4.6.1 Yakha zero nedatha yezindleko variable
Isihluthulelo sokuqalisa ukuhlolwa okukhulu ukushayela izindleko zakho eziguquguqukayo kuze kube yilapho. Izindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokwenza lokhu zizenzekelayo futhi zakha ukuhlolwa okujabulisayo.
Ukuhlola okudijithali kungaba nezakhiwo ezibiza izindleko ezihlukahlukene, futhi lokhu kwenza abacwaningi baqalise izivivinyo ezingenakwenzeka esikhathini esidlule. Enye indlela yokucabanga ngalokhu umehluko ukuphawula ukuthi ukuhlolwa ngokuvamile kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezindleko: izindleko ezihleliwe nezindleko eziguquguqukayo. Izindleko ezihleliwe yizindleko ezihlala zingashintshi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inani labahlanganyeli. Isibonelo, ekuhlolweni kwelebhu, izindleko ezihleliwe zingase zibe izindleko zokuqasha isikhala nokuthenga ifenisha. Izindleko eziguqukayo , ngakolunye uhlangothi, zishintsha kuye ngenani labahlanganyeli. Isibonelo, ekuhlolweni kwelebhu, izindleko eziguquguqukayo zingase zivele ekukhokheni abasebenzi kanye nabahlanganyeli. Ngokuvamile, izilinganiso ze-analog zinezindleko eziphansi eziphansi kanye nezindleko eziguquguqukayo eziphezulu, kuyilapho ukuhlolwa kwedijithali kunezindleko eziphakeme kakhulu nezindleko eziguquguqukayo eziphansi (isibalo 4.19). Ngisho noma ukuhlolwa kwedijithali kunezindleko eziguquguqukayo eziphansi, ungakha amathuba amaningi okuthakazelisayo uma ushayela izindleko eziguquguqukayo kuze kube sekupheleni.
Umdwebo 4.19: Izakhiwo zokuhlelwa kwezindleko ekuhlolweni kwe-analog neyedijithali. Ngokuvamile, ukuhlolwa kwe-analog kunezindleko eziphansi eziphansi kanye nezindleko eziguquguqukayo eziphezulu lapho ukuhlolwa kwedijithali kunezindleko eziphakeme kakhulu nezindleko eziguquguqukayo eziphansi. Izakhiwo ezezindleko ezehlukene zisho ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwedijithali kungagijima esikalini esingenakwenzeka ngezivivinyo ze-analog.
Kunezici ezimbili eziyinhloko zokukhokha izindleko eziguquguqukayo kubasebenzi kanye nezinkokhelo kubahlanganyeli-futhi ngayinye yalezi zingadluliselwa ku-zero ngokusebenzisa amasu ahlukene. Izinkokhelo kwabasebenzi zivela emsebenzini abasizi bezokucwaninga abaqasha abahlanganyeli, ukuletha ukwelashwa, kanye nemiphumela yokulinganisa. Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa kwe-analog field ye-Schultz kanye nozakwethu (2007) ekusetshenzisweni kukagesi okusizayo abasizi bezocwaningo ukuba bahambe ekhaya ngalinye ukuletha ukwelashwa futhi bafunde imitha kagesi (umfanekiso 4.3). Yonke le mzamo ngabasizi bezokucwaninga kwakusho ukuthi ukungeza indlu entsha kulesi sifundo bekuyobe kwengeze ezindleko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlolwa kwenkundla ye-digital ye-Restivo ne-van de Rijt (2012) ngomphumela wemiklomelo kubashicileli be-Wikipedia, abacwaningi bangangeza abanye ababambiqhaza cishe kungabi namanani. Isu elijwayelekile lokunciphisa izindleko zokuphatha eziguquguqukayo ukubuyisela umsebenzi womuntu (okubiza kakhulu) ngomsebenzi wekhompiyutha (ongabizi). Cishe, ungazibuza: Kungabe lokhu kuhlolwa kungase kusebenze ngenkathi wonke umuntu eqembu lami lokucwaninga elele? Uma impendulo inguyebo, wenze umsebenzi omkhulu wokuzenzekelayo.
