4.3 amabili Ubukhulu ucwaningo: lab-field and analog-digital
Nemaresiphi Lab zinikeza ukulawula, ucwaningo field zinikeza ngokoqobo, futhi digital insimu kwenziwa ucwaningo ukuhlanganisa control Nokubhekana Namaqiniso at esikalini.
Izivivinyo ziza ngezindlela nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Esikhathini esedlule, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi kuyasiza ukuhlela ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuhlolwa kwelebhu nokuhlolwa kwensimu . Kodwa-ke, manje, abacwaningi kufanele bahlele nokuhlolwa kokuqhubeka kokubili kokuphakathi kokuhlolwa kwe- analog nokuhlolwa kwedijithali . Lesi sikhala somklamo wezinhlangothi ezimbili sizokusiza ukuba uqonde amandla kanye nobuthakathaka bezinqubo ezahlukene futhi ugcizelele izindawo ezingcono kakhulu (isibalo 4.1).
Umdwebo 4.1: Isikimu sendawo yokuklama yokuhlola. Esikhathini esedlule, ukuhlolwa kwahlukahluka eduze nobukhulu be-lab-field. Manje, nazo ziyahlukahluka ngobukhulu be-analog-digital. Lesi sikhala sokuklama ezimbili-ntathu siboniswa izivivinyo ezine engizichaza kulesi sahluko. Ngombono wami, indawo engcono kunazo zonke yinkinga yedijithali yokuhlola.
Isilinganiso esisodwa lapho izivivinyo zingahle zihlelwe khona ububanzi bendawo ye-lab. Izivivinyo eziningi ezenzweni zezenhlalakahle zenzelwa ukuhlolwa kwebhu lapho abafundi be-undergraduate benza imisebenzi engavamile ebhokisini esikolweni. Lolu hlobo lokuhlola lubusa ucwaningqondo kwengqondo ngoba lwenza abacwaningi bakwazi ukudala izilungiselelo ezilawulwa kakhulu ukuhlukanisa ngokuqondile futhi bahlole imibono ethile mayelana nokuziphatha komphakathi. Ngezinkinga ezithile, noma kunjalo, into ethile izwa ngokungaziqondi ngokudweba iziphetho ezinamandla ngokuziphatha kwabantu kubantu abangajwayelekile abenza imisebenzi engavamile ngaleyo ndlela engavamile. Lezi zinto ezikhathazayo ziholele ekuhambeni kokuhlolwa kwensimu . Izivivinyo zasensimini zihlanganisa ukuklama okunamandla kokuhlolwa okungahleliwe okuhlolwe ngamacembu abamele abahlanganyeli abenza imisebenzi ejwayelekile kakhulu kuzilungiselelo zemvelo.
Nakuba abanye abantu bacabanga ngezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhlolwa kwensimu njengendlela yokuncintisana, kungcono ukucabanga ngabo njengokwanelisayo, ngezikhwepha ezahlukene nokubuthakathaka. Isibonelo, u- Correll, Benard, and Paik (2007) basebenzise kokubili ukuhlolwa kwebhubhu kanye nokuhlolwa kwensimu emzamweni wokuthola imithombo "yesigwebo somama." E-United States, omama bathola imali encane kunabesifazane abangenabantwana, ngisho nalapho ukuqhathanisa nabesifazane abanamakhono afanayo abasebenza emisebenzini efanayo. Kunezincazelo eziningi ezingase zenzeke kule iphethini, enye yazo ukuthi abaqashi bayayithandana nomama. (Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi okuphambene kubonakala sengathi kuyiqiniso kobaba: bavame ukuzuza okungaphezu kwamadoda angalingani nabantwana.) Ukuze bahlole ukuhleleka okungenzeka bangamantombazane, uCorrell nozakwabo baphuthumayo ukuhlolwa okubili: eyodwa ebhodini nenye emasimini.
