Imisebenzi

  • izinga lobunzima: kulula kulula , ephakathi okuphakathi , kanzima kanzima , kanzima kakhulu kanzima kakhulu
  • idinga izibalo ( idinga izibalo )
  • kudinga ukufaka ikhodi ( kudinga ikhodi )
  • ukuqoqwa kwedatha ( ukuqoqwa kwedatha )
  • izintandokazi zami ( intandokazi yami )

  1. [ kulula ] Ngokuphikisana Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) ngokomzwelo, Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) babhala:

    "Ngisho noma kuyiqiniso ukuthi izingozi ze-Facebook yokuhlola zaziphansi kanti ngisho noma, ngokubheka emuva, imiphumela ibhekwa njengeyusizo, kunesimiso esibalulekile okumele sikhombise lapha. Ngendlela efanayo ukweba ukweba kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubalwa kangakanani imali, ngakho-ke sonke sinelungelo lokungahlolwa ngaphandle kolwazi lwethu nemvume, noma ngabe yimuphi uhlobo locwaningo. "

    1. Yiziphi izikhombandlela ezimbili zokuziphatha ezikhulunywe ngakho kulesi sahluko-ukulandelana kwemvelo noma i-deontology-ingabe le mpikiswano ihlotshaniswa ngokucacile na?
    2. Manje, ake ucabange ukuthi ufuna ukuphikisana nalesi sikhundla. Ungayiphikisa kanjani leli cala kumlobi wezindaba weNew York Times ?
    3. Kanjani, uma ngabe ingxabano yakho ingafani uma uxoxa ngalokhu nosebenza naye?

  2. [ kulula ] Maddock, Mason, and Starbird (2015) bacabangele ukuthi ngabe abacwaningi kufanele basebenzise ama-tweets asusiwe. Funda iphepha labo ukuze ufunde ngomlando.

    1. Hlaziya lesi sinqumo ngombono wezinkolelo.
    2. Hlola isinqumo esifanayo esivela kumbono wokulandelana.
    3. Yikuphi okuthola okunye okuqinisekisayo kulokhu?

  3. [ okuphakathi ] Ku-athikili mayelana nokuziphatha kokuhlolwa kwendawo, i- Humphreys (2015) ihlongoze ukuzama ukulandela okulandelayo ukugcizelela izinselelo zokuziphatha ezenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume yazo zonke izinhlangano ezichaphazelekile futhi ezilimaza ezinye futhi zisiza abanye.

    "Tshela umcwaningi uthintwa yiqoqo lezinhlangano zomphakathi ezifuna ukuthola ukuthi ukubeka izibani zasemgwaqweni emasimini kuyonciphisa ubugebengu obunobudlova. Kulolu cwaningo lezi zihloko ziyizigebengu: ukufuna imvume enolwazi yezigebengu kungase kube nokwehliswa kocwaningo futhi kungase kungabi khona (ukwephulwa kwenhlonipho kubantu); izigebengu ziyobe zithwala izindleko zocwaningo ngaphandle kokuzuza (ukwephula ubulungiswa); futhi kuzobe kungavumelani mayelana nezinzuzo zocwaningo-uma lusebenza kahle, izigebengu ngokuyinhloko ngeke ziyihloniphe (kuveza ubunzima bokuhlola ukusizakala) ... Izindaba ezikhethekile lapha akuzona nje izihloko ezithintekayo. Lapha kukhona nezingozi ezitholakalayo ezingekho izifundo, uma isibonelo izigebengu ziphindiselela ezinhlanganweni ezibeka izibani endaweni. Inhlangano ingase iqaphele kakhulu lezi zingozi kodwa izimisele ukuyibekezelela ngoba yenza iphutha ngokholo ekulindeni okungenakulinganiswa kwabacwaningi abavela ezifundweni ezicebile ezizibophezele ngokwengxenye ukushicilela. "

    1. Bhala i-imeyili enhlanganweni yomphakathi enikeza ukuhlolwa kwakho kokuziphatha kokuhlolwa njengoba kwaklanywa? Ungabasiza bona benze ukuhlolwa njengokuhlongozwayo? Iziphi izinto ezingathinta isinqumo sakho?
    2. Zikhona izinguquko ezithile ezingase zithuthukise ukuhlolwa kwakho kokuziphatha kwalolu hlelo lokuhlola.

