Yini okufanele ufunde ngokulandelayo

• Isingeniso (isigaba 6.1)

Ukuziphatha ngokucwaninga kuye kwafaka izihloko ezifana nokukhwabanisa kwesayensi nokwabiwa kwekhredithi. Lokhu kuxoxwa ngokuningiliziwe ku- On Being Scientist yi- Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering (2009) .

Lesi sahluko sithonywe kakhulu isimo e-United States. Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngezinqubo zokubukeza ezokuziphatha kwamanye amazwe, bheka izahluko 6-9 Desposato (2016b) . Ukuphikisana ngokuthi izimiso zokuziphatha eziphilayo eziye zathonya lesi sahluko zi-American ngokweqile, bheka Holm (1995) . Ukuze uthole ukubuyekezwa okunye komlando kwamaBhodi okuHlola okuHlanganisa e-United States, bheka Stark (2012) . Iphephabhuku PS: Isayensi Yezombusazwe Nezopolitiki zenze i-symposium yezobuchwepheshe ngokuhlobana phakathi kobuchwepheshe bezombusazwe kanye nama-IRB; bheka Martinez-Ebers (2016) ngesifinyeto.

Umbiko weBelmont kanye nemithethonqubo elandelayo e-United States ivame ukwenza umehluko phakathi kocwaningo nokusebenza. Angizange ngihlukanise ngalesi sahluko ngoba ngicabanga ukuthi izimiso zokuziphatha kanye nezinhlaka zisebenza kuzo zombili izilungiselelo. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngalolu hlu kanye nezinkinga ezethula, bheka Beauchamp and Saghai (2012) , MN Meyer (2015) , boyd (2016) , Metcalf and Crawford (2016) .

Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe mayelana nokwengamela ucwaningo ku-Facebook, bheka Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . Ukuze uthole imibono mayelana nokubhekwa kocwaningo ezinkampanini nakuma-NGO, bheka i- Calo (2013) , i- Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) , Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .

Mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwedatha yeselula ukusiza ukubhekana nokuqhuma kwe-Ebola eNtshonalanga Afrika (Wesolowski et al. 2014; McDonald 2016) , ngokuningi mayelana nezingozi zobumfihlo zedatha yeselula, bheka Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . Ukuze uthole izibonelo zocwaningo oluhlobene nobunzima bokuqala usebenzisa idatha yeselula, bheka Bengtsson et al. (2011) Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) , kanye nokunye okuphathelene nokuziphatha kocwaningo oluhlobene nobunzima, bheka ( ??? ) .

• Izibonelo ezintathu (isigaba 6.2)

Abantu abaningi baye babhala nge-Contagion Emotional. Iphephandaba i- Research Ethics linikeze yonke inkinga ngoJanuwari 2016 ukuxoxa ngalolu daba; bheka u- Hunter and Evans (2016) ukuze bahlole. I- Proceedings of the National Academics of Science yashicilela izingcezu ezimbili mayelana nokuhlolwa: Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Ezinye izicucu mayelana nokuhlolwa zihlanganisa: Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) , Meyer (2014) , Grimmelmann (2015) , MN Meyer (2015) , ( ??? ) , Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) , Shaw (2015) , kanye ( ??? ) .

• Idijithali ihlukile (isigaba 6.3)

Ngokubhekwa kokuqwashisa, ukubuka okubanzi okuhlinzekwayo kuhlinzeka Mayer-Schönberger (2009) Marx (2016) . Ukuze uthole isibonelo sekhonkco mayelana nezindleko zokuguqulwa kokubhekwa, Bankston and Soltani (2013) balinganisa ukuthi ukulandelela umsolwa wesibambiso usebenzisa amafoni omakhalekhukhwini kungaba ngu-50 izikhathi ezishibhile kunokusebenzisa ukubhekwa ngokomzimba. Bheka futhi i- Ajunwa, Crawford, and Schultz (2016) yengxoxo yokubhekwa komsebenzi. Bell and Gemmell (2009) banikeza umbono onethemba lokuzihlola.