Uhlobo lwesibili oluyinhloko lwezindleko eziguquguqukayo ukukhokhelwa kwabahlanganyeli. Abanye abacwaningi basebenzisa i-Amazon Mechanical Turk nezinye izimakethe zabasebenzi eziku-inthanethi ukuze kunciphise izinkokhelo ezidingekayo kubahlanganyeli. Ukushayela izindleko eziguqukayo kuze kube yilapho kunjalo, indlela ehlukile iyadingeka. Sekuyisikhathi eside, abacwaningi baye bahlela ukuhlolwa okuvusa amadlingozi kumele bakhokhe abantu ukuthi bahlanganyele. Kodwa kuthiwani uma ungadala ukuhlolwa abantu abafuna ukuba khona? Lokhu kungase kuzwakale kukhululekile, kodwa ngizokunikeza isibonelo ngezansi kusuka emsebenzini wami, futhi kunezibonelo eziningi etafuleni 4.4. Qaphela ukuthi lo mbono wokwakha ukuhlolwa okujabulisayo uhlanganisa ezinye zezingqikithi esahlukweni 3 mayelana nokuklama ukuhlola okujabulisayo nakwesahluko 5 mayelana nokuklanywa kokubambisana okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngicabanga ukuthi ukuzijabulisa komhlanganyeli-okungahle kuthiwa nakho okuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi-kuyoba yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokuklama ucwaningo eminyakeni yobudala.
| Ukuvuselelwa | Izinkomba |
|---|---|
| Iwebhusayithi enolwazi lwezempilo | Centola (2010) |
| Uhlelo lokuzivocavoca | Centola (2011) |
| Umculo wamahhala | Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006) ; Salganik and Watts (2008) ; Salganik and Watts (2009b) |
| Umdlalo ojabulisayo | Kohli et al. (2012) |
| Izincomo ze-Movie | Harper and Konstan (2015) |
Uma ufuna ukudala ukuhlolwa ngedatha yezindleko eziguquguqukayo, uzodinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi konke okuzenzakalelayo futhi ukuthi abahlanganyeli abadingi ukukhokha. Ukuze ubonise ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka kanjani, ngizochaza ucwaningo lwami lokusakaza ngokuphumelela nokuhluleka kwemikhiqizo yamasiko.
Ukukhipha kwami kwakushukunyiswa uhlobo olumangalisa lwempumelelo yemikhiqizo yamasiko. Izingoma zokushaya, izincwadi ezithengisa kakhulu, nama-blockbuster movie zikhulu kakhulu, ziphumelele kakhulu kunezilinganiso. Ngenxa yalokhu, izimakethe zale mikhiqizo zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "izimakethe zokunqoba-zonke". Noma kunjalo, ngesikhathi esifanayo, iyiphi ingoma, incwadi, noma i-movie ethile eyophumelela ngokumangalisayo kungalindelekile. Umlobi wesikrini uWilliam Goldman (1989) wabhekisela ngokucophelela uphenyo oluningi lwezemfundo ngokusho ukuthi, uma kuziwa ekubikezeleni impumelelo, "akekho owaziyo." Ukungaqiniseki kwezimakethe zokuwina-konke okwangenza kwangibuza ukuthi ingakanani impumelelo engumphumela of quality nokuthi kungakanani inhlanhla nje. Noma, echazwe ngokuhlukile, uma singakha amazwe afanayo futhi senze konke kuguquke ngokuzimela, ingabe izingoma ezifanayo zingathandwa emhlabeni wonke? Futhi, uma kungenjalo, yini engase ibe yindlela eyenza lokhu kungezwani?
Ukuze siphendule le mibuzo, thina-uPeter Dodds, Duncan Watts (umeluleki wami we-dissertation), futhi mina-ngagijima uchungechunge lwezinkampani zokuhlola inthanethi. Ngokuyinhloko, sakha iwebhusayithi ebizwa ngokuthi i-MusicLab lapho abantu bangathola khona umculo omusha, futhi sisisebenzise uchungechunge lwezivivinyo. Siqashe abahlanganyeli ngokusebenzisa izikhangisi ze-banner kwiwebhusayithi yesithakazelo yentsha (isibalo 4.20) nangokukhuluma ngama media. Abahlanganyeli befika ku-website yethu banikeze imvume enolwazi, baqedele imibuzo yemibuzo emfushane yangemuva, futhi banikezwe ngezikhathi ngezimo ezimbili zokuhlola-ithonya elizimele nelenhlalo. Esikhathini esizimele, abahlanganyeli benza izinqumo mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izingoma zokulalela, ezinikezwa kuphela amagama amabhodi kanye nezingoma. Ngesikhathi belalela ingoma, abahlanganyeli babuzwa ukuthi bayilinganise ngemuva kwalokho ababenethuba (kodwa hhayi isibopho) ukulanda ingoma. Esimweni sethonya lomphakathi, abahlanganyeli babe nesipiliyoni esifanayo, ngaphandle kokuthi babone nokuthi zingaki izingoma ezilandiwe ngabahlanganyeli bangaphambilini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababambiqhaza esimweni sethonya lomphakathi babelwa ngokulandelana kwezwe elilodwa eliyisishiyagalolunye, okuyilowo nalowo okwavela ngokuzimela (isahluko 4.21). Ukusebenzisa lo mklamo, saqhuma izivivinyo ezimbili ezihlobene. Esikhathini sokuqala, sanikele izingoma kubathintekayo ku-grid engafakiwe, eyabanika isibonakaliso esibuthakathaka sokuthandwa. Esivivinyweni sesibili, sinikeze izingoma kuhlu olubekiwe, olunikeza isignali enamandla kakhulu yokuthandwa (isibalo 4.22).
