4.6.2 Yakha ukuziphatha emklamo wakho: esikhundleni, hlengisa, futhi unciphise
Yenza sokuhlolwa kwakho nomusa kakhudlwana ngokufaka esikhundleni nemaresiphi ezifundweni non-ocwaningayo, kokululungisa zokwelapha, nokunciphisa inani labamba iqhaza.
Iseluleko sesibili engingathanda ukunikela mayelana nokuklama ukuhlolwa kwedijithali kuthinta ukuziphatha. Njengoba i-Restivo ne-van de Rijt bezama amabarnstars ku-Wikipedia ibonisa, izindleko ezinciphile kusho ukuthi ukuziphatha kuzoba yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokuklama ucwaningo. Ngaphandle kwezinhlaka zokuziphatha eziqondisa izifundo zezifundo zabantu engizozichaza esahlukweni 6, abacwaningi abakha ukuhlolwa kwedijithali nabo bangadonsa imibono yokuziphatha evela emthonjeni ohlukile: izimiso zokuziphatha ezithuthukiswe ukuqondisa ukuhlolwa okuhilela izilwane. Ngokuyinhloko, ezincwadini zabo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokusetshenziswa kweMigomo Yokuziqhenya Ngokwemvelo , Russell and Burch (1959) bahlongoze izimiso ezintathu okufanele ziqondise ucwaningo lwezilwane: ukufaka esikhundleni, ukucwengisa nokunciphisa. Ngingathanda ukuphakamisa ukuthi la ma-R amathathu angasetshenziswa-ngendlela eguqulelwe kancane-ukuqondisa ukuklama kokuhlolwa kwabantu. Ngokuqondene,
- Faka esikhundleni: Faka esikhundleni ukuhlolwa ngezindlela ezincane ezingenasidingo uma kungenzeka.
- Hlanza: Hlela ukwelashwa ukwenza kube yingozi ngangokunokwenzeka.
- Nciphise: Nciphisa inani labahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni kwakho ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukuze wenze lezi zikhonkwane ezintathu zika-R futhi ubonise ukuthi zingabangela kanjani ukuhlelwa kokuhlola okungcono nokuningi komuntu, ngizochaza ukuhlolwa kwenkambu enhlobonhlobo eyenza ingxabano yokuziphatha. Khona-ke, ngizochaza ukuthi lezi zintathu zikaR zikhomba kanjani izinguquko eziphathekayo nezisebenzayo ekwakhiweni kohlolo.
Enye yezinhlelo zokuhlolwa kwenkambiso yedijithali ephikisana ngokuziphatha ngokwemithetho yenziwa ngu-Adam Kramer, uJamie Guillroy, noJeffrey Hancock (2014) futhi sekubizwa ngokuthi "Ukuphikisana Kwengqondo." Ukuhlolwa kwenzeka ku-Facebook futhi kwashukunyiswa ukuxuba kwesayensi imibuzo ewusizo. Ngaleso sikhathi, indlela eyinhloko abasebenzisi abasebenzisana ngayo ne-Facebook kwakuyi-News Feed, iqoqo le-algorithmically curated of status Facebook updates kusuka kubangani be-Facebook yomsebenzisi. Abanye abahlaziyi be-Facebook babelulekile ukuthi ngoba i-News Feed inezikhala eziningi ezinhle-abangani abakhombisa iqembu labo lwakamuva-kungabangela abasebenzisi ukuba bazizwe benesihlungu ngoba ukuphila kwabo kubonakala kungajabulisi uma kuqhathaniswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, mhlawumbe umphumela uhlukile: mhlawumbe ukubona umngane wakho enesikhathi esihle kungenza uzizwe ujabule. Ukuze sikwazi ukubhekana nalezi zizathu zokuncintisana-nokuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi imizwelo yomuntu ithinteka kanjani imizwelo yabangani bakhe-uKramer nozakwabo bagijima ukuhlolwa. Banike abasebenzisi abangaba ngu-700,000 emaqenjini amane ngesonto elilodwa: iqembu elithi "ukunganaki-elincishisiwe", okuthunyelwe ngamagama angalungile (isib., "Ukudabuka") kuvinjelwe ngokungahleliwe ukuba avele ku-News Feed; iqembu "elihle-elincishisiwe" lapho okuthunyelwe khona ngamagama afanele (isb., "ujabule") bevinjiwe ngezikhathi ezithile; kanye namaqembu amabili wokulawula. Esiqenjini sokulawula seqembu elithi "ukungabi nandaba-elincishisiwe", okuthunyelwe kwavinjelwe kuvinjelwe ngesilinganiso esifanayo njengeqembu elithi "ukungabi nandaba-elincishisiwe" kodwa ngaphandle kokuqukethwe komzwelo. Iqembu lokulawula leqembu elithi "positivity-decreased" lakhiwa ngendlela efanayo. Ukuklanywa kwalolu cwaningo kubonisa ukuthi iqembu elilawulayo elifanele alisoze lihlale lingenalo izinguquko. Esikhundleni salokho, ngezinye izikhathi, iqembu lokulawula lithola ukwelashwa ukuze lenze ukuqhathaniswa okucacile nombuzo wocwaningo okudingayo. Kuzo zonke izimo, okuthunyelwe okuvinjelwe ku-News Feed kwakusatholakala kubasebenzisi ngokusebenzisa ezinye izingxenye zewebhusayithi ye-Facebook.
