1.2 Welcome to the age digital
Isikhathi sobudijithali siyindawo yonke, sikhula, futhi siyashintsha okusemandleni abacwaningi.
Isisekelo esiyinhloko salolu bhuku ukuthi i-digital age yenza amathuba amasha ocwaningo lwezenhlalakahle. Abacwaningi bangabona ukuziphatha, babuze imibuzo, basebenzise izivivinyo, futhi bahlanganyele ngezindlela ezazingenakwenzeka esikhathini esidlule sakamuva. Ngokuhambisana nalezi zindlela ezintsha ziza izingozi ezintsha: abacwaningi bangabhubhisa abantu ngezindlela ezingenakwenzeka esikhathini esidlule esedlule. Umthombo walezi zingozi nezingozi kuyishintsho kusukela esikhathini sokudala kuze kube seminyaka yobudijithali. Lokhu kuguqulwa akukwenzekanga konke ngesikhathi esisodwa-njengokushintsha komshini wokukhanya-futhi, eqinisweni, akukakapheli. Noma kunjalo, sibonile ngokwanele manje ukuthi kukhona into enkulu eqhubekayo.
Enye indlela yokubona lokhu kuguqulwa ukubuka izinguquko ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke. Izinto eziningi empilweni yakho ezahlala zi-analog manje zedijithali. Mhlawumbe wawuvame ukusebenzisa ikhamera ngefilimu, kodwa manje usebenzisa ikhamera yedijithali (okungenzeka ukuthi iyingxenye yefoni yakho smart). Mhlawumbe wawuvame ukufunda iphephandaba langokomzimba, kodwa manje ufunda iphephandaba le-inthanethi. Mhlawumbe wawujwayele ukukhokhela izinto ngemali, kodwa manje ukhokha ngekhadi lesikweletu. Esimeni ngasinye, ushintsho oluvela ku-analog kuya kudijithali lusho ukuthi idatha eminingi mayelana nawe iyathunjwa futhi igcinwe ngedijithali.
Eqinisweni, uma kubhekwa ngokubanzi, imiphumela yenguquko iyamangalisa. Inani lemininingwane emhlabeni liyakhula ngokushesha, futhi ulwazi oluningi lugcinwa ngedijithali, olugqugquzela ukuhlaziywa, ukudluliselwa nokuhlanganiswa (umfanekiso 1.1). Konke lokhu kwaziswa kwedijithali kuye kwabizwa ngokuthi "idatha enkulu." Ngaphezu kwalokhu kuqhuma kwedatha yedijithali, kukhona ukukhula okufanayo ekufinyeleleni kwamandla we-computing (umfanekiso 1.1). Lezi zindleko ezikhulayo zedatha yedijithali nokwandisa ukutholakala kwekhompiyutha-cishe zizoqhubeka ngekusasa elibonakalayo.
Umdwebo 1.1: Amandla okugcinwa kolwazi kanye namandla wekhompiyutha akhula ngokuphawulekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isitoreji sokwaziswa manje sesicishe sibe yedijithali kuphela. Lezi zinguquko zenza amathuba amasha abacwaningi bezenhlalakahle. Kuthathwa kusukela ku- Hilbert and López (2011) , izibalo 2 no-5.
Ngenhloso yokucwaninga kwezenhlalakahle, ngicabanga ukuthi isici esibaluleke kakhulu sonyaka we-digital yi- computer yonke indawo . Kusukela njengamashini afana nendawo okwakutholakala kuphela kubahulumeni nezinkampani ezinkulu, amakhompiyutha ayelokhu ehla ngesayizi futhi ekhulayo ku-ubiquity. Iminyaka eyishumi ngayinye kusukela ngonyaka wama-1980 ibone uhlobo olusha lwe-computing oluvela: ama-computer, ama-laptops, amafoni ahlakaniphile, namaprosesa asetshenzisiwe manje "kwi-Inthanethi yezinto" (okungukuthi, amakhompyutha angaphakathi kwamashini afana nezimoto, amawashi, nama-thermostats) (Waldrop 2016) . Ngokuqhubekayo, la ma-computer ajwayelekile enza okungaphezu nje kokubala; baphinde bazizwe, bagcine futhi badlulisele ulwazi.
