3.5.1 kwezivivinyo Ecological besikhashana

Abacwaningi kungaba nquma up survey big futhi afafaze kubo ekuphileni kwabantu.

Lokhu kwelekelela ukuhlolwa okwenziwa Ecological besikhashana (EMA) kuhilela survey yendabuko, ukugawulwa baba izicucu, futhi ukufafaza nabo ezimpilweni ababambiqhaza. Ngakho, imibuzo inhlolovo ingabutwa ngesikhathi esifanele futhi indawo, kunokuba eside interview ngemva kwamasonto izenzakalo azibikezela ziye zenzeka.

EMA libhekene izici ezine: (1) ukuqoqwa idatha ezindaweni bomhlaba wangempela; (2) Lokhu kwelekelela ukuhlolwa okwenziwa ukuthi agxile uthi abantu 'wamanje noma yamuva kakhulu noma ukuziphatha okunjalo; (3) Lokhu kwelekelela ukuhlolwa okwenziwa okungase kube umcimbi-based, isikhathi-based, noma ngezikhathi utshelwa (kuye ngokuthi umbuzo ucwaningo); kanye (4) ukuphothulwa kwezivivinyo amaningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (Stone and Shiffman 1994) . EMA yindlela kufane nokubuza ukuthi lula kakhulu nge amafoni smart ukuthi abantu basebenzisane njalo usuku lonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi amafoni smart Agcwele izinzwa-njengabahlinzeki be-GPS futhi accelerometers-kuba kungenzeka ukuqala izilinganiso ngokusekelwe umsebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-smart phone babengase zahlelwa kushiya umbuzo inhlolovo uma ummangalelwa engena endaweni ethile.

Isithembiso EMA is kamnandi efanekiselwa ucwaningo ocwaningeni sikaNawomi Sugie. Kusukela 1970 ephawulekayo United States liye landa inani labantu ukuthi Ibopha. Njengoba of 2005, abangaba ngu-500 nsuku 100,000 baseMelika babesejele, a izinga iboshiwe ephakeme ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi enye emhlabeni (Wakefield and Uggen 2010) . I yokwanda kwenani labantu abangena ejele buye yokwanda kwenani labantu kokuphuma ejele; Abantu abangaba ngu-700.000 ushiye ejele unyaka ngamunye (Wakefield and Uggen 2010) . Lezi ex-izaphula-mthetho abhekane nezinselele ezinzima phezu kokuphuma ejele, futhi ngeshwa abaningi bagcina emuva ejele. Ukuze baqonde futhi ukunciphisa recidivism, ososayensi bezenhlalo nabenzi bemithetho kudingeka baqonde lokho abhekana nakho u ex-izaphula-mthetho njengoba uphinde ufake umphakathi. Nokho, lezi idatha Kunzima ukuqoqa izindlela inhlolovo standard ngoba ex-izaphula-mthetho zivame ukuba nzima ukuba ngitadishe nokuba ukuphila kwabo sibi kakhulu. Ukumeda kusondela ukuthi akusebenzise survey njalo ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa miss umzukuzuku Dynamics ezimpilweni zabo (Sugie 2016) .