I-Kramer kanye nozakwethu bathole ukuthi kubambe iqhaza esimweni sokunciphisa-isimo esinciphile, amaphesenti wamagama amahle ekubuyekezweni kwesimo sabo anciphisa futhi amaphesenti wamagama angalungile akhula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abahlanganyeli esimweni sokunciphisa ukunganaki, amaphesenti wamagama amahle akhula futhi amagama amabi ayancipha (isibalo 4.24). Kodwa-ke, le miphumela yayincane kakhulu: umehluko emazwini amahle nongalungile phakathi kwezokwelapha kanye nokulawulwa kwaba ngamagama angu-1 ku-1,000.
Umdwebo 4.24: Ubufakazi bokuphefumula ngokomzwelo (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) . Ababambe iqhaza esimweni sokunganaki-isimo esinciphile basebenzisa amagama ambalwa amabi namazwi angamazwi amaningi, futhi abathintekayo esimweni sokunciphisa isimo-ncishisiwe basebenzisa amagama angamazwi amaningi namagama aphansi. Amabha amelela amaphutha ajwayelekile. Kuthathwa kusukela ku- Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock (2014) , isibalo 1.
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngezimpikiswano zokuziphatha eziphakanyiswe ngalolu cwaningo, ngingathanda ukuchaza izindaba ezintathu zesayensi besebenzisa ezinye zezimvo ezivela ekuqaleni kwesahluko. Okokuqala, akucaci ukuthi imininingwane yangempela yokuhlolwa ixhuma kanjani kumangalo okuthiwa; Ngamanye amazwi, kunemibuzo mayelana nokwakha ukufaneleka. Akucaci ukuthi igama elihle futhi elibi elibalwayo empeleni liwuphawu oluhle lwesimo sengqondo sabahlanganyeli ngoba (1) akucaci ukuthi amagama abantu abathumelayo abonakalisa kahle imizwelo yabo futhi (2) akusikho kucacisa ukuthi inqubo ethile yokuhlaziywa kwemizwa abacwaningi abasetshenzisiwe bayakwazi ukuzwa imizwelo (Beasley and Mason 2015; Panger 2016) . Ngamanye amazwi, kungase kube nesilinganiso esibi sesignali ekhethiwe. Okwesibili, ukuklanywa nokuhlaziywa kwalesi silingo akusitshelanga ukuthi ngubani othe wathinteka kakhulu (okungukuthi, akukho ukuhlaziywa kokusebenza kwe-heterogeneity yemiphumela yokwelapha) nokuthi yiyiphi indlela engase ibe ngayo. Kulesi simo, abacwaningi babe nolwazi oluningi mayelana nabahlanganyeli, kodwa babebhekwa njengamawijethi ekuhlaziyweni. Okwesithathu, isayizi yomphumela kulolu vivinyo sasincane kakhulu; umehluko phakathi kwezimo zokwelashwa nezimo zokulawula kungu-1 kumagama angu-1 000. Emaphepheni abo, i-Kramer nozakwethu benza icala lokuthi umphumela walesi sayizi kubalulekile ngoba amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu bafinyelela ku-News Feed usuku ngalunye. Ngamanye amazwi, bayaphikisa ukuthi ngisho noma imiphumela yincane kumuntu ngamunye, inkulu ngokubanzi. Ngisho noma ngabe uyakwamukela le mpikiswano, kusacacile uma umphumela walesi sayizi kubalulekile mayelana nombuzo wesayensi jikelele mayelana nokusakazeka kwemzwelo (Prentice and Miller 1992) .
Ngaphandle kwale mibuzo yesayensi, emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa leli phephandaba lanyatheliswa ku- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , kwakukhona ukukhala okukhulu kokubili abacwaningi kanye nomcwaningi (ngizochaza izimpikiswano kule mpikiswano ngokuningiliziwe esahlukweni 6 ). Izimpikiswano eziphakanyisiwe kule mpikiswano zenze lo magazini ukuthi ushicilele "inkulumo engabonakali yokukhathazeka" mayelana nokuziphatha kanye nenqubo yokubuyekezwa kokuziphatha ngokucwaninga (Verma 2014) .
