2.3.5 ayitholakali
Idatha ebanjwe izinkampani kanye nohulumeni kunzima kubacwaningi ukufinyelela.
NgoMeyi 2014, i-US National Security Agency yavula isikhungo sedatha e-Utah yasemaphandleni ngegama elingenandaba, i-Intelligence Community Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative Data Center. Kodwa-ke, lesi sikhungo sedatha, esaziwa ngokuthi i-Utah Data Center, kubikwe ukuthi sinamandla okumangaza. Umbiko owodwa uthi uyakwazi ukugcina nokucubungula zonke izinhlobo zokuxhumana kufaka phakathi "okuqukethwe okuphelele kwama-imeyili wangasese, amakholi weselula, nokuseshwa kwe-Google, kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zomgwaqo wemininingwane yomuntu siqu-amaresidi okupaka, uhambo lokuhamba ngezinyawo, ukuthengwa kwamabhuku , kanye nezinye idijithali 'i-pocket litter' " (Bamford 2012) . Ngaphezu kokuphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nobuciko obuningi bolwazi olufakwe idatha enkulu, okuzochazwa ngezansi ngezansi, i-Utah Data Center yisibonelo esiphezulu somthombo ocebile wedatha ongatholakali kubacwaningi. Ngokuvamile, imithombo eminingi yedatha enkulu ezoba usizo ilawulwa futhi ivinjelwe ohulumeni (isib. Idatha yentela kanye nedatha yemfundo) noma izinkampani (isib. Imibuzo ezitsheni zokusesha kanye nedatha yocingo le-meta). Ngakho-ke, yize lezi zimithombo zedatha zikhona, azizuzisi ngenhloso yokucwaninga kwezenhlalo ngoba ayitholakali.
Esihlangenweni sami, abacwaningi abaningi abasemayunivesithi abaqondi kahle umthombo walokhu kungatholakali. Lezi idatha azifinyeleleki ngoba abantu ezinkampanini kanye nohulumeni bayisiphukuphuku, abavilaphayo, noma abanandaba. Kunalokho, kunezithiyo ezingathí sina zomthetho, zebhizinisi, nezokuziphatha ezivimbela ukufinyelela kwedatha. Isibonelo, ezinye izivumelwano zesevisi-zesevisi zamawebhusayithi zivumela kuphela idatha ezosetshenziswa ngabasebenzi noma ukuthuthukisa isevisi. Ngakho izinhlobo ezithile zokwabelana kwedatha zingabonisa izinkampani ezinkantolo ezisemthethweni ezivela kumakhasimende. Kukhona nezingozi ezinkulu zebhizinisi ezinkampanini ezithintekayo ekukwabeleni idatha. Zama ucabange ukuthi umphakathi uzosabela kanjani uma idatha yosesho lomuntu siqu isuka ku-Google njengengxenye yocwaningo lweyunivesithi. Ukuphulwa kwedatha okunjalo, uma kunzima kakhulu, kungase kube kube yingozi engozini yenkampani. Ngakho i-Google-nezinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu-zinengozi enkulu-ziphazamisa ukwabelana kwedatha nabacwaningi.