  4. [ kulula Eminyakeni yama-1970 amadoda angama-60 abambe iqhaza ekuhloleni kwamasimu okwenziwe endaweni yokugezela yamadoda eyunivesithi engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-United States (abacwaningi abaqambi igama leyunivesithi) (Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter 1976) . Abacwaningi banesithakazelo sendlela abantu abaphendula ngayo ngokuphulwa kwesikhala sabo siqu, okuyinto i- Sommer (1969) echazwa ngokuthi "indawo eneemingcele ezingabonakali ezungeze umzimba womuntu lapho abangenayo abangena khona." Ngokukhethekile, abacwaningi bakhetha ukutadisha indlela Ukuvuthwa komuntu kwaye kwaba nomthelela ngokuba khona kwabanye abaseduze. Ngemuva kokuqhuba ucwaningo olwenziwa ngokucophelela, abacwaningi baqhuba ukuhlolwa kwensimu. Ababambiqhaza baphoqeleka ukuba basebenzise umsele ongakwesokunxele endaweni yokugezela emithathu yokuvuthwa (abacwaningi abachazi kahle ukuthi lokhu kwenziwa kanjani). Okulandelayo, ababambiqhaza babelwe kwelinye lamazinga amathathu omkhawulo wabalingani. Kwabesilisa abathile, i-confederate esebenzise umvuthwandaba eceleni kwabo; Kwabesilisa abathile, umbumbano wasebenzisa isikhala somugqa owodwa kuwo; futhi kwamanye amadoda, akekho ohlangene ongena endlini yokugezela. Abacwaningi balinganisa izimo zabo eziguqukayo-isikhathi sokulibazisa nokuphikelela-ngokumisa umsizi ocwaningweni ngaphakathi kwendlu yangasese yangasese eduze nomgudu wokuvuthwa komhlanganyeli. Nakhu abacwaningi bachaza inqubo yokulinganisa:

    "Umbukeli wayemi esiteji sangasese ngokushesha esiseduze nezihloko ze-urinal. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokushayela kwalezi zinqubo kwacaca ukuthi izinkulumo zokuhlola azikwazanga ukusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuqala nokuyeka [ukugcoba] ... Esikhundleni salokho, izici ezibukwayo zasetshenziswa. Umbonisi wasebenzisa i-periscopic prism ehlanganiswe emgqeni wezincwadi ezilele phansi endlini yangasese. Isikhala esingama-intshi angu-28 (28-cm) phakathi kwesitezi nodonga lwendlu yangasese yanikeza umbono, ngokusebenzisa i-periscope, yomsindo ophansi womsebenzisi futhi wenza okubonakalayo okubonakalayo okubonakalayo kokusakaza komchamo. Kodwa-ke, umbonisi wehluleka ukubona ubuso besifundo. Umqapheli waqala amawashi amabili wokuma lapho isihloko senyukela emgogodleni, simise lapho ukuqala ukuchama, bese umisa enye lapho ukuchama kuphelile. "

    Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ibanga eliphansi lempilo liholela ekubambezelekeni kokukhuphuka kokuqala nokunciphisa ukuphikelela (isibalo 6.7).

    1. Ucabanga ukuthi ababambiqhaza balimala ngalokhu kuhlolwa?
    2. Ucabanga ukuthi abacwaningi kufanele baqhube lolu cwaningo?
    3. Yiziphi izinguquko, uma zikhona, ungasikhuthaza ukuthuthukisa ibhalansi yokuziphatha?
    Umfanekiso 6.7: Imiphumela evela kuMiddlemist, Knowles, noMatter (1976). Amadoda angena endlini yokugezela abelwe enye yezimiso ezintathu: ibanga eliseduze (i-confederate yafakwa endaweni yokuvuthwa eseduze), ibanga elilinganiselwe (i-confederate yabekwa isisu esisodwa), noma ukulawula (akukho confederate). Umbukeli omile endlini yangasese wasebenzisa i-periscope eyakhelwe ngokwezifiso ukugcina isikhathi sokubambezeleka nokuphikelela kokuchama. Amaphutha ajwayelekile azungeze izilinganiso azitholakali. Kuthathwa kusuka kuMiddlemist, Knowles, noMatter (1976), isibalo 1.

