase kube zingcolile, ezibuza kwakucebisa kungaba namandla.

A ezahlukene ndlela sokubhekana incompleteness digital trace data yokucebisa ngqo ne idatha inhlolovo, inqubo ukuthi ngizobuya ukubiza ukubuza lufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu. Esinye sezibonelo ezibuza abasizakali isifundo esiphathelene Burke and Kraut (2014) , okuyinto I ezichazwe ekuqaleni isahluko (Isigaba 3.2), mayelana nokuthi ngabe abasizanayo on Facebook kwandisa amandla ubungane. Kuleso simo, Burke futhi Kraut kuhlangene data inhlolovo nge idatha yefayela yokungena Facebook.

Nokho, uhlelo Burke futhi Kraut babesebenza, kwakusho ukuthi abazange babe ukubhekana nezinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu abacwaningi ukwenza lufinyelele ezingeni becela ubuso. Okokuqala, empeleni oxhumanisa i-ndawonye idatha lishona-inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi irekhodi nokuxhumanisa, ukufanisa irekhodi kwelinye kudathasethi irekhodi elifanele ezinye kudathasethi-kungaba nzima futhi iphutha yizikhukhula (uzoba sibona isibonelo salokhu nkinga ngezansi ). Inkinga yesibili esemqoka ye ezibuza abasizakali wukuthi izinga iminonjana digital kuyoba njalo kube nzima abacwaningi ukuba ukuhlola. Ngokwesibonelo, ngezinye izikhathi inqubo okuyothi is eqoqwe nokuphathelene futhi singachayeka eziningi izinkinga ezichazwe eSahlukweni 2. Ngamanye amazwi, ezibuza kwakucebisa kuzobandakanya njalo iphutha yizikhukhula Ukuhlotshaniswa vo abamnyama-box imithombo idatha ye ayaziwa izinga. Naphezu ukukhathazeka ukuthi lezi zinkinga ezimbili ukwethula, kungenzeka ukuba ukuqhuba ucwaningo ebalulekile lelisu njengoba kwaboniswa uStefanu Ansolabehere futhi Eitan Hersh (2012) e ucwaningo lwabo on amaphetheni yokuvota e-US. Kuyazuzisa ukuhlaba hamba phezu kulolu cwaningo imininingwane ngoba iningi emasu Ansolabehere futhi Hersh ithuthukiswe kuyoba usizo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza kokubuza abasizakali.

Umvoti abeze kuye kwaba ndaba yocwaningo olunzulu e wezifundo zezombusazwe, futhi esikhathini esidlule, ukuqonda abacwaningi 'of ngubani amavoti futhi kungani Ngokuvamile esekelwe analysis of idatha inhlolovo. Nokho, Ukuvota eU.S., kuyinto ukuziphatha engavamile amarekhodi uhulumeni noma isakhamuzi ngasinye liye basuswa (Yiqiniso, ayihambisani ukurekhoda ngubani ngamunye amavoti okuba yisakhamuzi). Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, le mibhalo yokuvota kukahulumeni ezazitholakala on paper amafomu, zihlakazeke namahhovisi kahulumeni wasekhaya ezihlukahlukene kulo lonke izwe. Lokhu kwakwenza ukuthi kube nzima, kodwa akuyona into engenakwenzeka, ososayensi baye ezombusazwe ukuba abe ophelele labavoti futhi ukuqhathanisa ukuthi abantu bathini vo iqondene nokuvotela langempela yabo yokuvota ukuziphatha (Ansolabehere and Hersh 2012) .

Kodwa, manje lawa marekhodi ukuvota baye computer, futhi eziningi izinkampani ezizimele baye ehlelekile eqoqwe futhi ahlangane akhe lawa marekhodi yokuvota ukukhiqiza olunzulu amafayela inkosi zokuvota alobe ukuziphatha yokuvota yonke baseMelika. Ansolabehere futhi Hersh abambisene nge kwenye yalezi zinkampani-Catalist LCC-ukuze usebenzise ifayela yabo yokuvota master ukusiza ukuthuthukisa isithombe esingcono labavoti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi izingane babethembele amarekhodi digital eqoqwe futhi zikhethwa yinkampani, yayiyindawo eziningi eziwusizo phezu kwemizamo odlule abacwaningi okwakwenziwe ngaphandle kosizo izinkampani kanye besebenzisa ikhamera analog.

