1.4 Izihloko zale ncwadi
Izingqikithi ezimbili encwadini ziyi-1) ukuxuba ama-almadine kanye namasosha omphakathi kanye no-2) ukuziphatha.
Izingqikithi ezimbili zigijima kulo lonke leli bhuku, futhi ngithanda ukuzigqamisa manje ukuze uzibone njengoba zivela ngokuphindaphindiwe. Iyokuqala ingafaniswa nomfanekiso ofanisa ama-greats amabili: uMarcel Duchamp noMichelangelo. I-Duchamp iyaziwa kakhulu ngama-readymades akhe, afana nomthombo , lapho athatha khona izinto ezivamile futhi wabuyisela kabusha njengezobuciko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMichelangelo akazange abuyele emuva. Lapho efuna ukwakha isithombe sikaDavid, akazange afune isiqephu semabula ehlobo olubonakala njengoDavid: wachitha iminyaka emithathu esebenza ukuze enze ubuciko bakhe obuhle. UDavid akayilungile; kuyisitokisi (isibalo 1.2).
Umdwebo 1.2: Umthombo kaMarcel Duchamp noDavid nguMichaelangelo. Umthombo uyisibonelo se-readymade, lapho umculi ebona into esevele ikhona emhlabeni bese uyibuyisela ngobuciko ngobuciko. UDavid uyisibonelo sobuciko esakhiwe ngamabomu; kuyisitokisi. Ucwaningo lwezenhlalakahle eminyakeni yobudala bunijithali luzobandakanya bobabili abalungile kanye namasosha. Isithombe seSithombo sika-Alfred Stiglitz, 1917 (Umthombo: I-Blind Man , no-2 / Wikimedia Commons ). Isithombe sikaDavid ngoJörg Bittner Unna, 2008 (Umthombo: _Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence / Wikimedia Commons ).
Lawa ma-stade-readymades nama-wardommades-abala maphephe ezitayela ezingasetshenziselwa ucwaningo lwezenhlalakahle eminyakeni yobudala. Njengoba uzobona, ezinye zezibonelo zalolu bhuku zibandakanya ukuphindaphinda ngobuhlakani kwemithombo emikhulu yedatha eyakhiwe yizinkampani kanye nohulumeni. Kwezinye izibonelo, umcwaningi uqale ngombuzo othize bese esebenzisa amathuluzi we-digital age ukudala idatha edingekayo ukuphendula lowo mbuzo. Uma kwenziwa kahle, zombili lezi zitayela zingaba namandla amakhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwezenhlalakahle eminyakeni yobudijithali luzobandakanya bobabili abalungile kanye namasosha; kuzobandakanya kokubili uDuchamps noMichelangelos.
Uma ngokuvamile usebenzisa idatha yokulungiswa, ngithemba ukuthi le ncwadi izokubonisa inani lemininingwane yesitokisi. Futhi ngokufanayo, uma usebenzisa idatha yokugcina, ngithemba ukuthi le ncwadi izokubonisa inani le-readymade yedatha. Ekugcineni, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ngithemba ukuthi le ncwadi izokubonisa ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa lezi zitayela ezimbili. Isibonelo, uJoshua Blumenstock kanye nozakwethu babeyingxenye yeDuchamp kanye nengxenye kaMichelangelo; baphinde bafaka amarekhodi amakholi (a readymade) futhi badala idatha yabo yokuhlola (isitokisi). Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwama-readymades kanye namasosha omzimba kuyisibonelo ozothola kulo lonke leli bhuku; kuvame ukufuna imibono kusuka kokubili isayensi yezenhlalakahle nesayensi yedatha, futhi ngokuvamile kuholela ekucwaningeni okuthakazelisayo kakhulu.
Isihloko sesibili esibhekene nale ncwadi ukuziphatha. Ngizokubonisa ukuthi abacwaningi bangasebenzisa kanjani amandla e-digital age ukuqhuba ucwaningo oluthakazelisayo nolubalulekile. Futhi ngizokukhombisa ukuthi abacwaningi abasebenzisa kanjani la mathuba bazobhekana nezinqumo ezinzima zokuziphatha. Isahluko 6 sizozinikezela ngokuphelele ekuziphatheni, kepha mina ngihlanganisa ukuziphatha kwezinye izahluko kanye nokuthi, esikhathini esiyinkimbinkimbi, ukuziphatha kuzoba yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokuklama ucwaningo.
Umsebenzi we-Blumenstock nozakwabo uphinde ubonise. Ukufinyelela amarekhodi amakholi we-granular kusuka kubantu abayizigidi eziyi-1.5 kudala amathuba amasha okucwaninga, kodwa futhi kudala amathuba okulimaza. Isibonelo, uJonathan Mayer nozakwethu (2016) bakhombise ukuthi ngisho namarekhodi amakholi "angabonakali" (okungukuthi, idatha ngaphandle kwamagama namakheli) angahlanganiswa nolwazi olutholakale esidlangalaleni ukuze abone abantu abathile emininingwaneni futhi afake ulwazi olubucayi mayelana kubo, njengolwazi oluthile lwezempilo. Ukuze kucace, i-Blumenstock kanye nozakwethu azama ukufaka ulwazi olubucayi ngomuntu, kodwa lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kwakunzima ngabo ukuthola idatha yocingo futhi yabaphoqa ukuba bathathe izivikelo eziningi ngenkathi beqhuba ucwaningo.
Ngaphandle kwemininingwane yamarekhodi okushaya ucingo, kukhona ukungezwani okuyisisekelo okuhamba ngokucwaninga okuningi kwezenhlalakahle eminyakeni yobudala. Abacwaningi-ngokuvamile ngokubambisana nezinkampani kanye nohulumeni-banamandla okwandisa izimpilo zabahlanganyeli. Ngamandla, ngisho ikhono lokwenza izinto kubantu ngaphandle kwemvume yabo noma ngisho nokuqwashisa. Isibonelo, abacwaningi bangabona ukuziphatha kwezigidi zabantu, futhi njengoba ngizochaza kamuva, abacwaningi bangabhalisa izigidi zabantu ezivivinyweni ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, konke lokhu kungenzeka ngaphandle kwemvume noma ukuqaphela abantu abathintekayo. Njengoba amandla abacwaningi akhula, akuzange kube nokukhushulwa okulinganayo ekucaceni ukuthi lawo magunya kufanele asetshenziswe kanjani. Eqinisweni, abacwaningi kumele banqume ukuthi bangasebenzisa kanjani amandla abo ngokusekelwe emithethweni, imithetho, kanye nemigomo engahambisani. Le nhlanganisela yamandla anamandla kanye neziqondiso ezingacacile zingabhekisa ngisho nabacwaningi abanenhloso yokubhekana nezinqumo ezinzima.
Uma ngokuvamile ugxila ekutheni ucwaningo lwezenhlalakahle lwamadijithali ludala kanjani amathuba amasha, ngithemba ukuthi le ncwadi izokukhombisa ukuthi la mathuba futhi adala izingozi ezintsha. Ngokufanayo, uma ugxila kulezi zingozi, ngithemba ukuthi le ncwadi izokusiza ubone amathuba-amathuba angadinga izingozi ezithile. Okokugcina, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ngithemba ukuthi le ncwadi izosiza wonke umuntu ukuba alinganise ngokufanele izingozi namathuba adalwe ucwaningo lwezenhlalakahle yobudala. Njengoba ukwanda kwamandla, kufanele futhi kube nokwanda komthwalo wemfanelo.
