ukuhlaziya Okwengeziwe

Lesi sigaba yakhelwe ukuba lisetshenziswe njengeHholo reference, kunokuba ukuze ifundwe njengoba lelandzisako.

• Isingeniso (Isigaba 3.1)

Abaningi themes kulesi sahluko Kuye wawuzwakala Amakheli yamuva Presidential at American Association of Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), ezifana Dillman (2002) , Newport (2011) , Santos (2014) , kanye Link (2015) .

Ukuze uthole olunye nomlando mayelana nokuthuthukiswa ucwaningo inhlolovo, bheka Smith (1976) kanye Converse (1987) . Ukuze uthole olunye on umqondo ka nangenkathi ezintathu ucwaningo inhlolovo, bheka Groves (2011) kanye Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2008) (okuyinto ibhidliza nangenkathi ezintathu kancane ngendlela ehlukile).

Inani ngaphakathi aphuma ngowokuqala kwenkathi wesibili e ucwaningo inhlolovo kuyinto Groves and Kahn (1979) , okwenza ukuthi inhloko-to-ekhanda ngokuziqhathanisa okuningiliziwe phakathi ubuso nobuso futhi ngocingo inhlolovo. Brick and Tucker (2007) ubheka emuva ngesikhathi izenzakalo ezingokomlando senhlavu okungahleliwe izindlela lokudayela sampling.

Ukuze uthole olunye kanjani ucwaningo Inhlolovo iye yashintsha esikhathini esidlule eziphendula izinguquko emphakathini, bheka Tourangeau (2004) , Mitofsky (1989) , kanye Couper (2011) .

• Ukubuza vs. kokubona (Isigaba 3.2)

Sathi singezwa ngokungathathi uthi zangaphakathi ngokubuza imibuzo kungaba yinkinga ngoba ngezinye izikhathi abaphendula ngokwabo abawazi ithi yazo yangaphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, Nisbett and Wilson (1977) abe iphepha obuhle isihloko evocative: "Ukukhuluma ezingaphezu kunalokho esingase sikwazi. Imibiko Verbal izinqubo engqondo" In the iphepha abalobi siphethe: "Izikhonzi ngezinye izikhathi (a) unaware of the ukhona ukuthi kwabafaka umfutho kanjani okubaluleke ezathonya impendulo, (b) bangaqondi ngokuba khona abantu basabele kanjani, futhi (c) engazi ukuthi umfutho singafaneleki impendulo. "

Ukuze uthole amaphuzu abonisa ukuthi abacwaningi kufanele bakhetha yokuziphatha okuphawulwe ngayo ekuziphatheni ibike noma izimo zengqondo, bheka Baumeister, Vohs, and Funder (2007) (Psychology) kanye Jerolmack and Khan (2014) kanye izimpendulo (Maynard 2014; Cerulo 2014; Vaisey 2014; Jerolmack and Khan 2014) (Sociology). Umehluko phakathi sibuza nokugcina siba kwezomnotho, lapho abacwaningi ukukhuluma mayelana okuthandwa washo futhi wembula. Ngokwesibonelo, umcwaningi angabuza nokuthi wabaphenduli kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zithanda ukudla ice cream noma uya ejimini (izintandokazi washo) noma ucwaningo ayengazibona kaningi kangakanani abantu badle ice cream ukuya ejimini (izintandokazi kwembulwa). Kukhona zokungabaza ezijulile izinhlobo ezithile kwemininingwane izintandokazi sathi kwezomnotho (Hausman 2012) .

A main theme kusukela kulezizimpikiswano liwukuthi indlela libike olungesilo iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kodwa, ukuziphatha aqoshiwe ngokuzenzakalelayo kungenzeka ingalingani, angeke eqoqwe kuma isampula isithakazelo, futhi kungase kungabi kufinyeleleke abacwaningi. Ngakho, kwezinye izimo, ngicabanga ukuthi ukuziphatha libike kungaba wusizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-yesibili main theme kusukela kulezizimpikiswano wukuthi imibiko ngemizwa, ulwazi, okulindelwe, nemibono azilona iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kodwa, uma ulwazi ngalezi uthi zangaphakathi kudingeka abacwaningi-kungaba ukusiza ukuchaza ukuziphatha ezinye noma njengoba into ukukuchasisela-ke ngibuza kungase kufaneleke.