Eqinisweni, cishe wonke umuntu osesimweni sokunikeza ukufinyelela kwemininingwane enkulu uyayazi indaba ka-Abdur Chowdhury. Ngonyaka ka-2006, ngesikhathi engumholi wezocwaningo e-AOL, wakhululwa ngenhloso emphakathini ocwaningo ukuthi wacabanga ukuthi kwakuboniswa imibuzo yokucinga kusuka kwabasebenzisi abangu-650,000 be-AOL. Njengoba ngikwazi ukukusho, uChowdhury nabacwaningi base-AOL babenenhloso enhle, futhi bacabanga ukuthi babonakalise idatha. Kodwa bekungalungile. Kutholakale ngokushesha ukuthi idatha ayifuni engaziwa njengoba abacwaningi bacabanga, futhi izintatheli ezivela eNew York Times zakwazi ukukhomba othile kudathasethi kalula (Barbaro and Zeller 2006) . Lapho lezi zinkinga zitholakale, u-Chowdhury wasusa idatha kusuka kuwebhusayithi ye-AOL, kodwa sekuphuzile kakhulu. Idatha yayisetshenziswe kwezinye amawebhusayithi, futhi cishe izobe isatholakala uma ufunda le ncwadi. UChowdhury waxoshwa, futhi isikhulu sezobuchwepheshe be-AOL sashiya (Hafner 2006) . Njengoba lesi sibonelo sibonisa, izinzuzo zabantu abathile ngaphakathi kwezinkampani ukwenza lula ukufinyelela kwedatha zihle kakhulu futhi isimo esibi kunazo zonke sisabeka.
Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi bangathola ukufinyelela kwedatha okungenakufinyeleleka emphakathini jikelele. Abanye ohulumeni banezinqubo abacwaningi abangalandela ukuze bafake isicelo sokufinyelela, futhi njengoba izibonelo kamuva kulesi sahluko zibonisa, abacwaningi bangakwazi ukufinyelela ngezikhathi ezithile idatha yedatha. Isibonelo, u- Einav et al. (2015) ihlangene nomcwaningi ku-eBay ukutadisha izintandokazi ze-intanethi. Ngizokhuluma kabanzi mayelana nocwaningo oluvela kulokhu kusebenzisana kamuva esahlukweni, kodwa ngikhuluma manje ngenxa yokuthi yayinezithako ezine engizibonayo ekusebenzisaneni okuphumelelayo: umcwaningi inzuzo, ikhono lomcwaningi, intshisekelo yenkampani, kanye nokukwazi inkampani . Ngiye ngabona ukusebenzisana okuningi okungaphumeleli ngenxa yokuthi umcwaningi noma umlingani-kungaba yinkampani noma uhulumeni-ayengekho yalezi zithako.
Ngisho noma ukwazi ukuthuthukisa ubambiswano nebhizinisi noma ukuthola ukufinyelela kolwazi oluvinjelwe kahulumeni, noma kunjalo, kunamaphuzu amancane kuwe. Okokuqala, cishe ngeke ukwazi ukwabelana ngedatha yakho nabanye abacwaningi, okusho ukuthi abanye abacwaningi ngeke bakwazi ukuqinisekisa nokwandisa imiphumela yakho. Okwesibili, imibuzo ongayicela ingalinganiselwe; izinkampani azikwazi ukuvumela ucwaningo olungabenza lubukeke lubi. Okokugcina, lokhu kusebenzisana kungadala ukubonakala kokungqubuzana kwentshisekelo, lapho abantu bangase bacabange ukuthi imiphumela yakho ithonywe ukusebenzisana kwakho. Konke lokhu kwehlelwa phansi kungaqondiswa, kodwa kubalulekile ukucaca ukuthi ukusebenza nedatha engatholakali kuwo wonke umuntu kuneziphakamiso ezimbili.
Ngamafuphi, imininingwane eminingi enkulu ayitholakali kubacwaningi. Kunezithiyo ezingathí sina zomthetho, zebhizinisi, nezokuziphatha ezivimbela ukufinyeleleka kwedatha, futhi lezi zithiyo ngeke zihambe njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthukisa ngoba akuzona izithiyo zobuchwepheshe. Abanye ohulumeni basezizwe baye bamisa izinqubo zokuvumela ukutholakala kwedatha kwamanye amadatha, kepha inqubo idinga kakhulu emazingeni kahulumeni nakwasekhaya. Futhi, kwezinye izimo, abacwaningi bangabambisana nezinkampani ukuthola ukufinyelela kwedatha, kodwa lokhu kungabangela izinkinga ezihlukahlukene kubacwaningi nezinkampani.