Ngaphezu kokukwazi ukulandelela ukuziphatha okubonakalayo okusesidlangalaleni noma okuyingxenye yomphakathi (isib. Ukuthanda, Izibopho, Nesikhathi), abacwaningi bangakwazi ukukhuphula izinto abahlanganyeli abaningi abazibheka njengeziyimfihlo. Isibonelo, uMikhal Kosinski kanye nozakwethu (2013) babonise ukuthi bangakwazi ukuthola ulwazi olubucayi ngabantu, njengokuzibandakanya ngokobulili kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, kusukela ekuboneni idatha ejwayelekile efana ne-digital (Facebook Likes). Lokhu kungase kuzwakale imilingo, kepha indlela yeKosinski kanye nosebenza nabo esetshenzisiwe-ehlanganisa ukulandelana kwe-digital, ukuhlola, nokufunda okuqondisiwe-empeleni into engake ngitshele yona ngaphambili. Khumbula ukuthi esahlukweni 3 (Ukubuza imibuzo). Ngikutshele ukuthi uJoshua Blumenstock nosebenza nabo (2015) bahlanganisa idatha yocwaningo ngemininingwane yefoni yeselula ukulinganisa ubumpofu eRwanda. Le ndlela efanayo, engasetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ubuphofu ezweni elithuthukayo, ingasetshenziselwa ukuthi kube nokwephulwa kwemfihlo-ukwephulwa kwezingqinamba.

Ukuze uthole okuningi mayelana nokusetshenziswa O'Doherty et al. (2016) kolwazi lwezempilo, bheka u- O'Doherty et al. (2016) . Ngaphandle kokusemandleni okusetshenziswa okungahlosiwe okungahlosiwe, ukudala ngisho ne-database engaphelele kungahle kube nomthelela omubi empilweni yezenhlalo nezombangazwe uma abantu bengathandi ukufunda izinto ezithile noma ukuxoxa ngezihloko ezithile; bheka Schauer (1978) Penney (2016) .

Ezimweni ezinemithetho edlulayo, umcwaningi ngezinye izikhathi uhlanganyela "ezitolo zokulawula" (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . Ngokuyinhloko, abanye abacwaningi abafisa ukugwema ukubhekwa kwe-IRB bangakha ubudlelwane nabacwaningi abangagciniwe yi-IRB (isib., Abantu ezinkampanini noma izinhlangano ze-NGO), futhi labo labo osebenza nabo baqoqe futhi bahloniphe idatha. Khona-ke, umcwaningi ohlanganisiwe we-IRB angahlaziya le datha ekhonjwe ngaphandle kokubhekwa kwe-IRB ngoba ucwaningo alusacatshangwa ngokuthi "ukucwaninga ngezifundo zabantu," okungenani ngokusho kwamanye amagama okuhunyushwa kwemithetho yamanje. Loluhlobo lwe-IRB lokubalekela cishe aluhambisani nemigomo esekelwe emigomeni yokuziphatha kocwaningo.

Ngo-2011, umzamo waqala ukuvuselela iMithetho Ejwayelekile, futhi le nqubo yagqedwa ngo-2017 ( ??? ) . Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngale mizamo yokuvuselela uMthetho ovamile, bheka u- Evans (2013) , National Research Council (2014) , u- Hudson and Collins (2015) , Metcalf (2016) .

• Izimiso ezine (isigaba 6.4)

Indlela yokusekelwe emigomeni yasendulo yokuziphatha Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . Bahlongoza ukuthi izimiso ezine eziyinhloko kufanele ziqondise izici zokuziphatha ezizimele: Ukuhlonipha Ukuzimela, Ukungahambi kahle, Ukuzuza, Nokulunga. Isimiso sokungahambi kahle sikhuthaza umuntu ukuba angabhubhi abanye abantu. Lo mqondo uxhumeke ngokujulile emcabangweni wamaHippocrate othi "Ungalimazi." Ezimisweni zokucwaninga, lesi simiso sivame ukuhlanganiswa nesimiso sosizo, kodwa bheka isahluko 5 se-beauchamp_principles_2012 ukuze uthole okwengeziwe umahluko phakathi kokubili. Ngenxa yokugxeka ukuthi lezi zimiso zingumAmerica ngokweqile, bheka Holm (1995) . Ukuze uthole okuningi ngokulinganisa lapho izimiso zingqubuzana, bheka Gillon (2015) .