• Imininingwane Iphutha inhlolovo (Isigaba 3.3)

Ngoba incwadi ubude zokwelapha on Imininingwane Iphutha inhlolovo, bheka Groves et al. (2009) noma Weisberg (2005) . Ukuze uthole umlando ekuthuthukiseni Imininingwane Iphutha inhlolovo, bheka Groves and Lyberg (2010) .

Ngamagama ukumelwa, isingeniso omkhulu nezindaba non-Ukusabela kanye non-Ukusabela noma ukuchema kuzo umbiko National Research Council on Nonresponse Social Science Surveys: A Research Agenda (2013) . Enye Uhlolojikelele ewusizo bunikezwa (Groves 2006) . Futhi, yonke nezindaba ekhethekile ka Journal of Official Statistics, Public Opinion Quarterly, nethi Imilando Yobukhosi Bamuva American Academy of Political and Social Science eziye zanyatheliswa ngesihloko non-Ukusabela. Ekugcineni, kunezindlela empeleni eziningi kokubala izinga impendulo ezihlukahlukene; lezi zindlela zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe umbiko American Association of Public Opinion Abacwaningi (AAPOR) (Public Opinion Researchers} 2015) .

The 1936 Literary Digest poll ibilokhu wafunda ngokuningiliziwe (Bryson 1976; Squire 1988; Cahalan 1989; Lusinchi 2012) . It iye yasetshenziswa njengendlela umzekeliso ukuba baxwayise ozenzekelayo iqoqo idatha (Gayo-Avello 2011) . Ngo-1936, uGeorge Gallup babesebenzisa uhlobo eyindida ngaphezulu izibonelo zalokho, futhi wakwazi ukukhiqiza tilinganiso ezinembile kakhudlwana nge isampula elincane nakakhulu. Impumelelo Gallup phezu Literary Digest lwaba ingqophamlando ekuthuthukiseni ucwaningo inhlolovo (Converse 1987, Ch 3; Ohmer 2006, Ch 4; Igo 2008, Ch 3) .

Ngamagama yokukala, insiza enhle yokuqala for imibuzo ukuklama kuyinto Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) . Ukuze uthole ukwelashwa eliphezulu kakhulu egxile ngokukhethekile imibuzo sengqondo, bheka Schuman and Presser (1996) . Ngini on imibuzo pre-testing iyatholakala ku Presser and Blair (1994) , Presser et al. (2004) , kanye eSahlukweni 8 Groves et al. (2009) .

Ukwelapha Classic, incwadi-ubude ukuhweba phakathi inhlolovo izindleko inhlolovo enamaphutha Groves (2004) .

• Ubani ukubuza (Isigaba 3.4)

Classic ukwelashwa incwadi-ubude standard ematfuba izibonelo zalokho futhi ukulinganisa kukhona Lohr (2009) (ezethula more) kanye Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (2003) (advanced more). A Classic ukwelashwa incwadi-ubude izindlela post-babhekane nezinga elikhulu futhi uthi Särndal and Lundström (2005) . Kwezinye izinhlelo age digital, abacwaningi bayazi impela kancane mayelana non-Kubantu abaphendula, okwakuyinto bevame esikhathini esidlule. Timo letehlukene non-Ukusabela ukulungiswa kungenzeka uma abacwaningi ulwazi mayelana non-wabaphenduli (Kalton and Flores-Cervantes 2003; Smith 2011) .

The Xbox Ukutadisha Wang et al. (2015) isebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukuhlehla lokuhweba kanye post-babhekane nezinga elikhulu (MRP, ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi "Mnumzane P") evumela ukuthi abacwaningi ukuba bakwazi ukulinganisela cell kusho ngisho nalapho kukhona abaningi, amaseli amaningi. Nakuba kukhona abanye mpikiswano mayelana nekhwalithi ezakhishwa kule nqubo, kubonakala sengathi endaweni ethembisa ukuhlola. Le nqubo kwase kuqala elisetshenziswa Park, Gelman, and Bafumi (2004) , kanye kube ukusetshenziswa eyalandela mpikiswano (Gelman 2007; Lax and Phillips 2009; Pacheco 2011; Buttice and Highton 2013; Toshkov 2015) . Ukuze uthole olunye uxhumano phakathi izisindo ngabanye nezisindo cell-based ukubona Gelman (2007) .