Okokuqala, ekuhloleni kwebhula batshela abahlanganyeli, ababengabafundi be-college undergraduates, ukuthi inkampani yayiqhuba umsebenzi wokufuna umuntu ukuba ahole umnyango wayo wokuthengisa omusha wase-East Coast. Abafundi batshelwe ukuthi le nkampani ifuna usizo lwayo ekuqashweni, futhi babuzwa ukuthi babuyekeze ukuqhubeka kwezibalo eziningana ezingabhekwayo futhi balinganise abazobhapathizwa ngobuningi babo, njengokuhlakanipha kwabo, ukufudumala nokuzinikela kwabo emsebenzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi babuzwa ukuthi bangancoma yini ukuqasha umfakisicelo nokuthi yini abangayiphakamisa njengemali yokuqala. Abangazi ukuthi abafundi baqala kanjani ukwenza okufanayo ngaphandle kokunye okunye: abanye babo babiza umama (ngokufaka ohlwini lokuzibandakanya emhlanganweni wabazali nabafundisi) kanti abanye abazange bakwenze. U-Correll nozakwabo bathole ukuthi abafundi babencane amathuba okuncoma ukuthi baqashile omama nokuthi banikeze umholo ophansi wokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kokubili ukulinganisa nezinqumo ezihlobene nokuqashelwa, uCorrell kanye nozakwethu bathola ukuthi ukukhubazeka komama kwakuchazwe kabanzi ngokuthi balinganisiwe ngokwezakhono nokuzibophezela. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuhlolwa kwelebhu kuvumela u-Correll nozakwabo ukuba balinganise umphumela we-causal futhi banikeze incazelo ecacile yalomphumela.
Yiqiniso, umuntu angase abe nokungabaza ngokudweba iziphetho mayelana nemakethe yonke yasebhange yase-US ngokusekelwe ezinqumweni zabasebenzi abangaphansi kwamaphesenti angama-80 okungenzeka ukuthi abakaze babe nomsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele, bangabi yedwa abaqashiwe. Ngakho-ke, u-Correll nozakwabo nabo benza ucwaningo olumayelana nensimu. Baphendule kumakhulu emisebenzi yokukhangisa emisebenzini enezinhlamvu zokumboza zefake bese iqala kabusha. Ngokufanayo nezinto eziboniswe kubafundi be-undergraduates, abanye baqala kabusha umama obonakalisiwe futhi abanye abangekho. U-Correll kanye nozakwethu bathola ukuthi omama babengenakudlula ukuphindwa kubuyiselwa izingxoxo kunabesifazane abangenabantwana abangenabantwana. Ngamanye amazwi, abaqashi bangempela benza izinqumo ezilandelanayo esimisweni semvelo baziphatha kakhulu njengeziqu ze-undergraduates. Ingabe benza izinqumo ezifanayo ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo? Ngeshwa, asazi. Abacwaningi abakwazanga ukubuza abaqashi ukuba bahlole abakhethiweyo noma bachaze izinqumo zabo.
