4.5.2 Yakha ukuhlolwa kwakho
UKWAKHA sokuhlolwa kwakho siqu kungase kube yizindleko ezinkulu, kodwa ngeke sikwazi wena ukudala ukuhlola ofuna.
Ngaphandle kokweqa ukuhlolwa ngaphezulu kwezindawo ezikhona, ungakha futhi ukuhlolwa kwakho. Inzuzo enkulu yale ndlela ilawula; Uma ukwakha ukuhlolwa, ungakha imvelo kanye nokwelapha oyifunayo. Lezi zindawo zokuhlola ezingasetshenziswa zingenza amathuba okuhlola imibono engenakwenzeka ukuhlola ezindaweni ezenzeka ngokwemvelo. Izinselele eziyinhloko zokwakha ukuhlolwa kwakho ukuthi zingabiza futhi ukuthi imvelo ongakwazi ukuyakha ingase ingabi nobuqiniso besistimu eyenzeka ngokwemvelo. Abacwaningi bakhela ukuhlolwa kwabo kufanele futhi babe necebo lokuqasha abahlanganyeli. Lapho isebenza ezinkambisweni ezikhona, abacwaningi ngokuyisisekelo baletha ukuhlolwa kwabahlanganyeli babo. Kodwa, lapho abacwaningi bezakhela ukuzama kwabo, badinga ukuletha abahlanganyeli kuwo. Ngenhlanhla, amasevisi afana ne-Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) anganikeza abacwaningi ngendlela elula yokuletha abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni kwabo.
Isibonelo esisodwa esichaza ubuhle bezindawo zokuhlaselwa ukuhlolwa kwezingqinamba ezingabonakali ukuhlolwa kwebhu yedijithali nguGregory Huber, uSeth Hill, noGabriel Lenz (2012) . Lokhu kuhlola kuhlola ukulinganiselwa okusebenzayo kokusebenza kombuso wentando yeningi. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lwama-non-trial olwenziwe okhethweni lwangempela lwasikisela ukuthi abavoti abakwazi ukuhlola ngokunembile ukusebenza kwezombangazwe ezizimele. Ngokuyinhloko, abavoti babonakala behlushwa izinkathazo ezintathu: (1) zigxile ekusebenzeni kwakamuva kunokuba kusebenze; (2) zingahle ziqondiswe ngokuhlelwa kabusha, ukuhlela nokuthengisa; futhi (3) zingathonywa izenzakalo ezingahambisani nokusebenza okusemthethweni, njengokuphumelela kwamaqembu ezemidlalo zendawo kanye nesimo sezulu. Kulezi zifundo zangaphambili, kwakunzima ukuhlukanisa noma yiliphi lalezi zici kuzo zonke ezinye izinto ezenzeka okhethweni langempela, olukhethiwe. Ngakho-ke, i-Huber nabalingani bakhe badala imvelo elula kakhulu yokuvota ukuze bahlukanise, bese behlola ngokucophelela, ngayinye yalezi zinselele ezintathu.
Njengoba ngichaza ukusetha kokuhlola ngezansi, kuzothuthuka kakhulu, kodwa khumbula ukuthi ukungabonakali akuyona umgomo ekuhlolweni kwesitayela sebhubhu. Esikhundleni salokho, umgomo ukuhlukanisa ngokucacile inqubo ozama ukuyifunda, futhi lokhu kuhlukaniswa okuqinile ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeki kwizifundo ngokuphindaphindiwe (Falk and Heckman 2009) . Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule nkinga ethile, abacwaningi bathi uma abavoti bengakwazi ukuhlola ngokuphumelelayo ukusebenza kulolu hlelo olulula kakhulu, ngeke bakwazi ukukwenza esimweni esingokoqobo, esiyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe.
U-Huber nozakwabo basebenzise uMTurk ukuze baqashe abahlanganyeli. Ngesikhathi umhlanganyeli ehlinzeke ngemvume enolwazi futhi wadlulisa ukuhlolwa okufushane, utshelwe ukuthi ubambe iqhaza kumdlalo we-32 nxazonke ukuze athole amathokheni angashintshwa abe yimali yangempela. Ekuqaleni komdlalo, umhlanganyeli ngamunye watshelwa ukuthi ubelwe "umnikezeli" ongamnika amathokheni mahhala nxazonke futhi abanye abanikezeli bebanomusa kunabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhlanganyeli ngamunye watshelwa nokuthi uzoba nethuba lokugcina umnikazi walo noma abelwe elinye elisha emva kwemijikelezo engu-16 yomdlalo. Njengoba unikezwe ukuthi yini oyaziyo nge-Huber kanye nemigomo yocwaningo lwabambisene nabo, ungabona ukuthi u-sharehold umele uhulumeni futhi lokhu kukhetha ukhetho, kodwa abahlanganyeli babengazi imigomo ejwayelekile yocwaningo. Ngokuphelele, uHuber nozakwabo babhalise abahlanganyeli abangaba ngu-4 000 abakhokhiwe nge $ 1.25 ngomsebenzi owawuthathe cishe imizuzu eyisishiyagalolunye.