Ukuze Letinye tindlelanchubo vo web sisindvo, bheka Schonlau et al. (2009) , Valliant and Dever (2011) , kanye Bethlehem (2010) .

Sample elimetjhako kwahlongozwa ngu Rivers (2007) . Bethlehem (2015) uveza ukuthi ukusebenza isampula lelihambisana empeleni uyofana ezinye izibonelo zalokho kusondela (isib, izibonelo zalokho wakubo) kanye nezinye ukulungiswa kusondela (isib, post-babhekane nezinga elikhulu). Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi panel online, bheka Callegaro et al. (2014) .

Ngezinye izikhathi abacwaningi baye bathola ukuthi amasampula ematfuba namasampula non-ematfuba ukuthela izilinganiso izinga efanayo (Ansolabehere and Schaffner 2014) , kodwa ezinye iziqhathaniso baye bathola ukuthi amasampula non-okungenzeka okubi (Malhotra and Krosnick 2007; Yeager et al. 2011) . Esinye isizathu esingabangela ukuba lezi umehluko wukuthi amasampula non-okungenzeka ziye zathuthukisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuze uthole umbono ongenathemba lokuhle uhlale ngaphezulu non-ematfuba izindlela izibonelo zalokho ukubona le AAPOR Task Force Non-okungenzeka Isampula (Baker et al. 2013) , mina batusa ukufunda ehlaziya elandela umbiko summary.

Ukuze uthole meta-analysis umphumela sisindvo ukuze kuncishiswe nokuchema amasampula non-okungenzeka, bheka Ithebula 2.4 ekhatsi Tourangeau, Conrad, and Couper (2013) , okuholela abalobi ukuphetha "Ukwenza ukulungisa izwakale ingavumelani izilungiso ewusizo kodwa bayehluleka. . . "

• Indlela ukubuza (Isigaba 3.5)

Conrad and Schober (2008) kunikeza i volume ukuhlelwa osesikhundleni Ukulibona ngeso lengqondo Interview Survey of the Future, futhi esibhekela izihloko eziningi kulesi sigaba. Couper (2011) sibhekelela izindikimba efanayo, futhi Schober et al. (2015) unikeza isibonelo nice sendlela izindlela iqoqo idatha ukuthi yakhelwe uhlelo olusha kungaphumela idatha ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Ukuze uthole esinye isibonelo esithakazelisayo usebenzisa Facebook zokusebenza yohlolo i-social science, bheka Bail (2015) .

Ukuze uthole iseluleko okwengeziwe ekwenzeni survey okuhlangenwe nakho okumnandi futhi eziwusizo abahlanganyeli, bheka umsebenzi ezihlanganisiwe Design Indlela (Dillman, Smyth, and Christian 2014) .

Stone et al. (2007) unikeza ukwelashwa incwadi ubude kodwa sinothe kakhulu ngemvelo yekuhlola lungolomzuzwana futhi izindlela ezihlobene.

• Surveys kuhlobene neminye imininingo (Isigaba 3.6)

Judson (2007) wachaza inqubo esihlanganisa ukuhlola kanye nedatha zokuphatha ngokuthi "ulwazi ukuhlanganiswa," Sixoxa nangezinguquko ezimbalwa izinzuzo le ndlela, futhi unikeza ezinye izibonelo.

Enye indlela ukuthi abacwaningi angasebenzisa iminonjana digital kwemininingwane ehhovisi uhlaka izibonelo zalokho kubantu abane izici ezithile. Nokho, ukufinyelela la marekhodi isetshenziswe luhlaka izibonelo zalokho Ungakha futhi imibuzo ezihlobene ubumfihlo (Beskow, Sandler, and Weinberger 2006) .

Ngokuphathelene ocelayo iyakhula, le ndlela akuyona njengoba entsha ingase ibonakale iyinhle injalo indlela Ngiye echazwe it. Le ndlela likwazi ukuxhumana okujulile izici ezintathu ezinkulu izibalo-model-based post-babhekane nezinga elikhulu (Little 1993) , imputation (Rubin 2004) , kanye ezincane endaweni ukulinganisa (Rao and Molina 2015) . It is futhi ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa eziguquguqukayo ngokwesivumelwano yocwaningo lwezempilo (Pepe 1992) .