Lezi zimiso ezine kule sahluko ziye zahlongozwa ukuba ziqondise ukuqondiswa (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) yokucwaninga ngokucwaninga okwenziwe ezinkampanini nakwamanye amazwe (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) ngokusebenzisa imizimba ebizwa ngokuthi "AmaBhodi Okubukeza Izihloko Zomthengi" (CSRBs) (Calo 2013) .

• Ukuhlonipha Abantu (isigaba 6.4.1)

Ngaphezu kokuhlonipha ukuzimela, iBelmont Report nayo iyavuma ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu okwazi ukuzikhethela ngokweqile. Isibonelo, izingane, abantu abagulayo, noma abantu abahlala ezimweni zokukhululeka okunzima kakhulu angeke bakwazi ukwenza njengabantu abazimele ngokugcwele, ngakho-ke laba bantu bancike ekuvikeleni okwengeziwe.

Ukusebenzisa isimiso sokuhlonipha abantu eminyakeni yobudala kungaba yinselelo. Isibonelo, ekucwaningeni kwe-digital-age, kungaba nzima ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okunye kubantu abanekhono elinciphile lokuzikhethela ngoba abacwaningi bavame ukwazi okuncane kakhulu ngabahlanganyeli babo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvume enolwazi ekucwaningeni kwezenhlalakahle zedijithali kuyinselele enkulu. Kwezinye izimo, imvume enolwazi ingase ihlupheke ngokucacile (Nissenbaum 2011) , lapho ulwazi nokuqonda (Nissenbaum 2011) khona. Kakhulu, uma abacwaningi banikeza ulwazi olugcwele mayelana nemvelo yokuqoqwa kwedatha, ukuhlaziywa kwedatha, nezindlela zokuphepha kwedatha, kuyoba nzima kubahlanganyeli abaningi ukuba baqonde. Kodwa uma abacwaningi banikeza ulwazi oluqondakalayo, kungase kungabikho imininingwane ebalulekile yezobuchwepheshe. Ucwaningo lwezokwelapha eminyakeni yobudala-isimo esibucayi esibhekwa yiBelmont Report-umuntu angacabanga ukuthi udokotela ukhuluma ngamunye nomhlanganyeli ngamunye ukuze asize ukuxazulula ukubonakala okuphazamisayo. Esifundweni se-intanethi ezibandakanya izinkulungwane noma izigidi zabantu, indlela enjalo yobuso nobuso ayinakwenzeka. Inkinga yesibili ngemvume eminyakeni yobudijithali yukuthi kwezinye izifundo, ezifana nokuhlaziywa kwemithombo enkulu yedatha, bekungeke kwenzeke ukuthola imvume enolwazi kubo bonke abahlanganyeli. Ngicoca ngale mibuzo neminye imibuzo mayelana nemvume enolwazi ngokuningiliziwe esigabeni 6.6.1. Naphezu kwalokhu kunzima, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi imvume engakaziwa ayidingekile noma ayanele ukuhlonipha abantu.

Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi mayelana nocwaningo lwezokwelapha ngaphambi kwemvume enolwazi, bheka Miller (2014) . Ukuze uthole ukwelashwa ubude besikhathi sokuthola imvume enolwazi, bheka Manson and O'Neill (2007) . Bheka futhi ukufundwa okuphakanyisiwe mayelana nemvume enolwazi ngezansi.

• Inzuzo (isigaba 6.4.2)

Ukuhlukumezeka kumongo kungukulimaza ukuthi ucwaningo lungabangela abantu abathile kodwa kuzilungiselelo zenhlalo. Lo mqondo uyinto engacacile, kodwa ngizobonisa isibonelo esihle: I-Wichita Jury Study (Vaughan 1967; Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, chap. 2) -kuthi ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa yi-Chicago Jury Project (Cornwell 2010) . Kulolu cwaningo, abacwaningi abavela eNyuvesi yaseChicago, njengengxenye yokucwaninga okukhulu kwezinhlelo zomphakathi zesimiso sezomthetho, babhala ngasese izinqumo eziyisithupha zenkantolo eWichita, Kansas. Abahluleli kanye nabameli bezinkantolo babamukele ukuqoshwa, futhi kwakukhona ukunakekelwa okuqinile kwalolu hlelo. Nokho, ama-jurors ayengazi ukuthi ukuqoshwa kwakwenzeka. Lapho isifundo sitholiwe, kwakukhona ukucasuka komphakathi. UMnyango Wezobulungiswa uqale uphenyo ngalolu cwaningo, futhi abacwaningi babedelwa ukufakaza phambi kweCongress. Ekugcineni, iCongress yadlulisela umthetho omusha okwenza kube ngokungemthetho ukurekhoda ngasese izinqumo zomphakathi.