Njengoba inikezwe ngalesi sizinda mayelana nokuphikisana komzwelo, manje ngithanda ukukhombisa ukuthi ama-R amathathu angaphakamisa ukukhonjiswa, ukuthuthukiswa okuwusizo kwezifundo zangempela (noma yini ongase ucabange ngayo ngokuziphatha kwalolu daba oluthile). I-R yokuqala ithatha indawo : abacwaningi kufanele bafune ukufaka esikhundleni sokuhlola ngamasu amancane angenayo futhi ayingozi, uma kungenzeka. Isibonelo, kunokuba uhlole ukuhlolwa okungahleliwe, abacwaningi bangase baxhaphaze ukuhlolwa kwemvelo . Njengoba kuchazwe esahlukweni 2, ukuhlolwa kwemvelo yizimo lapho kwenzeka okuthile ezweni ukuthi lilinganisa isabelo esiphuthumayo sokwelapha (isb., I-lottery ukunquma ukuthi ngubani ozofakwa esibusweni). Inzuzo yokuziphatha yokuhlolwa kwemvelo yukuthi umcwaningi akudingeki ukuba athole imithi: imvelo yenza lokho kuwe. Isibonelo, cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo nokuhlolwa Lorenzo Coviello et al. (2014) , Lorenzo Coviello et al. (2014) basebenzise lokho okungabizwa ngokuthi ukuzama ukuhlolwa komzwelo we-Emotional Contagion. U-Coviello kanye nozakwethu bathola ukuthi abantu bathumela amagama angamazwi amaningi namagama ambalwa amnandi ezinsukwini lapho kuvula khona. Ngakho-ke, ngokusebenzisa ukungafani okungahleliwe esimweni sezulu, bakwazi ukuhlola umphumela wezinguquko ku-News Feed ngaphandle kwesidingo sokungenelela nhlobo. Kwakunjengokuthi isimo sezulu sasizama ukuzama kwabo. Imininingwane yenqubo yabo yinkimbinkimbi, kodwa iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu ngezinhloso zethu lapha ukuthi ngokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwemvelo, uCoviello kanye nozakwethu bakwazi ukufunda ngokusabalalisa kwemizwelo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuzihlola.
Okwesibili kulawo ma-Rs uhlanza : abacwaningi kufanele bafune ukuhlanza ukwelashwa kwabo ukuze bawenze njengenhlekelele ngangokunokwenzeka. Isibonelo, kunokuvimbela okuqukethwe okwakungaba kuhle noma okungalungile, abacwaningi bangase bakhulise okuqukethwe okwakuhle noma okungalungile. Lokhu kukwakhiwa kwakungase kushintshe okuqukethwe komzwelo kwabahlanganyeli 'Izindaba Feeds, kodwa bekuyobhekana nokukhathazeka okukodwa abagxeki abakushoyo: ukuthi ukuhlolwa kungabangela ukuthi abahlanganyeli bangaphuthelwa ulwazi olubalulekile ku-News Feed yabo. Ngomklamo osetshenziswa yi-Kramer nozakwabo, umyalezo obalulekile cishe uvinjelwe njengomuntu ongekho. Kodwa-ke, ngokuklama ukuthuthukisa, imilayezo ezobe isuswa ezindaweni ezizoba yilabo abangabalulekile kakhulu.
Okokugcina, i-R yesithathu incishiswa : abacwaningi kufanele bafune ukunciphisa inani labahlanganyeli ekuhloleni kwabo okudingekayo ukuze bafeze umgomo wabo wesayensi. Ekuhlolweni kwe-analog, lokhu kwenzeka ngokwemvelo ngenxa yezindleko eziguquguqukayo eziphezulu zabahlanganyeli. Kodwa ekuhlolweni kwedijithali, ikakhulukazi labo abanezindleko eziguquguqukayo ezihlukahlukene, abacwaningi ababhekene nezindleko zezindleko ngobukhulu bokuhlola kwabo, futhi lokhu kunakho ukuholela ekuhlolweni okukhulu okungadingekile.
Isibonelo, i-Kramer kanye nozakwethu kungenzeka ukuthi basebenzise ulwazi lwe-pre-treatment mayelana nabahlanganyeli babo-njengokuziphatha kokuthunyelwa kwangaphambi kokwelapha-ukwenza ukuhlaziywa kwabo kuphumelele. Ngokuqondile, kunokuba kuqhathaniswe inani lamagama amahle ezimweni zokwelapha nokulawula, uKramer kanye nozakwethu bangalinganisa ukuguqulwa kwenani lamagama amahle phakathi kwezimo; indlela ebizwa ngezinye izikhathi ngokuthi umklamo ohlangene (isibalo esingu-4.5) futhi ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi umlinganisi wemifuzano-umehluko. Okokuthi, kumhlanganyeli ngamunye, abacwaningi bangase badale ukuguqulwa kwesiphakamiso (ukuziphatha kokulandela ukwelashwa \(-\) ukuziphatha kwangaphambi kokwelapha) bese kuqhathanisa izinga lokushintshwa kwabahlanganyeli ezimweni zokwelapha nokulawula. Le ndlela yokwahlukana-kokuhlukana iphumelela ngokuphindaphindiwe, okusho ukuthi abacwaningi bangafeza ukuzethemba okufanayo kokusebenzisa amasampula amancane kakhulu.