Ngaphezu izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nezimiso zokuziphatha mayelana zokufinyelela digital idatha trace, ezibuza iyakhula singasetshenziselwa ukuphetha kwezimfanelo ezingabalulekile lekhombisa kutsi bantfu bangase bakhethe ukuba embule lapho kuhlolwa (Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel 2013) .

Izindleko kanye nesikhathi tilinganiso e Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) ubheke more to okuguquguqukayo izindleko-izindleko izindleko Kwenye inhlolo-futhi ezengeziwe ungafaki fixed ezifana izindleko zokuhlanza ukucubungula idatha yakho yerekhodi. Ngokuvamile, ezibuza iyakhula uyoba cishe eqolo fixed kanye nezindleko aphansi variable efanayo kukubuka digital (bheka iSahluko 4). Imininingwane eyengeziwe on the idatha asetshenziswe Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) ephepheni basesimweni Blumenstock and Eagle (2010) kanye Blumenstock and Eagle (2012) . Izindlela kusukela imputuation amaningi (Rubin 2004) kungase kusize lungabanjwa ungabazane ezakhishwa ezibuza iyakhula. Uma abacwaningi ukwenza iyakhula sibuza kuphela obakhathalelayo ukubalwa sesisonke, kunokuba ngabanye-level zimfanelo, khona-ke kusondela in King and Lu (2008) kanye Hopkins and King (2010) lingase libe usizo. Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi kusondela umshini ofunda Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) , bheka James et al. (2013) (ezethula more) noma Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (advanced more). Enye popular umshini ofunda ebhukwinitifundvo kuyinto Murphy (2012) .

Ngokuphathelene ocelayo kwakucebisa, imiphumela Ansolabehere futhi Hersh (2012) lomnyango on izinyathelo ezimbili ezibalulekile: 1) ikhono Catalist ukuhlanganisa abaningi disparate imithombo idatha ikhiqiza olunembile master datafile kanye 2) ikhono Catalist ukuze ukuxhumanisa idatha ucwaningo master yayo datafile. Ngakho, Ansolabehere futhi Hersh uhlole ngasinye ngokucophelela lezi zinyathelo.

Ukwakha master datafile, Catalist ihlanganisa futhi kuvumelana ulwazi emithonjeni eminingi ehlukene kufaka: multiple amarekhodi yokuvota izifinyezo esimweni ngasinye, idatha kusuka Post Office National Ukushintsha Ikheli Registry, kanye nedatha evela kwabanye abanikezeli commercial esinganqunyiwe, esingashiwongo. Imininingwane ingcaca mayelana nendlela konke lokhu yokuhlanza kanye nokuvela kwenzeka awanakufundwa sale ncwadi, kodwa le nqubo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi aqaphele, ngeke asakaze amaphutha imithombo idatha original futhi sizosungula amaphutha. Nakuba Catalist kwaba ukuxoxa yayo processing idatha kanye nokuhlinzeka ezinye idatha iluhlaza, kwaba akunakwenzeka ngoba abacwaningi ukuba ubuyekeze yonke Catalist idatha amapayipi. Kunalokho, abacwaningi esesimweni lapho ifayela idatha Catalist kwadingeka esingaziwa, futhi mhlawumbe indlela yokumazi, umthamo iphutha. Lena inkinga enkulu ngoba a umhlaziyi angase zicabangela ukuthi umehluko omkhulu phakathi imibiko inhlolovo phezu CCES kanye nokuziphatha in the Catalist ifayela master idatha zazibangelwa amaphutha in ifayela master idatha, hhayi ngesimiso misreporting baphendvuli.