Ukukhathazeka kwabagxeki be-Wichita Jury Study akuyona ingozi yokubamba iqhaza kwabahlanganyeli; Kunalokho, kwakuyingozi yokulimaza kumongo wezinqumo zomphakathi. Okusho ukuthi, abantu babecabanga ukuthi uma amalungu ejaji engakholelwa ukuthi abe nezingxoxo esikhaleni esiphephile nesivikelwe, kungaba nzima ukuthi izinqumo zomphakathi zenzeke esikhathini esizayo. Ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kwejaji, kunezinye izimo ezithile zomphakathi lapho umphakathi uhlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okungaphezulu, njengobudlelwane bommeli-amaklayenti nokunakekelwa kwengqondo (MacCarthy 2015) .

Ingozi yokuhlukumezeka kokuqukethwe kanye nokuphazanyiswa kwezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle kuvela nakwezinye izivivinyo zasensimini kwisayensi yezombangazwe (Desposato 2016b) . Ukuze uthole isibonelo sokubala Zimmerman (2016) kokuqukethwe komkhakha wesayensi yezombusazwe, bheka Zimmerman (2016) .

• Ubulungiswa (isigaba 6.4.3)

Ukuxhaswa kwabahlanganyeli kuye kwaxoxwa ngezilungiselelo eziningi ezihlobene nocwaningo lwama-digital-age. Lanier (2014) uhlongoza ukukhokhela abahlanganyeli ngezinkambiso zedijithali abazenzayo. Bederson and Quinn (2011) baxoxisana ngezinkokhelo ezimakethe zomsebenzi Bederson and Quinn (2011) intanethi. Ekugcineni, i- Desposato (2016a) iphakamisa ukukhokhela abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni kwensimu. Ukhomba ukuthi noma ngabe abahlanganyeli abakwazi ukukhokhwa ngokuqondile, umnikelo ungenziwa eqenjini elisebenzela wona. Isibonelo, ku-Encore, abacwaningi bangase benze umnikelo eqenjini elisebenzela ukusekela ukufinyelela kwi-Inthanethi.

• Inhlonipho yoMthetho Nentshisekelo Yomphakathi (isigaba 6.4.4)

Izivumelwano zesevisi-mgomo kufanele zibe nesisindo esincane kunezivumelwano ezixoxisana phakathi kwamaqembu alinganayo kanye nemithetho eyenziwe ohulumeni abamukelekile. Izimo lapho abacwaningi bephule khona izivumelwano zemigomo yesevisi esikhathini esidlulile ngokuvamile bahilelekile besebenzisa imibuzo ezenzakalelayo ukuhlola ukuziphatha kwezinkampani (kufana nokuhlolwa kwensimu ukukala ukubandlululwa). Ukuze uthole izingxoxo ezengeziwe, bheka i- Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , Bruckman (2016b) . Ukuze uthole isibonelo sokucwaninga ngomqondo oxoxa ngemigomo yesevisi, bheka Soeller et al. (2016) . Ukuze uthole ezinye izinkinga zomthetho abacwaningi ababhekana nazo uma bephula imigomo yesevisi, bona Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .

• Izinhlaka ezimbili zokuziphatha (isigaba 6.5)

Ngokusobala, inani elikhulu liye labhalwa mayelana nokulandelana kanye ne-deontology. Isibonelo sendlela lezizinhlaka zokuziphatha, nezinye, ezingasetshenziswa ukucubungula mayelana nokucwaninga ngeminyaka yobudala, bheka Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . Ukuze uthole isibonelo sokuthi zingasetshenziswa kanjani ekuhlolweni kwenkambu ekuthuthukisweni kwezomnotho, bheka Baele (2013) .

• Imvume ekwazisiwe (isigaba 6.6.1)

Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe kokucwaninga kwamabhuku okubandlulula, bheka Pager (2007) Riach and Rich (2004) . Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi lezi zifundo azivumelwanga kahle, nazo zibandakanya ukukhohlisa ngaphandle kokuxoxisana.