Ngaphandle kokuthola idatha eluhlaza, kunzima ukwazi kahle ukuthi kungakanani okuphumelelayo ukulinganisela okungafani kwamanye amazwe bekuyobe kulesi simo. Kodwa singabheka ezinye izivivinyo ezihlobene ngomqondo onzima. Deng et al. (2013) babike ukuthi ngokusebenzisa isilinganiso sokulinganisela okungafani nalokho okwehlukile, bakwazi ukunciphisa ukuhluka kwezilinganiso zabo ngamaphesenti angama-50 ezivivinyeni ezintathu ezihlukene ze-intanethi; Imiphumela efanayo ebikwe ngu- Xie and Aurisset (2016) . Lokhu ukunciphisa okulinganiselwa ku-50% kusho ukuthi abacwaningi abathintekayo ngokomzwelo kungenzeka ukuthi bakwazi ukusika isampula yabo ngesigamu uma basebenzise indlela yokuhlaziya ehlukile. Ngamanye amazwi, ngenguquko encane ekuhlaziyweni, abantu abangu-350,000 kungenzeka basinda ekuhlanganyeleni ekuhlolweni.
Kuleli qophelo, ungase uzibuze ukuthi kungani abacwaningi kufanele banakekele uma abantu abangu-350,000 bebenokungapheli komzwelo okungadingekile. Kunezici ezimbili ezikhethekile zokuxilongwa ngokomzwelo okwenza ukukhathazeka ngosayizi owedlulele okufanelekile, futhi lezi zici zabiwe yizinhlelo eziningi ze-digital field: (1) kunokungaqiniseki ukuthi ngabe ukuhlolwa kuzolimaza okungenani abanye ababambiqhaza futhi (2) ukubamba iqhaza kwakungekhona ngokuzithandela. Kubonakala kunengqondo ukuzama ukugcina ukuhlolwa okunezici ezincane ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukuze kucace, isifiso sokunciphisa ubukhulu bokuhlolwa kwakho akusho ukuthi akufanele usebenze ukuhlolwa okubiza izindleko ezinkulu, zero variable. Kusho nje ukuthi izivivinyo zakho akufanele zibe yizikhulu kunalokhu udinga ukufeza umgomo wakho wesayensi. Enye indlela ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa okulinganiselwe ukuqhuba ukuhlaziywa kwamandla (Cohen 1988) . Esikhathini sobudala, abacwaningi ngokuvamile benza ukuhlaziywa kwamandla ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi ukutadisha kwabo kwakungelula kakhulu (okungukuthi, abangaphansi kwamandla). Kodwa-ke, manje abacwaningi kufanele benze ukuhlaziywa kwamandla ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi ukutadisha kwabo akukakhulu kakhulu (okungukuthi, amandla angaphezulu).
Ekuphetheni, ama-R amathathu-abuyele esikhundleni, ahlenge, futhi anciphise-ahlinzeke ngemigomo engasiza abacwaningi ukwakha ukuziphatha emiklamo yabo yokuhlola. Yiqiniso, ngayinye yalezi zinguquko ezingenzeka ku-Contagion Emotional izethula ukuhweba-offs. Isibonelo, ubufakazi obuvela ekuhlolweni kwemvelo akuyona njalo ehlanzekile njengalokho okuvela ekuhlolweni okungahleliwe, nokukhulisa okuqukethwe kungenzeka kube nzima kakhulu ukusebenzisa ngaphandle kokuvimbela okuqukethwe. Ngakho-ke, inhloso yokuphakamisa lezi zinguquko kwakungesizo ukuqagela izinqumo zabanye abacwaningi. Esikhundleni salokho, kwakuwukufanekisela ukuthi lezi R ezintathu zingasetshenziswa kanjani esimweni esiyiqiniso. Eqinisweni, inkinga yokuhweba ivela njalo ku-design design, futhi eminyakeni yobudala, lezi zinsuku zizobandakanya ukucabangela kokuziphatha. Kamuva, esahlukweni 6, ngizohlinzeka ngemigomo kanye nezinhlaka zokuziphatha ezingasiza abacwaningi ukuba baqonde futhi baxoxe ngalezi zindlela zokuhweba.