Khumbula ukuthi enye yezinto ezitholwe ngokucwaninga kwangaphambili ukuthi abavoti bavuza futhi bajezisa iziphumo ezingenakukwazi ukuzilawula, njengokuphumelela kwamaqembu ezemidlalo zendawo kanye nesimo sezulu. Ukuhlola ukuthi izinqumo zokubamba iqhaza ezithintekayo zingathonywa yini yizehlakalo ezihleliwe ekulungiseleleni kwazo, i-Huber nabasebenza nabo bangeze i-lottery esimisweni sabo sokuhlola. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi u-8 nxazonke noma nxazonke ezingu-16 (okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba ithuba lokufaka esikhundleni sabakwa-shareholder) bahlanganyele ngokuzenzakalelayo e-lottery lapho abanye banqobe amaphuzu angu-5 000, abanye bawina amaphuzu angu-0, kanti abanye balahlekelwa amaphuzu angu-5,000. Leli lottery lalihloselwe ukulingisa izindaba ezinhle noma ezimbi ezizimele ngokusebenza kwezombangazwe. Ngisho noma abahlanganyeli babetshelwe ngokucacile ukuthi i-lottery ayifani nokusebenza komnikazi wabo, umphumela we-lottery wawulokhu uthinta izinqumo zabahlanganyeli. Ababambe iqhaza abazuza e-lottery babengase bakwazi ukugcina ukwabelana kwabo, futhi lokhu kwaba namandla ngenkathi i-lottery yenzeke nxazonke 16-ngaphambi kokuthatha isinqumo-esikhundleni sokuthi kwenzeke nxazonke 8 (umfanekiso 4.15). Lezi ziphumo, kanye nalawo okunye okuhlolwayo kuleli phepha, kwaholela uHuber kanye nozakwethu ukuba baphethe ngokuthi ngisho nasesimweni esilula, abavoti banenkinga yokwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile, umphumela owawuthinta ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo mayelana nokuthatha izinqumo zokuvota (Healy and Malhotra 2013) . Ukuhlolwa kukaHuber nozakwabo kubonisa ukuthi i-MTurk ingasetshenziselwa ukuqasha abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni kwesitayela selebhu ukuze kuvivinywe kahle imibono ecacile kakhulu. Ibuye ibonise ukubaluleka kokwakha imvelo yakho yokuhlola: kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi lezi zinqubo ezifanayo zingahle zihlukaniswe kanjani ngokuhlanzekile kunoma yiziphi ezinye izilungiselelo.
Umdwebo 4.15: Imiphumela evela Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) . Ababambe iqhaza abahlomula kulowo lottery babengase bakwazi ukugcina abanikazi babo, futhi lokhu kwaba namandla ngenkathi i-lottery yenzeke nxazonke 16-ngaphambi kokuthatha isinqumo esikhundleni-uma kwenzeka okwenzeka nxazonke 8. Kuthathwa kusukela Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) , isibalo 5.
Ngokungeziwe ekwakheni ukuhlola okufana ne-laboratory, abacwaningi bangakha futhi izivivinyo ezithandwa kakhulu. Isibonelo, i- Centola (2010) yakha ukuhlolwa kwenkundla yedijithali ukutadisha umphumela wesakhiwo senethiwekhi yomphakathi ekusakazeni kokuziphatha. Umbuzo wakhe wokucwaninga udinga ukuba aqaphele ukuziphatha okufanayo okusabalalisa kubantu abanobuningi bezakhiwo zenethiwekhi yomphakathi kodwa bekungenakuhlukaniswa. Indlela kuphela yokwenza lokhu kwakuyi-bespoke, ukuhlolwa okwenziwe ngokwezifiso. Kulokhu, i-Centola yakha umphakathi wezempilo we-web.
I-Centola yabhalwa abahlanganyeli abangaba ngu-1 500 ngokusebenzisa ukukhangisa kumawebhusayithi wezempilo. Lapho abahlanganyeli befika emphakathini we-intanethi-obizwa ngokuthi i-Healthy Lifestyle Network-banikeze imvume enolwazi futhi banikezwa "abahlanganyeli bezempilo." Ngenxa yokuthi iCentola yabanikeza laba bahlanganyeli bezempilo, wakwazi ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezahlukene zenethiwekhi yomphakathi amaqembu ahlukene. Amanye amaqembu akhiwe ukuze abe namanethiwekhi okungahleliwe (lapho wonke umuntu ayekwazi ukuxhumeka khona), kanti amanye amaqembu akhiwe ukuze abe nezinethiwekhi ezihlangene (lapho ukuxhuma kunabantu abaningi kakhulu). Khona-ke, uCentola wethula ukuziphatha okusha kwinethiwekhi ngayinye: ithuba lokubhalisa iwebhusayithi entsha ngolwazi lwezempilo olwengeziwe. Noma ngabe ubani obhalisele le webhusayithi entsha, bonke abangane bakhe bezempilo bathola i-imeyili ememezela lokhu kuziphatha. I-Centola ithole ukuthi lokhu kuziphatha-ukubhalisela iwebhusayithi entsha-kusakazeka ngokusheshisa futhi okusheshayo kwinethiwekhi ehlanganisiwe kunenethiwekhi engahleliwe, okutholwe okuphambene nalokho okukhona okukhona.
Ngokubanzi, ukwakha ukuhlolwa kwakho kukunika ukulawula okuningi; ikwenza ukwazi ukwakha indawo engcono kakhulu ukuhlukanisa lokho ofuna ukutadisha. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi lezi zivivinyo ezimbili engizichazile zingenziwa kanjani endaweni ekhona kakade. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakha uhlelo lwakho luyehlisa ukukhathazeka kokuziphatha okuzungeze izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhona. Uma uzakhela ukuzama kwakho, noma kunjalo, ugijima ezinkingeni eziningi ezihlangene nokuhlolwa kwebhu: ukuqasha abahlanganyeli kanye nokukhathazeka mayelana nokufezeka. Okokugcina ukuthi ukwakha ukuhlolwa kwakho kungabiza futhi kudla isikhathi, nakuba, njengoba lezi zibonelo zibonisa, ukuhlolwa kungabuka ezindaweni ezilula (njengokutadisha ukuvotelwa Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) ) ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi (njengokucwaninga kwamanethiwekhi kanye nokutheleleka Centola (2010) ).
