6.1 Isingeniso

Izigaba ezandulele zibonise ukuthi iminyaka yobudala yombhalo yakha amathuba amasha okuqoqa nokuhlaziya idatha yomphakathi. Iminyaka yobudijithali nayo idale izinselelo ezintsha zokuziphatha. Umgomo walesi sahluko ukukunika amathuluzi okudingayo ukubhekana nalezi zinselele zokuziphatha ngokuthembeka.

Kukhona okwamanje ukungaqiniseki mayelana nokuziphatha okufanele kokucwaninga kwezenhlalakahle ezithile zedijithali. Lokhu kungaqiniseki kuye kwaholela ezinkingeni ezimbili ezihlobene, enye yazo eyithole ukunakwa okuningi kunomunye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abacwaningi baye basolwa ngokuphula ubumfihlo babantu noma ukubhalisa abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni okungafanele. Lezi zimo-engizozichazela kulesi sahluko-ziyizimpikiswano enkulu kanye nengxoxo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungaqiniseki kokuziphatha okubuye kube nomthelela omubi, ukuvimbela ucwaningo olubalulekile nokubaluleka okwenzekayo, iqiniso engicabanga ukuthi alikwaziswa kangako. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kwe-Ebola ka-2014, izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi zazifuna ulwazi mayelana nokuhamba kwabantu emazweni asondelene kakhulu ukuze basize ukulawula ukuqhuma. Izinkampani zamaselula zinezikhombisi ezicacile zokushaya izingcingo ezingahle zinikeze olunye lolu lwazi. Kodwa ukukhathazeka okusemthethweni nokusemthethweni kwenza abacwaningi bazama ukuhlaziya idatha (Wesolowski et al. 2014; McDonald 2016) . Uma thina, njengomphakathi, singahlakulela imigomo nemigomo yokuziphatha ekwabelwana ngabacwaningi nomphakathi-futhi ngicabanga ukuthi singakwenza lokhu-khona-ke singakwazi ukuhlanganisa ikhono leminyaka yobudijithali ngendlela enesibopho futhi enenzuzo emphakathini .

Esinye isithiyo ekudaleni lezi zindinganiso ezabelwana ngazo ukuthi ososayensi bezenhlalakahle kanye nososayensi bezentengiselwano bavame ukuba nezindlela ezahlukene zokuziphatha zokucwaninga. Ukuze ososayensi bezenhlalakahle, ukucabanga ngezimiso zokuziphatha kulawulwa yi-Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) kanye nemithethonqubo abasebenza ngayo ngokufaka isicelo. Ngempela, indlela kuphela lapho ososayensi abaningi bezenhlalakahle bezenhlalakahle behlangabezana khona nokuphikisana komthetho kusetshenziswa inqubo yokuqondisa kwe-IRB. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ososayensi abanolwazi abanokuhlangenwe nakho okuhlelekile ngokuziphatha kocwaningo ngoba akuvumi ukuxoxwa ngekhompiyutha yesayensi nobunjiniyela. Ayikho yalezi zindlela-indlela esekelwe emthethweni yezosayensi zezenhlalakahle noma indlela esheshayo yokwaziswa kwedatha-ifaneleka ngokucwaninga kwezenhlalakahle eminyakeni yobudala. Esikhundleni salokho, ngikholelwa ukuthi thina, njengomphakathi, sizokwenza inqubekelaphambili uma samukela indlela esekelwe ezimisweni . Okungukuthi, abacwaningi kufanele ahlaziye ucwaningo lwabo ngokusebenzisa ekhona imithetho-okuyinto ngizothatha njengoba enikeziwe lokucabanga kufanele kube followed- futhi ngokusebenzisa abengeziwe izimiso jikelele zokuziphatha. Le ndlela esekelwe emigomeni isisiza abacwaningi benze izinqumo ezifanele ezimweni lapho imithetho ingakabhalwanga khona, futhi kusiza abacwaningi ukuthi bakhulume ukubonisana kwabo kanye nomphakathi.

Indlela esekelwe emigomeni engiyishoyo ayiyona entsha. Lokhu kudonsela emashumini eminyaka yokucabanga kwangaphambilini, okuningi okwakumenyezelwa emibikweni emibili ephawulekayo: Umbiko weBelmont kanye ne-Menlo Report. Njengoba uzobona, kwezinye izimo indlela yokusekela imigomo iholela ekuxazululeni izixazululo ezicacile. Futhi, uma ingaholela ezixazululweni ezinjalo, icacisa ukuhweba okuhilelekile, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekushaya ibhalansi efanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela esekelwe kwimigomo isekelwe ngokugcwele ukuthi kuyoba usizo kunoma yikuphi lapho usebenza khona (isib. Yunivesithi, uhulumeni, i-NGO, noma inkampani).

