6.4.4 Inhlonipho Law and Public Interest
Ezihlonipha umthetho ne- Interest Public kwelula isimiso of Beneficence ngalé lokubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni ethize ukuze ihlanganise bonke abathintekayo.
Isimiso sesine nesokugcina esingaqondisa ukucabanga kwakho ukuhlonipha uMthetho kanye Nentshisekelo Yomphakathi. Lesi simiso sivela kwi-Menlo Report, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi aziwa kangcono kubacwaningi bezenhlalakahle. I-Menlo Report iveza ukuthi isimiso sokuhlonipha umthetho kanye nesithakazelo somphakathi sithinteka ngokuvumelana nokusizwa kosizo, kodwa siphinde sitshele ukuthi lowo owake wafanelwa ukucatshangelwa ngokucacile. Ngokuyinhloko, kuyilapho Inzuzo ijwayele ukugxila kubahlanganyeli, Inhlonipho yoMthetho Nesithakazelo Sabantu ikhuthaza ngokucacile abacwaningi ukuba bathathe umbono obanzi futhi bafake umthetho ekucabangeni kwabo.
Embikweni we-Menlo, Inhlonipho yoMthetho kanye Nezintshisekelo Zomphakathi inezingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene: (1) ukuthobela kanye (2) nokubika ngokusekelwe obala. Ukuthobela kusho ukuthi abacwaningi kufanele bazame ukuthola nokulalela imithetho efanele, izinkontileka kanye nemigomo yesevisi. Isibonelo, ukuthobela kusho ukuthi umcwaningi ocabangela ukucubungula okuqukethwe kwewebhusayithi kufanele afunde futhi acabangele isivumelwano semigomo-yesevisi yaleso website. Nokho, kungenzeka kube yizimo lapho kuvunyelwe ukwephula imigomo yesevisi; khumbula, ukuhlonipha umthetho kanye nentshisekelo yomphakathi kungenye yezimiso ezine. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi esisodwa, bobabili u-Verizon ne-AT & T babe nemigomo yesevisi eyavimbela amakhasimende ukuba (Vaccaro et al. 2015) . Angicabangi ukuthi abacwaningi akufanele bazibophezele ngokuzenzekelayo izivumelwano zemigomo-yesevisi. Okufanelekile, uma abacwaningi bephula izivumelwano Soeller et al. (2016) -ye-service, kufanele bachaze isinqumo sabo ngokusobala (bheka isib. Soeller et al. (2016) ), njengoba kuphakanyiswe ukuphendula ngokucacile. Kodwa lokhu kuvuleka kungabonisa abacwaningi ukuthi bangene engozini yomthetho; e-United States, isibonelo, i-Computer Fraud kanye ne-Act Abuse ingenza kube ngokungemthetho ukwephula izivumelwano zesevisi (Sandvig and Karahalios 2016; ??? ) . Kule ngxoxo emfushane ibonisa, kuhlanganise ukuhambisana nokuhlelwa kokuziphatha kungabangela imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi.
Ngaphezu kokuthobela, Ukuhlonishwa koMthetho kanye Nentshisekelo Yomphakathi nakho kukhuthaza ukuphendula ngokucacile- okusho ukuthi abacwaningi kufanele bacacise ngezinhloso zabo, izindlela zabo, kanye nemiphumela kuzo zonke izigaba zocwaningo lwabo futhi bathathe umthwalo wezenzo zabo. Enye indlela yokucabanga ngokuziphendulela okusekelwe obala ukuthi uzama ukuvimbela umphakathi wokucwaninga ukwenza izinto ngasese. Lokhu kuphendulwa kwemisebenzi ebonakala ngokucacile kwenza umphakathi ube nendima ebanzi emibhikishweni yokuziphatha, ebalulekile kokubili izizathu zokuziphatha nokusebenza.