Abacwaningi, impumelelo yokutholakala kwama-computer yonke indawo ilula kakhulu ukubona i-inthanethi, imvelo elinganiswa ngokugcwele futhi inikwe amandla ekuvivinyweni. Isibonelo, isitolo se-intanethi singakwazi ukuqoqa kalula idatha ecacile mayelana namaphethini ezitolo ezithinta izigidi zamakhasimende. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenza kalula amaqembu amakhasimende athole okuhlangenwe nakho kokuthenga okuhlukile. Lekhono lokuhleleka ngokulandelela ukuthi kusho ukuthi izitolo ze-intanethi zihlala ziqhuba ukuhlolwa okulawulwa ngokungahleliwe. Eqinisweni, uma uke wathenga noma yini esitolo esise-intanethi, ukuziphatha kwakho kuye kwalandelwa futhi ngokuqinisekile uhlanganyele ekuhlolweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyayazi noma cha.
Leli zwe elilinganiselwe ngokuphelele, elingenakulinganiswa ngokugcwele alikwenzeka nje ku-intanethi kuphela; kuqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo yonke indawo. Izitolo zomzimba ziqoqe kakade idatha yokuthenga okuningiliziwe, futhi zakha ingqalasizinda ukuqapha ukuthengwa kwamakhasimende futhi zixubane nokuhlolwa kokusebenza komsebenzi. I-"Internet of Things "ichaza ukuthi ukuziphatha ezweni elingokoqobo kuzothunjwa ngokwengeziwe ngezinzwa zedijithali. Ngamanye amazwi, uma ucabanga ngokucwaninga kwezenhlalakahle eminyakeni yobudijithali akufanele ucabange nje nge-inthanethi , kufanele ucabange yonke indawo .
Ngaphezu kokunika amandla ukulinganisa kokuziphatha nokungahleliwe kwemithi yokwelashwa, iminyaka yobudala yedijithali nayo idale izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana nabantu. Lezi zinhlobo ezintsha zokuxhumana zivumela abacwaningi ukuba basebenzise ucwaningo olusha futhi benze ukubambisana okukhulu nabalingani babo kanye nomphakathi jikelele.
I-skeptic ingase ibonise ukuthi akekho kulawo makghono atsha ngempela. Okungukuthi, esikhathini esidlule, kuye kwaba nezinye intuthuko enkulu emakhono abantu okukhulumisana (isib. I-telegraph (Gleick 2011) ), futhi amakhompiyutha ayelokhu ehamba ngokushesha cishe ngamazinga afanayo kusukela ngawo-1960 (Waldrop 2016) . Kodwa lokho okungaqondakali okusobala ukuthi ngenye indawo okuningi okufanayo kuyaba okuhlukile. Nasi umfanekiso engiwuthandayo (Halevy, Norvig, and Pereira 2009; Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier 2013) . Uma ungathatha isithombe sehhashi, khona-ke unesithombe. Futhi, uma ungathatha izithombe ezingu-24 zehhashi ngomzuzwana, khona-ke unayo i-movie. Yiqiniso, i-movie isisithombe esiningi nje, kodwa kuphela ukugxeka okungapheli okungathi izithombe nama-movie zifanayo.
Abacwaningi basenkonzweni yokwenza ushintsho ngokufanayo ekushintsheni kusuka ekutheni kufakwe izithombe ukuya ku-cinematography. Lolu shintsho, kodwa, alusho ukuthi konke esikufundile esikhathini esidlule kufanele kunganakwa. Njengoba nje izimiso zokuzithombe zikwazisa lezo zithombe zocwaningo, izimiso zokucwaninga kwezenhlalakahle eziye zenziwa eminyakeni eyi-100 edlule zizokwazisa ucwaningo lwezenhlalakahle olwenziwa eminyakeni eyi-100 elandelayo. Kodwa, ushintsho lisho ukuthi akufanele nje siqhubeke senza into efanayo. Kunalokho, kumele sihlanganise izindlela zesikhathi esidlule namakhono okwamanje namasasa. Isibonelo, ucwaningo lukaJoshua Blumenstock kanye nosebenza nabo lwaluyingxube yocwaningo lwendabuko yocwaningo nalokho abanye abangawabiza ngokuthi isayensi yedatha. Zombili lezi zithako zazidingekile: noma izimpendulo zocwaningo noma amarekhodi okubiza ngokwawo akwanele ukukhiqiza izilinganiso eziphakeme zokuhlupheka. Ngokuvamile, abacwaningi bezenhlalo bazodinga ukuhlanganisa imibono evela kwisayensi yezenhlalakahle kanye nesayensi yedatha ukuze bazuze amathuba eminyaka yobudijithali; noma ungasondeli wedwa uyokwanela.