    Umfanekiso 6.7: Imiphumela evela Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) . Amadoda angena endlini yokugezela abelwe enye yezimiso ezintathu: ibanga eliseduze (i-confederate yafakwa endaweni yokuvuthwa eseduze), ibanga elilinganiselwe (i-confederate yabekwa isisindo esisodwa), noma ukulawula (akukho confederate). Umbukeli omile endlini yangasese wasebenzisa i-periscope eyakhelwe ngokwezifiso ukugcina isikhathi sokubambezeleka nokuphikelela kokuchama. Amaphutha ajwayelekile azungeze izilinganiso azitholakali. Kuthathwa kusuka Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) , isibalo 1.

  5. [ okuphakathi , intandokazi yami ] Ngo-Agasti 2006, cishe izinsuku ezingu-10 ngaphambi kokhetho lokuqala, abantu abangu-20 000 abahlala eMichigan bathola i-imeyili eyabonisa ukuziphatha kwabo kokuvota kanye nokuziphatha kokuvota komakhelwane babo (umfanekiso 6.8). (Njengoba kukhulunywe ngakho kulesi sahluko, e-United States, ohulumeni basezifunda bagcina amarekhodi okuvotela okhethweni ngalinye futhi lolu lwazi luyatholakala emphakathini.) Ukuthunyelwa kweposi eyodwa kuvame ukukhulisa ukuvota kwabavoti ngamaphuzu amaphesenti owodwa, kodwa lokhu kukhulisa okukhudlwana ngamaphesenti angu-8.1 amaphesenti, umphumela omkhulu kunawo wonke obonwe kuze kube yilokho (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Umphumela wawunkulu kangangokuba umxhumanisi wezepolitiki ogama lakhe linguHal Malchow wanikela uDonald Green $ 100,000 ukuba angashicileli umphumela wokuhlolwa (cishe ukuthi uMalchow angasebenzisa lolu lwazi ngokwakhe) (Issenberg 2012, p 304) . Kodwa, u-Alan Gerber, uDonald Green, noChristopher Larimer bashicilela leli phephandaba ngo-2008 ku- American Political Science Review .

    Uma uhlola ngokucophelela umthumeli ku-figure 6.8 ungabona ukuthi amagama abaphenyi abonakala kuwo. Esikhundleni salokho, ikheli lokubuyela ku-Consulting Practical Political Consulting. Lapho bevuma leli phepha, abalobi bachaza: "Sibonga ngokukhethekile kuMark Grebner wezokuSebenzisana Nezepolitiki Ezisebenzayo, owaklama futhi ophethe uhlelo lweposi olufundwe lapha."

    1. Hlola ukusetshenziswa kwalokhu ukwelashwa ngokwemigomo emine yokuziphatha echazwe kulesi sahluko.
    2. Hlola ukwelashwa ngokwemibono yobuqotho besimo.
    3. Yiziphi izinguquko, uma zikhona, ungasincoma kulolu cwaningo?
    4. Ingabe ingathinta impendulo yakho kumbuzo angenhla uma uMarku Grebner esevele ethumela ukuthumela okufanayo okwamanje? Ngokuvamile, abacwaningi kufanele bacabange kanjani ngokuhlola ukungenelela okukhona okwenziwe odokotela?
    5. Ake ucabange ukuthi unquma ukuzama ukuthola imvume enolwazi kubantu abakuleli qembu lokwelashwa kodwa hhayi kulabo abaphethe iqembu lokulawula. Ngabe lesi sinqumo singathinta kanjani ikhono lakho lokuqonda imbangela yokwehluka kwamazinga wokuvota phakathi kwamaqembu nokwelapha?
    6. Bhala isithasiselo sokuziphatha esingabonakala ngaleli pheshana lapho lishicilelwe.
    Umdwebo 6.8: Umthumeli womakhelwane ovela eGerber, Green, noLarimer (2008). Le imeyili ikhuphuke izinga lokuguquguquka ngamaphesenti angu-8.1 amaphesenti, umphumela omkhulu kunazo zonke owake wambonelwa umyalezo oyedwa. Yenzelwe imvume evela ku-Gerber, Green, no-Larimer (2008), isithasiselo A.