Ansolabehere futhi Hersh wathatha tindlelanchubo ezimbili ezahlukene ekuxazululeni ukukhathazeka izinga idatha. party Okokuqala, ngaphezu ngokuqhathanisa yokuvota yokuzithiba kubikwe ukuvota kule Catalist master ifayela, abacwaningi wabuye waqhathanisa self-libike, uhlanga, isimo wokubhalisela ukuvota (isib, sibhalisiwe noma cha kubhaliswe) kanye indlela yokuvota (isib, ngesiqu, obengekho lokuvota, njll) ukuze lezo zindinganiso ezitholakala kule Catalist yolwazi. Ngoba lezi eziguquguqukayo amane emayelana, abacwaningi bathola amazinga okuningi ephakeme sivumelwano emkhatsini umbiko inhlolovo kanye nedatha kuleli Catalist master ifayela kuka ngokuvota. Ngakho, lo Catalist ifayela master idatha ibonakala ulwazi izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu ngezici nye than yokuvota, esikisela ukuthi akusiyo abampofu izinga jikelele. Okwesibili, ngokwengxenye usebenzisa idatha kusuka Catalist, Ansolabehere futhi Hersh ithuthukiswe izilinganiso ezintathu ezehlukene izinga amarekhodi County yokuvota, bathola ukuthi izinga elilinganisiwe kuka-yokubika lokuvota ebalulekile ezingahlobene iyiphi yalezi zinyathelo quality idatha, sokuthi zisikisela ukuthi amazinga aphakeme kuka-yokubika ungakutholi eliqhutshwa izifunda nge low ngokungajwayelekile quality idatha.

Njengoba sazi lokhu ngokudalwa kuka leli fayela master yokuvota, umthombo wesibili amaphutha engahle is oxhumanisa amarekhodi inhlolovo kuso. Ngokwesibonelo, uma lokhu nokuxhumanisa kwenziwa ngokungalungile kungaholela i phezu-ukulinganisa umehluko phakathi labika futhi sasebenza yokuvota ukuziphatha (Neter, Maynes, and Ramanathan 1965) . Uma wonke umuntu kwadingeka isitebele, isihlonzi esiyingqayivele eyayisesandleni zombili imithombo data, khona-ke nokuxhumanisa bekuyoba eziwubala. Nokho, eU.S. kakhulu kwamanye amazwe, akukho isihlonzi universal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho noma ngabe kuthiwa ukhona umuntu onjalo abantu isihlonzi Cishe bekungeke kube nzima ukuba basinikeze ahlolisise abacwaningi! Ngakho, Catalist kwadingeka benze nokuxhumanisa usebenzisa okokuhlonza abangaphelele, kuleli cala izingcezu ezine ulwazi mayelana ummangalelwa ngalinye: igama, ubulili, ngonyaka lokuzalwa, kanye namakheli asekhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, Catalist kwadingeka anqume uma Homie J Simpson in the CCES lowaya muntu njengoba Homer Simpson Jay in ifayela yabo master idatha. Ngo practice, lelihambisana kuyinqubo kunzima futhi zingcolile, futhi, ukwenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu ngoba abacwaningi, Catalist kubhekwe lelihambisana yayo amasu abe nokuphathelene.

Ukuze ukuqinisekisa ubuchule lelihambisana, bancika nezinselele ezimbili. Okokuqala, Catalist iqhaza umncintiswano lelihambisana ukuthi elaliphethwe ezimele, third-party: the Mitre Corporation. Mitre enikeziwe bonke abahlanganyeli ezimbili ezinomsindo amafayela idatha ifaniswe, futhi amaqembu ehlukene ligcwaliswe ukuze ubuyele Mitre oluhambisana best. Ngoba Mitre uqobo wayazi oluhambisana lesifanele bakwazi lokushaya amaqembu. Of the izinkampani 40 ligcwaliswe, Catalist wafika endaweni yesibili. Lolu hlobo ozimele, third-party nokuhlola ubuchwepheshe nokuphathelene kuyinto impela akuvamile futhi emangalisayo abalulekile; kufanele okusinikela ithemba lokuthi izinqubo lelihambisana Catalist sika empeleni at state-of-the-art. Kodwa ingabe state-of-the-art okuhle ngokwanele? Ngaphezu lo mncintiswano elimetjhako, Ansolabehere futhi Hersh wadala elihamelanayo zabo siqu ekubhekaneni nezinselelo zokukhuphula izinga Catalist. Kusukela project ngaphambili, Ansolabehere futhi Hersh engango-amarekhodi ukuvota waseFlorida. Basinike ezinye zalezi amarekhodi nabathile amasimu abo Kuhleliwe ukuze Catalist bese kuqhathaniswa imibiko Catalist lalezi emasimini amagugu bazo. Ngenhlanhla, imibiko Catalist sika kwase kuseduze ukuba amagugu ligodliwe, okubonisa ukuthi Catalist owayekwazi esinqunyiwe amarekhodi ukuvota ungene ifayela yabo master idatha. Lezi zinselele ezimbili, enye ingxenye yesithathu-party nenye Ansolabehere futhi Hersh, okusinika ithemba ngaphezulu the Catalist lelihambisana ubuchule, nakuba asikwazi ukubukeza ukuqaliswa zabo ngqo ngokwethu.

