2.3.4 Akuphelelanga
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi idatha yakho enkulu kangakanani, cishe ayinalo ulwazi olufunayo.
Imithombo eminingi yedatha enkulu ayiphelelanga , ngomqondo wokuthi ayinalo ulwazi oluzofuna ucwaningo lwakho. Lesi yisici esivamile sedatha eyadalwa ngezinhloso ngaphandle kokucwaninga. Ososayensi abaningi bezenhlalakahle sebevele benolwazi lokubhekana nokuphelele, njengenhlolovo ekhona engazange ibuze umbuzo okwakudingeka. Ngeshwa, izinkinga zokuphelela zivame ukuba zidlulele kakhulu kwedatha enkulu. Ekuhlangenwe nakho kwami, idatha enkulu ibonakala ilahlekile izinhlobo ezintathu zolwazi eziwusizo ucwaningo lwezenhlalakahle: ulwazi lomphakathi mayelana nabahlanganyeli, ukuziphatha kwamanye amapulatifomu, kanye nedatha ukuze kusebenze ukwakheka kwemibhalo.
Kulezi zinhlobo ezintathu zokuphelela, inkinga yedatha engaphelele yokusebenza okwakhiwa kwezinto ezithintekayo yinkimbinkimbi ukuxazulula. Futhi kulokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwami, kuvame ukungahoxiswa ngengozi. Ngokulinganayo, ukwakheka kwemfundiso yimiqondo engacacile ukuthi ososayensi bezenhlalakahle bacwaninga futhi basebenzise indlela yokwakhiwa kwemfundiso kusho ukuhlongoza indlela ethile yokubamba lokho okwakhiwa ngemininingwane ebonakalayo. Ngeshwa, le nqubo elula ezwakalayo iphenduka kube nzima kakhulu. Isibonelo, ake sicabange ukuzama ukuhlola ngokusemthethweni isimangalo esilula ukuthi abantu abahlakaniphile kakhulu bathola imali eyengeziwe. Ukuze uhlole lesi simangalo, kuzodingeka ulinganise "ukuhlakanipha." Kodwa yini ukuhlakanipha? Gardner (2011) waphakamisa ukuthi kukhona empeleni izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zobuhlakani. Futhi ingabe kunezinqubo ezingakwazi ukulinganisa ngokunembile noma iyiphi yalezi zindlela zobuhlakani? Naphezu kobuningi bomsebenzi izazi zengqondo, le mibuzo ayinayo izimpendulo ezingenakuqhathaniswa.
Ngakho-ke, ngisho nesimangalo esilula-abantu abahlakaniphile kakhulu bayothola imali engaphezulu-kungaba nzima ukuhlola ngokusemthethweni ngoba kungaba nzima ukwenza umsebenzi wokwakha amathekisthi. Ezinye izibonelo zokwakhiwa kwemibhalo ezibalulekile kodwa okulukhuni ukusebenza zihlanganisa "izinkambiso," "inhloko yenhlalakahle," nethi "intando yeningi." Ososayensi bezenhlalakahle babiza umdlalo phakathi kwezinto zokwakha kanye nokwakhiwa kwedatha (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) . Njengoba lolu hlu olufushane lwezakhiwo luphakamisa, ukwakha ukufaneleka kuyinkinga ukuthi ososayensi bezenhlalakahle baye balwela isikhathi eside kakhulu. Kodwa ekuhlangenwe nakho kwami, izinkinga zokwakha ukufaneleka zikhulu nakakhulu uma isebenza nedatha engadalwanga ngenhloso yocwaningo (Lazer 2015) .