Lesi sahluko senzelwe ukusiza umcwaningi ngamunye ohlose kahle. Kufanele ucabange kanjani ngezimiso zomsebenzi wakho? Yini ongayenza ukuze wenze umsebenzi wakho ube ngokwengeziwe? Esigabeni 6.2, ngizochaza amaphrojekthi amathathu ocwaningo lwamadijithali adala ukuphikisana kokuziphatha. Khona-ke, esigabeni 6.3, ngizobe ngicabanga ngalezi zibonelo ezicacile ukuchaza ukuthi ngicabanga ukuthi yisiphi isizathu esiyinhloko sokungaqiniseki kokuziphatha: amandla akhula ngokushesha abacwaningi ukugcina nokuhlola abantu ngaphandle kwemvume noma ngisho nokuqwashisa. Lezi zakhono zishintsha ngokushesha kunamasiko, imithetho, nemithetho yethu. Okulandelayo, esigabeni 6.4, ngizochaza izimiso ezine ezikhona ezizoqondisa ukucabanga kwakho: Inhlonipho yabantu, inzuzo, ubulungiswa, nokuhlonipha umthetho kanye nentshisekelo yomphakathi. Khona-ke, esigabeni 6.5, ngizofingqa izinhlaka ezimbili ezibanzi zokuziphatha-ukulandelana kwemvelo kanye ne-deontology-engakusiza ngezinye zezinselele ezijulile ongase ubhekane nazo: nini kufanelekile ukuba usebenzise izindlela zokungabaza ukuze uzuze ukuphela okufanelekile ngokomthetho. Lezi zimiso kanye nezinhlaka zokuziphatha-okufingqiwe ku-figure 6.1-kuzokusiza ukuba uhambe ngaphezu kokugxila kulokho okuvunyelwe yimithetho ekhona futhi ukwandise ikhono lakho lokuxhumana nokuxoxa nabanye abacwaningi kanye nomphakathi.

Ngalesi sizinda, esigabeni 6.6, ngizoxoxa ngezindawo ezine eziyinselele kakhulu kubacwaningi bezenhlalo zedijithali: imvume yemininingwane (isigaba 6.6.1), ukuqonda nokulawula ingozi yolwazi (isigaba 6.6.2), ubumfihlo (isigaba 6.6.3 ), nokwenza izinqumo zokuziphatha ngokungaqiniseki (isigaba 6.6.4). Okokugcina, kusigaba 6.7, ngizokunikeza amathiphu amathathu asebenzayo ekusebenzeni endaweni enokuziphatha okungathinteki. Lesi sahluko siphetha ngesithasiselo somlando, lapho ngifingqa khona ngokufingqiwe ukuhlolwa kokuziphatha kocwaningo e-United States, kufaka phakathi ukuxoshwa koFundo lwe-Tuskegee Syphilis, umbiko weBelmont, i-Common Rule, kanye ne-Menlo Report.

Umdwebo 6.1: Imithetho elawula ucwaningo ivela emigomeni elandelwayo ekusukeni kwimihlahlandlela yokuziphatha. Isizathu esiyinhloko salesi sahluko wukuthi abacwaningi kufanele ahlaziye ucwaningo lwabo ngokusebenzisa imithetho-okuyinto ekhona ngizothatha njengoba enikeziwe lokucabanga kufanele kube followed- futhi ngokusebenzisa abengeziwe izimiso jikelele zokuziphatha. I-Common Rule iyisethi yemithethonqubo okwamanje elawula ucwaningo oluxhaswe kakhulu e-United States (ngolwazi oluthe xaxa, bheka isithasiselo esingokomlando sahluko). Lezi zimiso ezine zivela emaphaketheni amabili e-blue-ribbon adalwe ukunikeza isiqondiso sokuziphatha kwabaphenyi: Umbiko weBelmont kanye noMbiko we-Menlo (ngolwazi oluthe xaxa, bheka isithasiselo somlando). Okokugcina, ukulandelana kanye ne-deontology yizinhlaka zokuziphatha eziye zakhiwa yizazi zefilosofi amakhulu eminyaka. Indlela ephuthumayo neyihlukumezayo yokuhlukanisa lezi zihlaka ezimbili yizo ukuthi abahlengikazi bagxila ezindleleni kanye nasezinkambisweni ezigxile ekugcineni.