Lezi zivivinyo zokuhlola zembula okuningi mayelana nokuhlolwa kwelebhu namasimu ngokujwayelekile. Izivivinyo ze-Lab zinikeza abacwaningi abaseduze-ukulawula okuphelele kwemvelo lapho abahlanganyeli benza izinqumo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ekuhlolweni kwelebhu, uCorrell nozakwabo bakwazi ukuqiniseka ukuthi konke okuqhubekayo kwafundwa esimweni sokuthula; ekuvivinyweni kwensimu, ezinye ze-resumes kungenzeka zingakaze zifundwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba ababambiqhaza ebhodini lokubeka bazi ukuthi bafundiswa, abacwaningi bavame ukuqoqa idatha eyengeziwe engasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani abahlanganyeli benza izinqumo zabo. Isibonelo, u-Correll nozakwabo bacele iqhaza ekuhlolweni kwebhu ukuthi balinganise abazobhapathizwa ngobukhulu obuhlukene. Lolu hlobo lwedatha yenkambiso lingasiza abacwaningi ukuthi baqonde izindlela ezenza umehluko wokuthi abahlanganyeli baphatha kanjani ukuqala kabusha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lezi zici ezifanayo engangizichazile njengezinzuzo nazo ngezinye izikhathi zibhekwa njengengozi. Abacwaningi abakhetha ukuhlolwa kwezemvelo bathi abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni kwelabhu bangenza ngendlela ehluke kakhulu ngoba bayazi ukuthi bafundiswa. Isibonelo, ekuhlolweni kwelebhu, abahlanganyeli kungenzeka baqagele umgomo wocwaningo futhi bashintsha ukuziphatha kwabo ukuze bangabonakali bahlelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi abakhetha ukuhlolwa kwendawo bangase bathi ukuphikisana okuncane okubuyiselwayo kungabonakala kuphela emvelweni we-lab ohlanzekile, oyinyumba, ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa kwebhu kuzokwenza kube nzima ukuveza umphumela wokuba ngumama ekuqashweni kwangempela. Okokugcina, abaningi abagqugquzela ukuhlolwa kwensimu bahlambalaza ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe ekutheni bathembele kubahlanganyeli be-WEIRD: ikakhulukazi abafundi abavela eNtshonalanga, Efundisiwe, Ezamabhizinisi, Ezicebile, namaDemokhrasi (Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan 2010a) . Ukuhlolwa kukaCorrell nozakwabo (2007) kubonisa ukugqithisa kokubili kwi-lab-field continuum. Phakathi kwalezi zinkolelo ezimbili kunezinhlobonhlobo zemiklamo ye-hybrid, kufaka phakathi izindlela ezifana nokuletha abangewona abafundi ebhodini noma ukuya enkundleni kodwa namanje abahlanganyeli benza umsebenzi ongajwayelekile.
Ngaphandle kwesilinganiso se-lab-field esazikhona esikhathini esidlule, iminyaka yobudijithali isho ukuthi abacwaningi manje banesilinganiso sesibili esikhulu lapho izivivinyo zingahluka: i-analog-digital. Njengoba nje kunezivivinyo zokuhlola okuhlanzekile, ukuhlola okuhlanzekile kwendawo, nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlayiyana eziphakathi, kukhona ukuhlolwa okulinganiselwe kwe-analog, ukuhlolwa kwe-digital okuhlanzekile, kanye nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-hybridi. Kuyinkimbinkimbi ukunikeza incazelo ehlelekile yalesi sihloko, kodwa incazelo ewusizo yokusebenza yukuthi ukuhlola okuphelele kwedijithali yizivivinyo ezisebenzisa ingqalasizinda yedijithali ukuze ziqashe abahlanganyeli, zenze i-randomize, zinikeze ukwelashwa, futhi zilinganise imiphumela. Isibonelo, i-Restivo ne-van de Rijt's (2012) isifundo sezinqolobane kanye ne-Wikipedia kwakuyi-test digital ngokugcwele ngoba isebenzisa izinhlelo zedijithali kuzo zonke lezi zinyathelo ezine. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwe-analog akusebenzi ukusetshenziswa kwengqalasizinda yedijithali kunoma iyiphi yalezi zinyathelo ezine. Izibalo eziningi zakudala ezenzweni zengqondo ziyizivivinyo ngokugcwele ze-analog. Phakathi kwalezi ziqili ezimbili, kunezinhlolovo eziyingxenye yedijithali esebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-analog ne-digital systems.
Lapho abanye abantu becabanga ngezivivinyo zedijithali, bacabanga masinyane ngezivivinyo ze-intanethi. Lokhu kuyadabukisa ngoba amathuba okuqhuba ukuhlolwa kwe-digital akuyona nje inthanethi. Abacwaningi bangasebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuyingxenye yedijithali ngokusebenzisa amadivaysi edijithali ezweni lomzimba ukuze banikeze ukwelashwa noma ukukala imiphumela. Isibonelo, abacwaningi bangasebenzisa ama-Smartphones ukuletha imithi noma izinzwa endaweni eyakhelwe ukukala imiphumela. Eqinisweni, njengoba sizobona kamuva kulesi sahluko, abacwaningi sebevele basebenzise amamitha wamandla asekhaya ukuze balinganise imiphumela ekuhlolweni mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okubandakanya imizi eyizigidi ezingu-8.5 (Allcott 2015) . Njengoba amadivaysi edijithali ehlanganiswa ngokuqhubekayo emiphakathini yabantu kanye nezinzwa zihlanganiswa emvelweni owakhiwe, la mathuba okuqhuba ukuhlolwa okuyingxenye yedijithali ezweni lomzimba uyokhula ngokuphawulekayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuhlolwa kwedijithali akukhona nje ukuhlolwa kwe-inthanethi.