Umdwebo 4.20: Isibonelo sesikhangiso se-banner esisebenza nami engisebenza nabo ekubambeni abahlanganyeli (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Salganik (2007) imvume evela Salganik (2007) , isibalo 2.12.
Umdwebo 4.21: Umklamo wokuhlola (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Ababambiqhaza babekwa ngezikhathi ezithile kwesinye sezimo ezimbili: ithonya elizimele nelenhlalo. Abahlanganyeli esimweni esizimele benza izinqumo zabo ngaphandle kolwazi ngalokho abanye abantu abakwenzile. Ababambe iqhaza esimweni sethonya lomphakathi babekwa ngezikhathi ezithile kwezwe eliyisishiyagalombili elifanayo, lapho bekwazi ukubona ukuthandwa-njengoba kulinganiswa ngokulandwa kwabahlanganyeli bangaphambilini-ingoma ngayinye ezweni labo, kodwa abakwazanga ukubona ulwazi ngalunye, futhi uyazi ngisho nokuba khona, noma yiziphi ezinye zezwe. Kuthathwa kusukela ku- Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006) , isibalo s1.
Sithole ukuthi ukuthandwa kwezingoma kuhluke emazweni wonke, okusikisela ukuthi inhlanhla idlale indima ebalulekile ekuphumeleleni. Isibonelo, ezweni elilodwa ingoma ethi "Lockdown" ngo-52Metro ifike kuzingoma ezingu-1 eziphuma kuma-48, kanti kwelinye izwe lafika ngo-40. Lona kwakuyizingoma ezifanayo eziphikisana nazo zonke ezinye izingoma ezifanayo, kodwa ezweni elilodwa lalinenhlanhla kanti kwabanye alizange likwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela kuzo zonke izivivinyo ezimbili, sithole ukuthi ithonya lomphakathi landisa inzuzo yokuthatha yonke imakethe, okungenzeka ibonise ukubaluleka kwamakhono. Kodwa, ebheka ngaphesheya kwezwe (elingenakwenziwa ngaphandle kwaloluhlobo lwezilingo zomhlaba ezifanayo), sithole ukuthi ithonya lomphakathi empeleni landa ukubaluleka kwenhlanhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokumangalisayo, kwakuyizingoma eziphezulu kakhulu lapho inhlanhla ibaluleke kakhulu (isibalo 4.23).
Umdwebo 4.22: Ama-skrini avela ezimweni zethonya lomphakathi (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Esimweni sethonya lomphakathi ekuvivinyweni 1, izingoma, kanye nenombolo yokulandwa kwangaphambilini, zanikezwa kubahlanganyeli bahlelwe kwirejista ye-rectangular engu-16 \(\times\) 3, lapho izikhundla zezingoma zinikezwe ngezikhathi ezithile umhlanganyeli. Ekuhlolweni kwe-2, abahlanganyeli esimweni sethonya lomphakathi baboniswe izingoma, ngokubalwa kokulanda, okwethulwe kukholomu eyodwa ekuhlaleni kokuthandwa kwamanje.
Umdwebo 4.23: Imiphumela evela kokuhlolwa kwe-MusicLab ebonisa ubuhlobo phakathi kokukhala nokuphumelela (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . I \(x\) -axis isabelo samakethe sezingoma ezweni elizimele, elisebenza njengesilinganiso sokukhala kwengoma, futhi i- \(y\) -axis isabelo samakethe sezingoma ezifanayo amazwe ayisishiyagalolunye ethonya umphakathi, okusebenza njengendlela yokuphumelela kwezingoma. Sithole ukuthi ukwandisa ithonya lomphakathi abahlanganyeli ababhekana nalo-ikakhulukazi, ushintsho kwisakhiwo kusuka kwesilingo 1 ukuzama 2 (umfanekiso 4.22) -mpumelelo engasetshenzisiwe ukuze ingabi nakalindeleke, ikakhulukazi izingoma ezinezikhalazo eziphakeme kakhulu. Kuthathwa kusukela ku- Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006) , isibalo sesi-3.