Uma uhlola umphumela wocwaningo, indlela eyodwa esheshayo futhi ewusizo yokuhlola ukwakha okusemthethweni ukuthatha umphumela, okuvame ukuboniswa ngokwemibandela yokwakhiwa, nokuyiveza kabusha ngokwemininingwane esetshenzisiwe. Isibonelo, cabanga ngezifundo ezimbili zokucabanga ezibonisa ukuthi abantu abahlakaniphile kakhulu bathola imali eyengeziwe. Esicwaningweni sokuqala, umcwaningi wathola ukuthi abantu abaphumelela kahle kwi-Raven Progressive Matrices Test-uhlolo oluhlolisisiwe lwe-intelligence intelligence (Carpenter, Just, and Shell 1990) -ba nemali engenayo evuliwe ekubuyisweni kwentela. Esicwaningweni sesibili, umcwaningi uthole ukuthi abantu abakwa-Twitter abasebenzisa amagama asele kakhulu amathuba okukhuluma ngemikhiqizo yokunethezeka. Kuzo zombili izimo, laba cwaningi bangasho ukuthi baye babonisa ukuthi abantu abahlakaniphile kakhulu bathola imali eyengeziwe. Kodwa-ke, esifundweni sokuqala ama-constructed theory asebenze kahle ngedatha, kanti okwesibili ayengekho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba lesi sibonelo sibonisa, idatha eminingi ayixazululanga ngokuzenzakalelayo izinkinga ekwakheni ukufaneleka. Kufanele ubekezelele imiphumela yocwaningo lwesibili ngabe libandakanya i-tweets million, i-tweets ezigidigidi, noma ama-tweets ayi-trillion. Ukuze abacwaningi bangayazi umqondo wokwakha okusemthethweni, ithebula 2.2 linikeza izibonelo zezifundo eziye zasebenzisa izakhi zokwaziswa ngokusebenzisa idatha ye-digital trace.
| Umthombo wedatha | Ukwakhiwa kwemfundiso | Izinkomba |
|---|---|---|
| Amakhogi we-imeyili avela eyunivesithi (idatha ye-meta kuphela) | Ubuhlobo bezenhlalakahle | Kossinets and Watts (2006) , Kossinets and Watts (2009) , De Choudhury et al. (2010) |
| Okuthunyelwe kwezokuxhumana kwe-Social ku-Weibo | Ukuzibandakanya komphakathi | Zhang (2016) |
| Amalogi we-imeyili avela eqinile (i-meta-data kanye nombhalo ophelele) | Ukufaneleka komasiko enhlanganweni | Srivastava et al. (2017) |
Nakuba inkinga yedatha engaphelele yokubamba ukwakheka kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kunzima ukuyixazulula, kunezixazululo ezivamile kwezinye izinhlobo ezivamile zokuphelele: ulwazi olungaphelele kolwazi nolwazi olungaphelele ngokuziphatha kwamanye amapulatifomu. Isixazululo sokuqala ukuqoqa ngempela idatha oyidingayo; Ngizokutshela ngalokho esahlukweni 3 uma ngitshela mayelana nokuhlola. Isisombululo sesibili esiyinhloko ukwenza lokho ososayensi ababizayo abakubiza ngokuthi umsebenzisi-umlinganiso kanye nososayensi bezenhlalo babiza imputation . Kule ndlela, abacwaningi basebenzisa ulwazi abanalo kwabanye abantu ukuze bafake izimfanelo zabanye abantu. Isixazululo sesithathu esingase sikwazi ukuhlanganisa imithombo eminingi yedatha. Le nqubo ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi ukuxhuma kwerekhodi . Isiqubulo sami esiyintandokazi yale nqubo sabhalwa Dunn (1946) esigabeni sokuqala sephepha lokuqala lokuqala elibhalwa ekuxhumaneni kwerekhodi:
"Umuntu ngamunye emhlabeni udala incwadi yokuphila. Le Ncwadi iqala ngokuzalwa futhi iphetha ngokufa. Amakhasi alo akhiwe ngamarekhodi ezenzakalo eziyinhloko ekuphileni. Ukuxhumanisa irekhodi igama elinikezwe inqubo yokuhlanganisa amakhasi ale ncwadi ibe ivolumu. "
Lapho uDunn ebhala lelo gama wayecabanga ukuthi iNcwadi Yokuphila ingabandakanya imicimbi enkulu yokuphila njengokuzalwa, umshado, isahlukaniso nokufa. Kodwa-ke, manje ukuthi ulwazi oluningi mayelana nabantu lulotshiwe, iNcwadi yokuPhila ingaba i-portrait enemininingwane ecacile, uma lawo mahlu ahlukene (okungukuthi, umkhondo wethu we-digital) angaboshwa ndawonye. Le Ncwadi Yokuphila ingaba yimithombo enkulu kubaphenyi. Kodwa, kungabizwa ngokuthi i- database yenhlekelele (Ohm 2010) , engasetshenziselwa zonke izinhlobo zezinhloso ezingekho emthethweni, njengoba ngizochaza esahlukweni 6 (Ukuziphatha).