    Umdwebo 6.8: Umthumeli womakhelwane ovela Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) . Le imeyili ikhuphuke izinga lokuguquguquka ngamaphesenti angu-8.1 amaphesenti, umphumela omkhulu kunazo zonke owake wambonelwa umyalezo oyedwa. Yenzelwe imvume evela ku- Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) , isithasiselo A.

  6. [ kulula ] Lokhu kwakha kumbuzo odlule. Ngesikhathi lawa ma-mail angama-20,000 athunyelwe (isibalo 6.8), kanye nama-60,000 amanye amaposi angabonakali kakhulu, kwakune-backlash evela kubahlanganyeli. Eqinisweni, u- Issenberg (2012) (iphesi 198) ubika ukuthi "u-Grebner [umqondisi wePolitiki yezombusazwe Consulting] akakwazanga ukubala ukuthi bangaki abantu ababenenkinga yokukhalaza ngocingo, ngoba umshini wakhe wokuphendula ihhovisi wagcwalisa ngokushesha kangangokuthi abashayeli behluleka ukushiya umlayezo. "Eqinisweni, uGrbner waphawula ukuthi ukuguqulwa komzimba kungase kube mkhulu nakakhulu uma beyeke ukwelashwa. Uthe ku-Alan Gerber, omunye wabacwaningi, "U-Alan uma ngabe sisebenzise amaRandi ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amahlanu futhi sibheke lonke izwe wena nami ngizohlala noSalman Rushdie." (Issenberg 2012, 200)

    1. Ingabe lolu lwazi lushintsha izimpendulo zakho kumbuzo wangaphambilini?
    2. Iziphi izindlela zokubhekana nokuthatha izinqumo uma ubhekene nokungaqiniseki ungayincoma izifundo ezifanayo esikhathini esizayo?

  7. [ okuphakathi , intandokazi yami ] Ngokwenza, iningi lempikiswano yokuziphatha likhona mayelana nezifundo lapho abacwaningi bengenayo imvume yangempela evela kwababambiqhaza (isb., Izifundo ezintathu ezichazwe kulesi sahluko). Kodwa-ke, ingxabano yokuziphatha ingase iphakame nezifundo ezinemvume yangempela enolwazi. Yakha isifundo sokuzicabangela lapho uzoba khona imvume yemininingwane evela kwababambiqhaza, kodwa yini osacabanga ukuthi ngeke ibe yindlela engafanele. (Ukusikisela: Uma unzima, ungazama ukufunda u- Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady (2000) .)

  8. [ okuphakathi , intandokazi yami ] Abacwaningi bavame ukuhlukumezeka ukuchaza ukucabanga kwabo kokuziphatha komunye nomunye nomphakathi jikelele. Ngemva kokuthola ukuthi Ukuthanda, Izibopho, Nesikhathi kwaphinde kwaqanjwa, uJason Kauffman, umholi weqembu locwaningo, wenza imibono embalwa emphakathini mayelana nokuziphatha komsebenzi. Funda i- Zimmer (2010) bese uphinda ubhale amazwana kaKauffman usebenzisa izimiso nezinhlaka zokuziphatha ezichazwe kulesi sahluko.

  9. [ okuphakathi ] U-Banksy ungomunye wabaculi abadume kakhulu abaphila kakhulu e-United Kingdom futhi uyaziwa nge-graffiti emgwaqweni ohlose ezombangazwe (umfanekiso 6.9). Nokho, ubunikazi bakhe obuqondile, imfihlakalo. U-Banksy unayo iwebhusayithi yakhe, ngakho-ke angenza ukuthi ubani obala uma efuna, kodwa ukhethe ukungazi. Ngonyaka we-2008, iphephandaba le- Daily Mail lanyathelisa i-athikili efakazela ukukhomba igama langempela likaBennyy. Kwathi ngo-2016, uMichelle Hauge, uMark Stevenson, uDkt. Kim Rossmo noSteven C. Le Comber (2016) bazama ukuqinisekisa lesi simangalo besebenzisa imodeli yenqubo yeDirichlet yokulinganisa indawo. Ngokuqondile, baqoqa izindawo ze-grayiti zikaBabyy zomphakathi eBristol naseLondon. Okulandelayo, ngokucwaninga ngama-athikili endala wephephandaba kanye namarekhodi omphakathi wokuvota, athola amakheli adlule omuntu ogama lakhe, umkakhe, kanye nebhola lakhe (ie, ibhola lebhola). Umbhali uyifingqa ukutholakala kwephepha labo ngale ndlela:

    "Ngezinye izinsolo ezinzulu zokuthi uphenye, kunzima ukwenza izitatimende ezicacile mayelana nobunikazi be-Banksy ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni okulethwe lapha, ngaphandle kokusho ukuthi izingqikithi ze-geoprofiles kokubili eBristol naseLondon zihlanganisa amakheli aziwa ukuthi ahlobene kanye [negama elenziwe kabusha]. "

    Ngemva Metcalf and Crawford (2016) , abheka leli cala ngokuningiliziwe, nginqume ukungabizi igama lomuntu uma ekhuluma ngalolu cwaningo.

    1. Hlola lolu cwaningo usebenzisa izimiso nezinhlaka zokuziphatha kule sahluko.
    2. Ungabe wenze lesi sifundo?
    3. Abalobi bavumelana nalolu cwaningo kwi-abstract yephepha labo ngomusho olandelayo: "Ngokubanzi, le miphumela isekela iziphakamiso zangaphambilini ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kwezenzo ezincane ezihlobene nobuphekula (isib. Graffiti) zingasetshenziswa ukusiza ukuthola izisekelo zobuphekula ngaphambi kokubi kakhulu izigameko zenzeka, futhi inikeza isibonelo esithakazelisayo sokusetshenziswa kwesimodeli kunenkinga eyinkimbinkimbi yezwe langempela. "Ingabe lokhu kushintsha umbono wakho wephepha? Uma kunjalo, kanjani?
    4. Abalobi babefaka inothi elilandelayo lokuziphatha ekupheleni kwephepha labo: "Abalobi bayazi, futhi bahlonipha, ubumfihlo begama [igama elenziwe kabusha] nezihlobo zakhe futhi ngaleyo ndlela babesebenzisa idatha kuphela kusizinda somphakathi. Senze ngamabomu amakheli aqondile. "Ingabe lokhu kushintsha umbono wakho wephepha? Uma kunjalo, kanjani? Ucabanga ukuthi i-dichotomy yomphakathi / yangasese inengqondo kulokhu?
    Umfanekiso 6.9: Isithombe seSpy Booth e-Banksy e-Cheltenham, eNgilandi ngo-Kathryn Yengel, ngo-2014. Umthombo: Kathryn Yengel / Flickr.

    Umfanekiso 6.9: Isithombe seSpy Booth e-Banksy e-Cheltenham, eNgilandi ngo-Kathryn Yengel, ngo-2014. Umthombo: Kathryn Yengel / Flickr .

  10. [ okuphakathi ] I- Metcalf (2016) yenza ingxabano yokuthi "amathasethi atholakale esidlangalaleni aqukethe idatha yangasese ayiphakathi kokuthakazelisa kakhulu kubaphenyi futhi iningi eliyingozi kuya ezifundweni."

    1. Yiziphi izibonelo ezimbili ezikhonkolo ezixhasa lesi simangalo?
    2. Kulesi sihloko esifanayo, uMetcalf uthi futhi kuyinhlangano yokuthola ukuthi "noma yikuphi ukulimala kolwazi sekuvele kwenziwe ngedasitet yomphakathi." Nikeza isibonelo esisodwa sokuthi lokhu kungase kwenzeke kuphi.

  11. [ okuphakathi , intandokazi yami ] Kulesi sahluko, ngiphakamise umthetho wesithupha ukuthi yonke idatha ingabonakala futhi yonke idatha ingase izwele. Ithebula 6.5 linikeza uhlu lwezibonelo zedatha ezingenalo ulwazi olucacile ngokukhomba kodwa olukwazi ukuxhunyaniswa nabantu abathile.