Ukusebenzisa isimiso sokuhlonipha umthetho kanye nentshisekelo yomphakathi kulezi zifundo ezintathu ezicatshangelwe lapha kubonisa ezinye zezicwaningi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezibhekene nazo uma kuziwa emthethweni. Isibonelo, u- Grimmelmann (2015) uphikelele ukuthi ukutheleleka ngokomzwelo kungenzeka ukuthi kwakungemthetho eHulumeni yaseMaldinnia. Ngokuyinhloko, i-Maryland House Bill 917, eyadluliselwa ngo-2002, idlulisela ukuvikelwa okuvamile ku-All Rule ukuvikelwa kuyo yonke inhlolovo eyenziwe eMadrid, ngaphandle kwemithombo yezimali (ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuphikisana ngokomzwelo kwakungekho ngaphansi komthetho ovamile ngaphansi kwe-Federal Law ngoba wawuqhutshwa ku-Facebook , isikhungo esingatholi izimali zocwaningo ezivela kuhulumeni wase-US). Kodwa-ke, ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi uMargan House Bill 917 ngokwawo uqobo awuhambisani nomthethosisekelo (Grimmelmann 2015, 237–38) . Ukuzicwaninga abacwaningi bezenhlalo akuzona abahluleli, ngakho-ke abahlomele ukuqonda nokuhlola umthethosisekelo wemithetho yawo wonke ama-50 ase-US. Lezi zinkimbinkimbi zenziwa emikhakheni yamazwe ngamazwe. Okunye, isibonelo, babandakanye iqhaza abavela emazweni angu-170, okwenza ukuthotshelwa ngokomthetho kunzima kakhulu. Ngokuphendula imvelo engavumelani nomthetho, abacwaningi bangase bazuze ekubuyekezweni kokuziphatha komuntu wesithathu, njengomthombo weluleko mayelana nezidingo zomthetho kanye nokuvikelwa komuntu siqu uma kwenzeka ucwaningo lwabo lungekho emthethweni.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zonke izifundo ezintathu zashicilela imiphumela yazo kumaphephandaba ezemfundo, okuvumela ukuphendula ngokusekelwe obala. Eqinisweni, ukutheleleka komzwelo kwanyatheliswa efomu lokufinyelela okuvulekile, ngakho umphakathi wocwaningo kanye nomphakathi obanzi waziswa-emva kweqiniso-mayelana nokuklama nemiphumela yocwaningo. Enye indlela ephuthumayo futhi engafanele yokuhlola ukuziphendulela ngokucacile ukuziphendulela ukuzibuza: ingabe ngizokhululeka uma izinqubo zami zocwaningo zabhalwa mayelana nekhasi langaphambili lephephandaba lasekhaya lamadolobheni? Uma impendulo inguye, lokho kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi ukuklama kwakho ucwaningo kungadinga izinguquko.
Ekuphetheni, umbiko weBelmont ne-Menlo Report uhlinzeka ngemigomo emine engasetshenziselwa ukuhlola ucwaningo: Inhlonipho yabantu, inzuzo, ubulungiswa, nokuhlonipha umthetho kanye nentshisekelo yomphakathi. Ukusebenzisa lezi zimiso ezine ekusebenzeni akuzona njalo okuqondile, futhi kungadinga ukulinganisa okunzima. Isibonelo, ngokuqondene nesinqumo noma ngabe iqhaza labahlanganyeli abavela ekuziphatheni komzwelo, kungase kubhekwe ukuthi Ukuhlonipha Abantu kungakhuthaza ukuxoxisana, kanti ukuzuzisa kuyayidumaza (uma ukuxoxisana kungazilimaza). Ayikho indlela othomathikhi yokulinganisela le migomo ephikisanayo, kodwa izimiso ezine zisiza ukucacisa ukuhweba, zisho izinguquko kumiklamo yocwaningo, futhi unike amandla abacwaningi ukuba bachaze ukubonisana kwabo nomphakathi.