Kokubili i- Desposato (2016a) no- Humphreys (2015) banikeza iseluleko mayelana nokuhlolwa kwensimu ngaphandle kwemvume.

Sommers and Miller (2013) bahlaziya izimpikiswano eziningi ngenxa yokungaxoxani abahlanganyeli ngemuva kokukhohliswa, futhi bathi abacwaningi kufanele baxoxisane

"Ngaphansi kwezimo ezincane kakhulu, okungukuthi, ekucwaningweni kwensimu lapho ukuxoxisana kubangelwa khona izithiyo ezingokoqobo kodwa abacwaningi ngeke babe nekhono lokuxoshwa uma bekwazi. Abacwaningi akufanele bavunyelwe ukuyeka ukuxoxisana ngenhloso yokulondoloza i-pool iqhaza labantu abangazibandakanya, bazivikele ekuthukutheleni okubandakanyekayo, noma bavikele abahlanganyeli ekulimazeni. "

Abanye bathi kwezinye izimo uma ukuxolisa kubangela ukulimala kunokuba kuhle, kufanele kugwenywe (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) . Ukuxubungula kuyisimo lapho abanye abacwaningi bebeka khona phambili ukuhlonipha abantu ngaphezu kokuzuza, kanti abanye abacwaningi benza okuphambene nalokhu. Esinye isixazululo esingahle siwukuthola izindlela zokwenza i-debriefing isipiliyoni sokufunda kwabahlanganyeli. Lokhu kungukuthi, kunokuba ucabange ukukhathazeka njengento engabangela ukulimala, mhlawumbe ukuxoxisana kungase kube yinto ebasiza abahlanganyeli. Ukuze uthole isibonelo Jagatic et al. (2007) debriefing yemfundo, bheka Jagatic et al. (2007) . I-Psychologists iye yasungula amasu okuxoxisana (DS Holmes 1976a, 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) , kanti ezinye zazo zingasetshenziswa ngendlela efanele ekucwaningeni kweminyaka yobudala. Humphreys (2015) inikeza imicabango ethakazelisayo mayelana nemvume ephikisiwe , ehlobene eduze necebo lokuxoxisana engilichazile.

Umqondo ekucela isampula abahlanganyeli semvume yabo ahlobene nalokho Humphreys (2015) ubiza kwemvume yakho.

Umqondo owengeziwe ohlobene nemvume enolwazi ehlongozwayo ukwakha iphaneli labantu abavuma ukuhlola oku-intanethi (Crawford 2014) . Abanye baye bathi leli phaneli lizoba yisampula esingenarandom yabantu. Kodwa isahluko 3 (Ukubuza imibuzo) kubonisa ukuthi lezi zinkinga ziyakwazi ukubhekana nokusebenzisa ukulandelwa kwe-post. Kanti futhi, imvume yokuba yiphaneli ingafaka ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene. Ngamanye amazwi, abahlanganyeli bangase kungadingeki bavume ukuhlolwa ngalunye ngokwabo, umqondo othiwa imvume evulekile (Sheehan 2011) . Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngokungafani kwemvume yesikhathi esisodwa kanye nemvume yesifundo ngasinye, kanye ne-hybrid engenzeka, bheka i- Hutton and Henderson (2015) .

• Ukuqonda nokulawula ingozi yolwazi (isigaba 6.6.2)

Ngaphandle kokuyingqayizivele, umklomelo we-Netflix ubonisa impahla ebalulekile yezobuchwepheshe zamathakasethi aqukethe ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngabantu, futhi ngaleyo ndlela inikeza izifundo ezibalulekile mayelana nokuhlelwa "kwe-anonymous" yamadokhumenti omphakathi wesimanje. Amafayela anezinhlamvu eziningi zolwazi mayelana nomuntu ngamunye cishe ayobe eseduzane , ngomqondo ochazwe ngokusemthethweni Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Okusho ukuthi, irekhodi ngalinye, azikho amarekhodi afanayo, futhi empeleni azikho amarekhodi afana kakhulu: umuntu ngamunye usekude nomakhelwane wabo oseduzane kule datasethi. Umuntu angacabanga ukuthi idatha ye-Netflix ingase ibe yinkimbinkimbi ngoba ngama-movie angaba ngu-20,000 esilinganisweni sezinkanyezi ezinhlanu, kukhona okungenani \(6^{20,000}\) amanani angenzeka ukuthi umuntu ngamunye angaba nawo (6 ngoba, ngaphezu kwe-1 kuya ku- Izinkanyezi ezingu-5, othile kungenzeka ukuthi akazange ahlaziye i-movie nhlobo). Leli nani likhulu kakhulu, kunzima ukuliqonda.

