6.5 Two izinhlaka eziphathelene nezimiso zokuziphatha
Mpikiswano Iningi mayelana nendlela yokuziphatha yocwaningo ukunciphisa nezingxabano phakathi consequentialism kanye deontology.
Lezi zimiso ezine zokuziphatha zokuhlonipha abantu, ukuzuzisa, ubulungiswa, nokuhlonipha umthetho kanye nentshisekelo yomphakathi ngokwabo ngokuyinhloko zithathwe ezinhlokweni ezimbili zokuziphatha ezingabonakali: ukulandelana kanye nokuhlaziya . Ukuqonda lezi zihlaka kuyasiza ngoba kuzokwenza ukwazi ukubona bese ucabangela ngenye yezingxabano ezisemqoka ekucwaningeni kocwaningo: ukusebenzisa izindlela ezingenakwenzeka zokufeza izinhloso zokuziphatha.
Ukuhlelwa kwemvelo, okuye kwavela emsebenzini kaJeremy Bentham noJohn Stuart Mill, kugxile ekuthathweni kwezinyathelo eziholela emazweni angcono emhlabeni (Sinnott-Armstrong 2014) . Isimiso seNzuzo, esigxile ekuhloliseni ingozi kanye nezinzuzo, isuselwe ngokujulile ekucabangeni okulandelanayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-deontology, eqala umsebenzi ka-Immanuel Kant, igxile emisebenzini yokuziphatha, ngaphandle kwemiphumela yawo (Alexander and Moore 2015) . Isimiso sokuhlonipha abantu, okugxila ekuziphatheni kwabahlanganyeli, sisekelwe ngokujulile ekucabangeni kwamasonto. Indlela esheshayo futhi ongahluziwe ukuhlukanisa letinhlaka ezimbili wukuthi deontologists ukugxila izindlela futhi consequentialists ukugxila kuphelile.
Ukuze ubone ukuthi lezi zihlaka ezimbili zisebenza kanjani, cabangela imvume enolwazi. Zombili izinhlaka zingasetshenziswa ukusekela imvume enolwazi, kodwa ngezizathu ezahlukene. Impikiswano yokulandelana kwemvume enolwazi ukuthi kusiza ukuvimbela ukulimala kwabahlanganyeli ngokuvimbela ucwaningo olungabhalisanga kahle ingozi nokulindela inzuzo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukucabangela ukulandelana kungase kusekele imvume enolwazi ngoba kusiza ukuvimbela imiphumela emibi yabahlanganyeli. Kodwa-ke, impikiswano yezinkolelo zemvume enolwazi igxile emsebenzini womcwaningi wokuhlonipha ukuzimela kwabahlanganyeli bakhe. Njengoba kunikezwe lezi zindlela, i-consequentialist ehlanzekile ingase izimisele ukukhipha imfuneko yokuthola ulwazi olunemininingwane esimweni lapho kungekho khona ingozi, kanti kungenzeka ukuthi i-deontologist yangempela ayikwazi.
Kokubili ukulandelana kanye ne-deontology kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kokuziphatha, kodwa ngamunye angathathwa ngokungathí sina. Ukuze kube nokulandelana, enye yalezi zimo ezimbi kakhulu ingabizwa ngokuthi Ukutshala . Cabanga udokotela oneziguli eziyisihlanu ezibulawa ukwehluleka komzimba kanye nesiguli esisodwa esinempilo amalungu ayo angagcina wonke amahlanu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, udokotela ozokwehlukanisa uzovunyelwa-futhi ngisho nokudingeka-ukubulala isiguli esinempilo ukuthola izitho zakhe. Ukugxila okuphelele ekupheleleni, ngaphandle kokubheka, kusho ukuthi kuyiphutha.
Ngokufanayo, i-deontology nayo ingathathwa ngendlela engafaneleki, njengalokhu kungase kuthiwa i- Time bhomu . Cabanga ngesikhulu samaphoyisa esithathile umbhikisho owaziyo indawo yokubhubhisa isikhathi esizobulala izigidi zabantu. Iphoyisa elingekho emthethweni lingeke lilale ukuze likhohlise umbhikisho ekudaluleni indawo ibhomu. Ukugxila okuphelele ezindleleni, ngaphandle kokubhekela ekupheleni, nakho kuyiphutha.
Ngokwenza njalo, abacwaningi abaningi bezenhlalakahle bavuma ngokucacile ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zinhlaka ezimbili zokuziphatha. Ukuqaphela lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezikole zokuziphatha kuyasiza ukucacisa ukuthi kungani izingxabano eziningi zokuziphatha-ezivame ukuba phakathi kwalabo abakhululeka kakhulu nalabo abanobuchwepheshe obuningi-abazange bathuthuke kakhulu. Iziphakamiso ngokuvamile zinikeza izingxabano mayelana neziphetho-izimpikiswano ezingekho ezikhombisayo kuma-deontologists, abakhathazekile ngezindlela. Ngokufanayo, abafundisi bama-deontologists bavame ukunikeza izingxabano mayelana nezindlela, ezingenakuqhathanisa nabalingisi, abagxile ekugcineni. Izimpikiswano phakathi kwabalandela kanye nama-deontologists zifana nemikhumbi emibili edlula ebusuku.
Isixazululo esisodwa salezi mpikiswano kuzoba ngabacwaningi bezenhlalakahle ukuba bakhe ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo, okunamandla, futhi okulula ukufaka isicelo sokulandelana kanye ne-deontology. Ngeshwa, akunakwenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke; izazi zefilosofi ziye zabhekana nalezi zinkinga isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi bangasebenzisa lezi zikhombandlela ezimbili zokuziphatha-kanye nemigomo emine abayisho-ukucabanga ngezinselelo zokuziphatha, ukucacisa ukuhweba, nokuphakamisa ukuthuthukiswa kohlaka lokucwaninga.