    1. Khetha ezimbili zalezi zibonelo uphinde uchaze ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kabusha kokuzibandakanya kuzo zombili izimo kunesakhiwo esifanayo.
    2. Ngesinye sezibonelo ezimbili ezingxenyeni (a), chaza ukuthi idatha ingayibonisa kanjani ulwazi olubucayi mayelana nabantu abakwidathasethi.
    3. Manje khetha i-dataset yesithathu etafuleni. Bhala i-imeyili kumuntu ocabangela ukuyikhulula. Chaza ukuthi lolu datha lungabonakala kanjani futhi lungaba buhlungu.
    Ithebula 6.5: Izibonelo Zedatha Yezenhlalakahle ezingenayo Ulwazi Lokukhomba Ngomuntu Ngokweqile Kodwa Lungahlala Lixhunyaniswa Nabantu Abaqondile
    Idatha Izikhombo
    Amarekhodi omshwalense wezempilo Sweeney (2002)
    Idatha yokuthenga ikhadi lesikweletu Montjoye et al. (2015)
    Idatha yokulinganiswa kwe-movie ye-Netflix Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008)
    Idatha yocingo lwe-meta-data Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016)
    Idatha yomlando wosesho Barbaro and Zeller (2006)
    Idatha, ukuphatha, kanye nenhlalo yomphakathi mayelana nabafundi Zimmer (2010)

  12. [ kulula ] Ukuzifaka ezicathulweni zomuntu wonke kubandakanya abahlanganyeli bakho kanye nomphakathi jikelele, hhayi nje ontanga yakho. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuboniswe endabeni ye-Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital (Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, chap. 1; Lerner 2004; Arras 2008) .

    UDkt. Chester M. Southam wayengudokotela nomcwaningi ohloniphekile eSloan-Kettering Institute for Research Cancer kanye noProfesa woMnyango wezokwelapha eCornell University Medical College. Ngo-16 kuJulayi 1963, uSoutham kanye nozakwethu ababili bajova amangqamuzana omdlavuza obukhoma emzimbeni weziguli ezingu-22 ezikhungethwe yi-Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital eNew York. Lezi zijovo zaziyingxenye yocwaningo lukaSoutham lokuqonda izivikeli zomzimba zomdlavuza. Ekucwaningeni kwangaphambilini, uSoutham wathola ukuthi amavolontiya aphilile akwazi ukulahla amangqamuzana omdlavuza we-injection emavikini angama-4 kuya kwanguyisithupha, kanti kuthatha iziguli ezivele zinomdlavuza isikhathi eside. U-Southam wazibuza ukuthi ngabe ukuphendula okubambezelekile ezigulini zomdlavuza kungenxa yokuthi babenomdlavuza noma ngenxa yokuthi basebekhulile futhi sebevele bekhulile. Ukuze sibhekane nalezi zindlela, uSoutham wanquma ukujova amangqamuzana omdlavuza webukhoma abe eqenjini labantu abakudala kanye nabakhubazekile kodwa abangenayo umdlavuza. Ngesikhathi igama locwaningo lusakazeka, lenziwa ngokuyingxenye ngokusula odokotela abathathu abaceliwe ukuba babambe iqhaza, abanye baqhathanisa ekamu lokuhlushwa lamaNazi Ukuhlolwa, kodwa abanye-ngokusekelwe ekuqinisekisweni nguSoutham-bathola ucwaningo olungenakuqhathaniswa. Ekugcineni, iBhodi Yase-New York State of Regents ibuyekeze icala ukuze inqume ukuthi ngabe uSoutham kufanele akwazi ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa imithi. U-Southam uphikisa ngokuziphendulela kwakhe ukuthi usebenza "enkambweni engcono kakhulu yokwenza umtholampilo wemfanelo." Ukuziphendulela kwakhe kwakusekelwe ezincwadini eziningi, zonke ezisekelwe ochwepheshe abaningana abavelele egameni lakhe: (1) ucwaningo lwakhe ubuhle obuphezulu besayensi nezenhlalakahle; (2) bekungabikho izingozi ezithokozisa abahlanganyeli; isimangalo esisekelwe engxenyeni ye-10 ye-Southam ye-experience yangaphambili ngezifundo ezingaphezu kuka-600; (3) izinga lokudalulwa kufanele lilungiswe ngokwezinga lezingozi ezenziwa ngumcwaningi; (4) ucwaningo lwaluhambisana nesilinganiso semikhuba yezokwelapha ngaleso sikhathi. Ekugcineni, ibhodi likaRegent lathola uSoutham enecala lokukhwabanisa, ukukhohlisa, nokuziphatha okungenzi lutho, futhi wamisa ilayisensi yakhe yezokwelapha unyaka owodwa. Nokho, eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uSoutham wakhethwa umongameli we-American Association of Cancer Abacwaningi.