I-Sparsity inezimpikiswano ezimbili eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, kusho ukuthi ukuzama "ukubonisa" i-dasaset ngokusekelwe kokuphazamiseka okungahleliwe kuyohluleka. Lokhu kungukuthi, noma ngabe i-Netflix kwakudingeka ihlelwe ngezikhathi ezithile ezinye izilinganiso (ezenzayo), lokhu ngeke kwanele ngoba irekhodi eliphazamisayo namanje irekhodi eliseduze kakhulu nolwazi umhlaseli analo. Okwesibili, i-sparsity itho ukuthi ukuhlonza kabusha kungenzeka ngisho noma umhlaseli enolwazi olungaphelele noma olungakhethi. Isibonelo, ku-Netflix idatha, ake sithi umhlaseli uyazi izilinganiso zakho zama-movie amabili nezinsuku ozenza lezo zilinganiso \(\pm\) izinsuku ezingu-3; Ulwazi olunjalo kuphela lwanele ukukhomba ngokukhethekile abantu abangu-68% ku-Netflix idatha. Uma umhlaseli eyaziwa ngama-movie ayisishiyagalombili olinganisile \(\pm\) izinsuku ezingu-14, ngakho-ke ngisho noma ezimbili zalezi zilinganiso ezaziwa azikho ngokuphelele, amarekhodi angu-99% angabonwa ngokukhethekile kudathasethi. Ngamanye amazwi, i-sparsity iyinkinga eyinhloko emizamweni yokwenza "i-anonymous" idatha, okuyinto enhle ngoba amadathazethi amaningi omphakathi asesimweni esincane. Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe "kokungabonakali" kwedatha elincane, bheka Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) .

I-telephone meta-data ingase ibonakale "ingaziwa" futhi ingacabangi, kodwa akunjalo. I-telephone meta-data iyabonakala futhi ibucayi (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .

Esikhathini sesi-6.6, ngifaka ukuhwebelana phakathi kwenengozi kwabahlanganyeli kanye nezinzuzo emphakathini kusuka ekukhululweni kwedatha. Ukuze uthole ukuqhathaniswa phakathi kwezinqubo zokufinyelela ezivinjiwe (isib., Ingadi evinjiwe) kanye nemikhawulo yedatha evinjelwe (isib., Uhlobo oluthile lokuthi "i-anonymous") ubone u- Reiter and Kinney (2011) . Kuhlelo lokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo oluhlongozwayo lwezinga lezinkinga zedatha, bheka u- Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Ukuze uthole ingxoxo eyengeziwe ngokuhlanganyela kwedatha, bheka i- Yakowitz (2011) .

Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwalokhu kuhwebelana phakathi kwenhlekelele nokusetshenziswa kwedatha, bheka Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Reiter (2012) , Wu (2013) , Goroff (2015) . Ukuze ubone lokhu kuhweba kusetshenziswe kudatha yangempela kusuka kwizifundo ezivulekile ezivulekile kwi-inthanethi (ama-MOOC), bheka i- Daries et al. (2014) no- Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .

Ubumfihlo obuhlukile buhlinzeka ngenye indlela engakwazi ukuhlanganisa kokubili ingozi ephansi kubahlanganyeli kanye nenzuzo ephakeme emphakathini; bheka Dwork and Roth (2014) Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .

Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluthe xaxa ngomqondo wokuthola ulwazi oluqondene nomuntu siqu (PII), okuyinto ephakathi kwemithetho eminingi mayelana nokuziphatha kocwaningo, bheka Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) Schwartz and Solove (2011) . Ngolunye ulwazi kuwo wonke idatha onokuzwela, bheka i- Ohm (2015) .

Kulesi sigaba, ngiye ngaveza ukuhlanganiswa kwama datasethi ahlukene njengento engabangela ingozi yolwazi. Noma kunjalo, kungenza futhi amathuba amasha okucwaninga, njengoba kuchazwe ku- Currie (2013) .

Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe kokuphepha okuyisihlanu, bheka u- Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . Ukuze uthole isibonelo sokuthi iziphumo zingabonakala kanjani, bheka Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) , okubonisa ukuthi amabalazwe okusabalalisa isifo angabonakala kanjani. Dwork et al. (2017) futhi libheke ukuhlaselwa kwedatha ehlanganisiwe, njengezibalo mayelana nokuthi bangaki abantu abanesifo esithile.

Imibuzo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwedatha nokukhululwa kwedatha kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nobunikazi bedatha. Ngokunye, kubunikazi be-data, bona u- Evans (2011) no- Pentland (2012) .

• Ubumfihlo (isigaba 6.6.3)

Warren and Brandeis (1890) iyinhloko esemthethweni yomthetho mayelana nokuyimfihlo futhi ihambisana kakhulu nomqondo wokuthi ubumfihlo bunelungelo lokushiywa yedwa. Nissenbaum (2010) kuhlanganisa Solove (2010) Nissenbaum (2010) .

Ukuze ubuyekeze ucwaningo lwezobuciko ngendlela abantu bacabanga ngayo ngobumfihlo, bona i- Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . Phelan, Lampe, and Resnick (2016) iphakamisa i-theory-system -ory-ukuthi abantu ngezinye izikhathi bagxila ezintweni ezikhathazayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi bagxile ekukhathazeni okucatshangelwe-ukuchaza ukuthi abantu bangenza kanjani izitatimende eziphikisanayo ngokuphikisana. Ukuze uthole kabanzi mayelana nombono wobumfihlo Neuhaus and Webmoor (2012) e-intanethi njenge-Twitter, bheka i- Neuhaus and Webmoor (2012) .

Iphephabhuku leSayensi lanyathelisa isigaba esikhethekile esithi "Ukuphela Kwobumfihlo," okubhekisisa izingqinamba zobumfihlo kanye nokwaziswa kwengozi ezivela emibono ehlukahlukene; ukuze uthole isifinyezo, bheka i- Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) inikeza uhlaka lokucabangela ngezidakamizwa ezivela ekuphuleni kwangasese. Isibonelo sokuqala sokukhathazeka mayelana nobumfihlo ekuqaleni kwenkathi yedijithali i- Packard (1964) .

• Ukwenza izinqumo ngaphansi kokungaqiniseki (isigaba 6.6.4)

Enye inselele lapho ezama ukusebenzisa izinga eliphansi lokubeka ingozi ukuthi akucaci ukuthi ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke kuzokusetshenziselwa ukulinganisa (National Research Council 2014) . Isibonelo, abantu abangenamakhaya banamazinga aphakeme kakhulu okungahambi kahle ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke. Kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi kuvumelekile ukuba kuvezwe abantu abangenamakhaya ekucwaningeni okuphezulu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kubonakala sengathi kuvumelwaneni olukhulayo ukuthi ingozi encane kufanele ibekwe ngokulinganiselwe ngokujwayelekile-inani labantu , hhayi izinga elithile labantu . Ngenkathi ngivumelana kakhulu nomqondo wezinga elijwayelekile-labantu, ngicabanga ukuthi ezindaweni ezinkulu ezinkulu ezifana ne-Facebook, izinga elithile labantu-lilinganiselwe. Ngakho-ke, uma ucabanga ngokuncintisana ngokomzwelo, ngicabanga ukuthi kunengqondo ukulinganisa nokubeka ingozi kwansuku zonke ku-Facebook. Izinga elithile-labantu elibhekene nalesi simo lilula kakhulu ukulinganisa futhi akunakwenzeka ukuphikisana nomthetho wezoBulungiswa, ohlose ukuvimbela imithwalo yocwaningo ehluleka ukuhlukumeza amaqembu ahluphekile (isib. Iziboshwa nezintandane).

• Amathiphu asebenzayo (isigaba 6.7)

Ezinye izazi ziye zacela amaphepha amaningi ukuba afake izilinganiso zokuziphatha (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015; Partridge and Allman 2016) . King and Sands (2015) inikeza ngamasu asebenzayo. I-Zook kanye nozakwethu (2017) inikeza "imithetho eyishumi elula yokucwaninga kwedatha enkulu."