Njengabanye abaningi abangontanga digital trace imithombo eSahlukweni 2, lo Catalist inkosi ifayela akazange zihlanganisa ukwaziswa okuningi indaba ekhanga abantu babo, ukuziphatha nokucabanga, nesimilo ukuthi Ansolabehere futhi Hersh ezidingekayo. Ngaphezu kwalolu lwazi, Ansolabehere kanye Hersh baba nesithakazelo ngokukhethekile uma kuqhathaniswa libike ukuziphatha yokuvota sasebenza ukuziphatha yokuvota (ie, ulwazi egciniwe Catalist). Ngakho, abacwaningi baqoqa idatha nokuthi bayasifuna nanjengencenye yeluhlelo lwekutfutfukiswa kwetinhlelo Cooperative mthetho Sase Election Study (CCES), ucwaningo enkulu social. Okulandelayo, abacwaningi wanika le datha Catalist, futhi Catalist wanika abacwaningi angaleseka ifayela ehlanganisiwe idatha ukuthi kwakuhlanganisa sasebenza ukuziphatha yokuvota (kusuka Catalist), self-libike ukuziphatha yokuvota (kusuka CCES) kanye nabakuthandayo nezimo zengqondo wabaphenduli (kusuka CCES ). Ngamanye amazwi, Ansolabehere futhi Hersh kwakucebisa idatha sokuvota zedathamininikwane, umphumela ifayela elihlanganisiwe kubasiza ukuba wenze okuthile obungase neither ifayela inikwe amandla ngabanye.

By ekwandiseni Catalist master ifayela yemininingwane nge idatha inhlolovo, Ansolabehere futhi Hersh beza iziphetho ezintathu ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, phezu-yokubika lokuvota idlange khona: cishe isigamu se-non-abavoti libike yokuvota. Noma, ngenye indlela yokubheka kuba uma othile wabika yokuvota, kukhona kuphela 80% chance ukuthi empeleni bavotela. Okwesibili, phezu-yokubika akuyona okungahleliwe; phezu-yokubika kuvamile phakathi engenayo ephezulu, izifundiswa, amaqembu alezi zishoshovu abenza ezindabeni zomphakathi. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu abakhuluphele cishe ukuvota nazo Sivame amanga yokuvota. Okwesithathu, futhi iningi kabi, ngenxa yemvelo ehlelekile kuka-yokubika, umehluko langempela phakathi abavoti kanye non-abavoti mancane kokuphonswe yibo avele nje vo. Ngokwesibonelo, labo ngezinga Bachelors ziphathelene 22 ngemaphesenti maningi amathuba okuba ukubika yokuvota, kodwa kukhona 10 kuphela iphesenti amaphuzu maningi amathuba okuba ivoti langempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ekhona resource-based lokuvota kungcono kakhulu ngesikhathi ukubikezela ngubani azobika yokuvota kuka empeleni amavoti, i okwatholakala enokwehla izingcingo zezinkolelo-mbono omusha ukuba baqonde futhi ukubikezela yokuvota.

Kodwa, kungakanani kufanele sithembele lezi imiphumela? Khumbula lezi imiphumela ixhomeke iphutha yizikhukhula Ukuhlotshaniswa abamnyama-box idatha ngemadlana elingaziwa iphutha. Ngini ngokuqondile, imiphumela lomnyango on izinyathelo ezimbili ezibalulekile: 1) ikhono Catalist ukuhlanganisa abaningi disparate imithombo idatha ikhiqiza olunembile master datafile kanye 2) ikhono Catalist ukuze ukuxhumanisa idatha ucwaningo master yayo datafile. Ngayinye yalezi zinyathelo kunzima impela namaphutha nolulodwa isinyathelo kwakungase kuholele abacwaningi ukuba iziphetho ezingafanele. Nokho, kokubili processing idatha kanye elimetjhako kuyizinto ezisemqoka kakhulu ukuba khona Catalist njengoba inkampani ngakho ongonga izinsiza ekuxazululeni lezi zinkinga, ngokuvamile ngemali ngezinga okungekho umcwaningi ngabanye academic noma iqembu labacwaningi ongaba. In the Ukufunda kabanzi ekupheleni kwesahluko, ngichaze lezi zinkinga ngokuningiliziwe nendlela Ansolabehere futhi Hersh nokuzethemba imiphumela yabo. Nakuba le mininingwane ethize kule cwaningo, nezindaba ezifana nalezi kuyovela ngoba abanye abacwaningi abafisa ukuba uxhumanise abamnyama-box trace digital imithombo idatha.

Yiziphi izifundo jikelele abacwaningi abangayithola emazwini kulolu cwaningo? Okokuqala, kukhona value elikhulu kusukela ekwandiseni iminonjana digital with zedathamininikwane. Okwesibili, nakuba lezi uquqaba, imithombo idatha commercial akufanele kubhekwe njengento engeyona "emhlabathini iqiniso", kwezinye izimo baba kungaba wusizo. Empeleni, kungcono ukuba uqhathanise le mithombo idatha Iqiniso eliphelele (kusuka lapho-ke bayokuwa iDemo njalo). Kunalokho, kungcono eziqhathanisa eminye imithombo idatha etholakalayo, okuyinto cishe njalo ziyama zinamaphutha kanye.