Izinhlelo zeDivimenti zakha amathuba amasha okuhlola yonke indawo phakathi kwe-lab-field continuum. Kuhlolwa okuhlanzekile kwelebhu, isibonelo, abacwaningi bangasebenzisa izinhlelo zedijithali zokulinganisa okunembile kokuziphatha kwabahlanganyeli; Isibonelo esisodwa salolu hlobo lokulinganisa okuthuthukisiwe yilona imishini yokulandelela amehlo enikeza izinyathelo eziqondile nokuqhubekayo zokubheka indawo. Isikhathi sobudijithali senza futhi amathuba okuhlola okufana ne-lab-inthanethi. Isibonelo, abacwaningi basamukela ngokushesha i-Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) ukuze baqashe abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni kwe-intanethi (umfanekiso 4.2). I-MTurk ifanisa "abaqashi" abanemisebenzi edinga ukugcwaliswa "nabasebenzi" abafisa ukuqeda leyo misebenzi ngemali. Ngokungafani nezimakethe zomsebenzi zendabuko, noma kunjalo, imisebenzi ehilelekile ngokuvamile idinga kuphela imizuzu embalwa ukuqedela, futhi konke ukusebenzisana phakathi komqashi nesisebenzi ku-intanethi. Ngenxa yokuthi i-MTurk ihlaziya izici zemizamo yobudala bendabuko-abantu abakhokhayo ukuqedela imisebenzi abangayikuyenza mahhala-kungokwemvelo kuhambisana nezinhlobo ezithile zokuhlola. Ngokuyinhloko, i-MTurk idale ingqalasizinda yokuphatha idamu labahlanganyeli-ukuqasha nokukhokha abantu-futhi abacwaningi basebenzisa ngokunenzuzo leyo ngqalasizinda ukuze badonsa echibini elitholakalayo labahlanganyeli.
Umdwebo 4.2: Amaphephandaba ashicilelwe esebenzisa idatha evela ku-Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). I-MTurk nezinye izimakethe zomsebenzi ezise-intanethi zinikeza abacwaningi ngendlela elula yokubamba iqhaza abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni. Ilandelwe kusuka Bohannon (2016) .
Izinhlelo zeDavidi zakha amathuba amaningi okuhlola okufana nendawo. Ngokuyinhloko, zenza abacwaningi bakwazi ukuhlanganisa ukulawula okuqinile nokucubungula idatha ehlotshaniswa nokuhlolwa kwamathuluzi nabathintekayo abahlukahlukene nakwezinye izilungiselelo zemvelo ezihlotshaniswa nokuhlolwa kwebhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwenkambu yedijithali inikeza namathuba amathathu athambekele kunzima ekuhlolweni kwe-analog.
Okokuqala, kuyilapho iningi labaloli be-analog kanye nokuhlolwa kwensimu kunamakhulu wabahlanganyeli, ukuhlolwa kwensimu ye-digital kungaba nezigidi zabahlanganyeli. Lolu shintsho esikalini kungenxa yokuthi ezinye izivivinyo zedijithali zingaveza idatha ngezindleko eziguquguqukayo zero. Okusho ukuthi, lapho abacwaningi bedale ingqalasizinda yokuhlola, ukwandisa inani labahlanganyeli ngokuvamile alikhulisi izindleko. Ukwandisa inani labahlanganyeli ngesici se-100 noma ngaphezulu akuyona nje ushintsho oluningi ; ukuguqulwa kwekhwalithi , ngoba kwenza abacwaningi bafunde izinto ezihlukahlukene ezivela ekuhlolweni (isib. ukuphathwa kwemiphumela yokwelashwa) nokusebenzisa imiklamo yokuhlola ehlukile (isib. ukuhlolwa kweqembu elikhulu). Leli phuzu libaluleke kakhulu, ngizobuyela kulo ngasekupheleni kwesahluko lapho nginikeza iseluleko ngokudala ukuhlolwa kwedijithali.