Ukuze ukutadisha inqubo kabusha ukungena ex-izaphula-mthetho ngobuciko okukhulu, Sugie wathatha indinganiso Amathuba isampula abantu 131 kusukela uhlu oluphelele abantu kokuphuma ejele e Newark, New Jersey. Wanikeza umuntu ngamunye owayekhona nge smart phone ukuthi waba ocebile iqoqo idatha platform. Sugie esetshenziswa amafoni ukuba libhekele izinhlobo ezimbili vo. Okokuqala, yena wathumela "nakho izibonelo zalokho inhlolovo" ngesikhathi ngezikhathi akhethiwe phakathi 9am futhi 6pm sibuza abahlanganyeli mayelana nemisebenzi abayenzayo kanye nemizwa. Okwesibili, ngo-7pm, yena wathumela "Inhlolo-vo nsuku zonke" ibuza yonke imisebenzi ngalolo suku. Zizonke lezi survey ezimbili ahlinzeke enemininingwane, idatha longitudinal mayelana izimpilo zalaba ex-izaphula-mthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalezi survey, amafoni aqoshiwe indawo yabo ngokwezwe ngezikhathi ezithile futhi waqhubeka amarekhodi zombhalo we call nombhalo meta-data. Konke lokhu iqoqo idatha, ikakhulukazi ungawusebenzisi iqoqo idatha, kuphakamisa imibuzo zokuziphatha, kodwa design Sugie sika iphathwe kahle. Sugie wathola imvume ezwakalayo unolwazi kusuka ngamunye owayekhona salokhu iqoqo idatha, wasebenzisa Ukuvikeleka ezifanele zokuphepha, futhi inikwe amandla abahlanganyeli ukuvala yokulandelela zokuma kwezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze unciphise ingozi ukudalulwa ngempoqo idatha (isib, amasamanisi amaphoyisa), Sugie etholwe iSitifiketi Imfihlo kusuka kuhulumeni wezwe ngaphambi kwanoma iyiphi idatha eqoqwe (Beskow, Dame, and Costello 2008; Wolf et al. 2012) . izinqubo Sugie BakaJehova babengathathi ibuyekezwe third-party (university wakhe Institutional Review Board), futhi wawanika okungaphezu kwalokho okutlhogekako kuhlangana kuhle imithetho ekhona. Ngenxa yalokho, ngicabanga umsebenzi wakhe ihlinzeka oyisibonelo awusizo for abanye abacwaningi obhekene nalezi zinselele efanayo; bheka Sugie (2014) kanye Sugie (2016) ukuze uthole ingxoxo eningiliziwe.

Ikhono kulondeke bese ubamba umsebenzi ozinzile kubalulekile eliphumelelayo reentry inqubo. Nokho, Sugie bathola ukuthi ababambiqhaza wakhe nakho msebenzi babeyizikhonzi informal, zesikhashana, kanye wawutholakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphakathi umhlanganyeli wakhe pool, kwakukhona amaphethini ezine ezihlukene: "ophumayo zakuqala" (labo aqale ukufuna umsebenzi kodwa ke baphume emakethe yezabasebenzi), "search esiphikelelayo" (labo chitha enkulu yenkathi ukufuna umsebenzi) , "okuqhubekayo umsebenzi" (labo chitha enkulu yenkathi ukusebenza), futhi "Ukusabela ongaphakeme" (labo ungaphenduli survey njalo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, Sugie wayefuna ukuba aziqonde ngokunembe kakhudlwana ngabantu bayayeka ukufuna imisebenzi. Kungenzeka ukuthi lezi abacwaningi sidumale futhi ngicindezelekile futhi ekugcineni baphume emakethe yezabasebenzi. Ekuqaphela lokhu kungenzeka, Sugie esetshenziswa survey wakhe ukuqoqa idatha mayelana isimo esingokomzwelo ababambiqhaza, futhi wathola ukuthi "zakuqala ophumayo" iqembu akazange abike amazinga athe thuthu ukucindezeleka noma ukungajabuli. Kunalokho, lithi kufanele sizikhethe esizikholelwayo kwakunjalo: kulabo ababeqhubeka ukucinga umsebenzi libike imizwa more lokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo. Konke lokhu okuncane, imininingwane longitudinal mayelana nokuziphatha isimo esingokomzwelo owayengunkosikazi ezashiywa isikhathi kubalulekile ukuze uqonde izithiyo ababhekana nazo futhi ubuhlungu inguqulelo yabo emuva emphakathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, konke lokhu imininingwane okuncane ngabe yeqiwe lapho kuhlolwa standard.

Kukhona izifundo ezintathu jikelele umsebenzi Sugie sika. Okokuqala, izindlela ezintsha becela kuyahambisana nezindlela ezivamile of izibonelo zalokho; ukhumbule, ukuthi Sugie wathatha standard ematfuba isampula kusuka kahle ichazwe uzimele labantu. Okwesibili, high-imvamisa, izilinganiso longitudinal bangaba usizo ikakhulukazi ngokufundela nakho zomphakathi okungamukelekile ashukumisayo. Okwesithathu, lapho inhlolovo iqoqo idatha kuhlangene izibazi digital, kungavela izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nezimiso zokuziphatha ezengeziwe. Mina ngizoba aphathe izimiso zokuhle ucwaningo ngokuningiliziwe eSahlukweni 6, kodvwa luvumele umsebenti lowentiwako Sugie kubonisa ukuthi lezi zinto addressable ngokokukhetha kwabacwaningi ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza futhi ukucabangela.