I-MusicLab yakwazi ukugijima izindleko eziguquguqukayo zero ngenxa yendlela eyakhiwe ngayo. Okokuqala, konke kwakungezenzekelayo ngokuzenzakalelayo ngakho kwakwazi ukugijima ngesikhathi ngilala. Okwesibili, isinxephezelo sasingumculo wamahhala, ngakho-ke kwakungabikho izindleko zokunciphisa ezithintekayo. Ukusetshenziswa komculo njengenxephezelo kubonisa ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi kukhona ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezindleko ezihleliwe nezingaguquguquki. Ukusebenzisa umculo kwandisa izindleko ezihleliwe ngoba kwakufanele ngichithe isikhathi sokuthola imvume kusuka kumaqembu futhi ngilungiselele imibiko ngabo mayelana nokuphendula kwabahlanganyeli kumculo wabo. Kodwa kulokhu, ukwandisa izindleko ezihleliwe ukuze kunciphise izindleko eziguquguqukayo kwakuyinto efanele ukuyenza; yilokho okwenziwe ukuthi siqalise ukuhlolwa okwakungamakhulu angaphezu kwekhulu kunombuzo ojwayelekile webhu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwe-MusicLab kubonisa ukuthi izindleko eziguquguqukayo zero akudingeki ukuba ziphele ngokwayo; kunalokho, kungaba yindlela yokuqhuba uhlobo olusha lokuzama. Qaphela ukuthi asizange sisebenzise bonke abahlanganyeli bethu ukuba bahlole izikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi ezingu-100 zokuhlolwa komphakathi. Esikhundleni salokho, senze into ehlukile, ongacabanga ukuthi ishintshe ukuzama kwengqondo kumuntu wezenhlalo (Hedström 2006) . Esikhundleni sokugxila ekuthathweni kwezinqumo, sagxila ekuhloleni kwethu ukuthandwa, umphumela wokubambisana. Lokhu kushintshela kumphumela wokubambisana kusho ukuthi sasidinga abahlanganyeli abangu-700 ukuthi bakhiqize iphuzu elilodwa lemininingwane (kwakukhona abantu abangu-700 emhlabeni wonke). Leso sikali sasingenzeka kuphela ngenxa yesakhiwo sezindleko zokuhlolwa. Ngokuvamile, uma abacwaningi befuna ukutadisha ukuthi imiphumela ehlangene ivela kanjani ezinqumweni zodwa, ukuhlolwa kweqembu njenge-MusicLab kuyathandeka kakhulu. Esikhathini esedlule, bebelokhu bebunzima, kodwa lezo zinkinga ziyeke ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi idatha yedatha eguquguqukayo ikhona.
Ngaphezu kokubonisa izinzuzo zedatha yezindleko eziguquguqukayo, ukuhlolwa kwe-MusicLab kubonisa inselele ngalendlela: izindleko eziphezulu ezihleliwe. Endabeni yami, nganginenhlanhla kakhulu ukukwazi ukusebenza nomthuthukisi wewebhu onethalente ogama lakhe linguPeter Hausel cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha ukwakha ukuhlolwa. Lokhu kwakungenzeka ngoba umeluleki wami, uDuncan Watts, uthole imali eningi yokusekela lolu hlobo locwaningo. Ubuchwepheshe buye bathuthuka kusukela sakha i-MusicLab ngo-2004 ngakho-ke kungaba lula ukwakha ukuzama okufana nalokhu manje. Kodwa, amasu aphezulu angabizi ayenzeka ngempela kubacwaningi abangakwazi ukumboza ngaleyo ndlela izindleko.
Ekuphetheni, ukuhlolwa kwedijithali kungaba nezakhiwo ezibiza izindleko ngokungafani nezivivinyo ze-analog. Uma ufuna ukuqhuba ukuhlolwa okukhulu kakhulu, kufanele uzame ukunciphisa izindleko zakho eziguquguqukayo ngangokunokwenzeka nangendlela yonke eya ku-zero. Ungakwenza lokhu ngokuzenzekelayo izindlela zokuhlola kwakho (isb., Ukufaka isikhathi sesikhathi somuntu ngesimo sekhompyutheni) nokuklama ukuhlolwa okufunwa ngabantu. Abacwaningi abangakwazi ukuklama ukuhlolwa ngalezi zici bazokwazi ukuqhuba izinhlobo ezintsha zokuhlola ezazisetshenziswa hhayi okungenzeka esikhathini esidlule. Noma kunjalo, ikhono lokudala izilinganiso ezibiza izindleko eziguquguqukayo lingakhulisa imibuzo emisha yokuziphatha, isihloko engizoyiqondisa manje.