Okwesibili, kuyilapho iningi lezobuchwepheshe be-analog kanye nokuhlolwa kwensimu kuthatha abahlanganyeli njengamawijethi angachazeki, ukuhlolwa kwenkambu yedijithali ngokuvamile kusebenzisa ulwazi lomlando mayelana nabahlanganyeli emigabeni yokuklama nokuhlaziywa kocwaningo. Lolu lwazi oluyisisekelo, olubizwa ngokuthi ulwazi lwe-pre-treatment , luvame ukutholakala ekuhlolweni kwedijithali ngoba luqhutshwa phezulu kwezinhlelo zokulinganisa njalo (bheka isahluko 2). Isibonelo, umcwaningi ku-Facebook unolwazi oluthe xaxa lwezokwelapha mayelana nabantu abasetshenzisweni bakhe bezedijithali kunomcwaningi wamayunivesithi onabantu abaku-experimental field field experiment. Le nqubo yokwelashwa (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) imiklamo yokuhlola ephumelelayo-njengokuvimbela (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) nokuqashwa kwabathintekayo (Eckles, Kizilcec, and Bakshy 2016) okuqondakalayo-njengokulinganisa (Eckles, Kizilcec, and Bakshy 2016) kwemiphumela yokwelapha (Athey and Imbens 2016a) kanye (Athey and Imbens 2016a) covariate yokulungiswa okuthuthukile (Bloniarz et al. 2016) .
Okwesithathu, kuyilapho eziningi ze-analog labor and field experiments ziletha ukwelashwa futhi zilinganisa imiphumela ngesikhathi esicindezelwe isikhathi, ezinye izivivinyo zensimu ye-digital zenzeka ngezikhathi eziningi kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-Restivo kanye nokuhlolwa kukaVan de Rijt kwaba nomphumela olinganiselwe nsuku zonke izinsuku ezingu-90, kanti omunye wezivivinyo engizokutshela ngazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi esahlukweni (Ferraro, Miranda, and Price 2011) imiphumela elandelwayo ngaphezu kweminyaka emithathu ngokuyinhloko ayikho izindleko. Lezi zindlela ezintathu-amanani, ulwazi lwangaphambi kokwelashwa, kanye nokwelashwa kwe-longitudinal kanye nemiphumela yocwaningo-zivela ngokuvame kakhulu lapho ukuhlolwa kuqhutshwa phezulu kwezinhlelo zokulinganisela njalo (bheka isahluko 2 ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngezinhlelo zokulinganisa njalo).
Ngenkathi ukuhlolwa kwenkambu ye-digital inikeza amathuba amaningi, futhi babelana nabanye ubuthakathaka bobabili i-analog lab kanye nezivivinyo zensimu ye-analog. Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa akukwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukutadisha okwedlule, futhi bangalinganisa kuphela imiphumela yezokwelapha ezingasetshenziswa. Futhi, nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukuthi ukuhlolwa kungakusiza ukuqondisa inqubomgomo, ukuqondiswa okuqondile abanganikela kuncane kakhulu ngenxa yezinkinga ezifana nokuthembela kwemvelo, izinkinga zokuthobela, kanye nemiphumela yokulingana (Banerjee and Duflo 2009; Deaton 2010) . Ukuhlolwa kwenkambu ye-Digital nakho kukhulisa ukukhathazeka kokuziphatha okudalwe ukuhlolwa kwensimu-isihloko engizokhuluma kamuva kulesi sahluko nakwesahluko 6.