Sekube imizamo eminingi odlule ukuqinisekisa yokuvota. Ukuze umqondo wayo ukuthi izincwadi, bheka Belli et al. (1999) , Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2011) , Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) , kanye Hanmer, Banks, and White (2014) .

Kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuthi nakuba kuleli cala abacwaningi bakhuthazwa izinga idatha kusuka Catalist, kwezinye kwamahhotela nabathengisi commercial bebelokhu kancane ngomdlandla. Abacwaningi baye bathola izinga abampofu lapho idatha kusuka ucwaningo kumthengi-ifayela kusuka Marketing Systems Group (okuyinto ngokwayo ehlanganisiwe idatha kusuka abahlinzeki ezintathu: Acxiom, Experian, futhi infoUSA) (Pasek et al. 2014) . Okungukuthi, ifayela idatha Alufananga izimpendulo ukuhlola ukuthi abacwaningi kulindeleke ukuba abe efanele, datafile kwase idatha for inqwaba yemibuzo, futhi engekho iphethini idatha ulahlekile kwaba kwehlisa kuya libike inhlolovo value (ngamanye amazwi idatha ulahlekile kwaba ehlelekile , hhayi okungahleliwe).

Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi irekhodi nokuxhumana phakathi ukuhlola kanye nedatha nezokuphatha, bheka Sakshaug and Kreuter (2012) kanye Schnell (2013) . Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi irekhodi nokuxhumanisa bebonke, bheka Dunn (1946) kanye Fellegi and Sunter (1969) (historical) kanye Larsen and Winkler (2014) (yanamuhla). Tindlelanchubo ezifanayo ziye ithuthukiswe computer science ngaphansi amagama ezifana idatha deduplication, Ngokwesibonelo ukuhlonza, loyo ibizo lakhe elimetjhako: bangabonwa ngeduplikhethi, kanye neziphindekile irekhodi bangabonwa (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . Kukhona futhi zobumfihlo ukulondwa tindlelanchubo ukuloba nokuxhumanisa okuyinto asidingi nokudlulisela ubuwena (Schnell 2013) . Abacwaningi at Facebook athuthukile nenqubo probabilisticsly ukuxhumanisa amarekhodi abo ukuze ukuziphatha yokuvota (Jones et al. 2013) ; lokhu nokuxhumanisa kwakwenzelwa ahlaziye ukuhlola Ngizokutshela mayelana eSahlukweni 4 (Bond et al. 2012) .

Esinye isibonelo oxhumanisa i inhlolovo emikhulu yezehlalakuhle bona urhulumende amarekhodi zokuphatha livela Health and Retirement Survey kanye Administration Social Security. Ukuze uthole olunye ngalolo cwaningo, kufaka phakathi ulwazi mayelana nenqubo kwemvume, bheka Olson (1996) kanye Olson (1999) .

Inqubo esihlanganisa imithombo eminingi amarekhodi zokuphatha ibe inkosi datafile-enchubeni Catalist abasebenzi-kuvamile emahhovisi ezibalo abanye ohulumeni kazwelonke. Abacwaningi ababili Statistics Sweden Ubhale incwadi eningiliziwe ngale ndaba (Wallgren and Wallgren 2007) . Ukuze uthole isibonelo salokhu ndlela in a County olulodwa e-United States (Olmstead County, Minnesota, ekhaya we Clinic), bheka Sauver et al. (2011) . Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi amaphutha evela amarekhodi zokuphatha, bheka Groen (2012) .