    1. Hlola isifundo sikaSoutham usebenzisa imigomo emine kulesi sahluko.
    2. Kubonakala sengathi uSoutham uthatha umbono wabalingani bakhe futhi walindela kahle ukuthi bangaphendula kanjani emsebenzini wakhe; Empeleni, abaningi babo bafakaza ngenxa yakhe. Kodwa wayengakwazi noma engazimisele ukuqonda ukuthi ucwaningo lwakhe lungase lukhathaze kanjani umphakathi. Iyiphi indima ocabanga ukuthi imibono yomphakathi-engahle ihlukaniswe nemibono yabahlanganyeli noma ontanga-kufanele ibe nemithetho yokucwaninga? Yini okufanele yenzeke uma umbono ovelele nombono wontanga behluke?

  13. [ kulula ] Ephepha elibizwa ngokuthi "Isixuku E-Eastern Congo: Ukusebenzisa Amakholi Efoni Ukuqoqa Imicimbi Yokuhlukunyezwa Idatha Ngesikhathi Esivamile", uVan der Windt noHumphreys (2016) bachaza isimiso sokuqoqwa kwedatha esasakazwa (bheka isahluko 5) abayidala eMpumalanga Congo. Chaza ukuthi abacwaningi baphathelene kanjani nokungaqiniseki mayelana nokulimaza okungenzeka kubahlanganyeli.

  14. [ okuphakathi ] Ngo-Okthoba 2014, ososayensi abathathu bezombangazwe bathumele abathumele abavoti abangu-102,780 eMontona-cishe abangaba ngu-15% abavoti ababhalisiwe esifundazweni (Willis 2014) -ngengxenye yokuzama ukukala ukuthi abavoti abanikezwa ulwazi oluningi bangase bakwazi ukuvota . I-mailers-eyayibizwa ngokuthi "Umhlahlandlela Wokwaziswa Wokuvotela U-2014 Montana jikelele," -kwafaka iNkantolo eNkulu yaseManada ukhetho lwamaJaji, kulokho okhethweni olungelona ukhetho, ngesilinganiso esivela ngokuzikhethela, okuhlanganisa neBarack Obama noMitt Romney ngokuqhathanisa. I-mailer yayihlanganisa nokukhiqizwa kwesidumbu esikhulu se-State of Montana (isibalo 6.10).

    Abakwa-mailers bakhiphe izikhalo ezivela eMontown abavoti, futhi babangela uLinda McCulloch, uNobhala Wombuso waseMontana, ukuba afake isikhalazo esihlelekile kuhulumeni wase-Montana wesifundazwe. Amanyuvesi asebenzisa abacwaningi-uDartmouth noStanford-athumele incwadi kubo bonke abathole umyalezo, bexolisa nganoma yikuphi ukudideka okungase kube khona futhi becacise ukuthi umthumeli "akahambisani nanoma yiliphi iqembu lezombangazwe, umqashi noma inhlangano, futhi kwakungenhloso ukuze ithinte noma yibuphi ubuhlanga. "Le ncwadi yacacisa nokuthi isimo" sithembele emphakathini ngolwazi olunikezwe emikhankaso ngayinye "(umfanekiso 6.11).

    NgoMeyi 2015, uKhomishana Wezombusazwe Zombuso WaseMontha, uJonathan Motl, wanquma ukuthi abacwaningi babephula umthetho waseMontona: "IKomishinala inquma ukuthi kunamaqiniso anele okubonisa ukuthi uStanford, uDartmouth kanye / noma abacwaningi bayo baphula uMkhankaso waseMonton sebenzisa imithetho efuna ukubhaliswa, ukubika nokudalulwa kwezindleko ezizimele "(Ukuthola okwanele Inombolo 3 ku- Motl (2015) ). IKhomishana iphinde ikhuthaze ukuthi i-Attorney County ihlole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okungagunyaziwe kweSikhulu Esikhulu saseMontona kuphule umthetho wase-Montana (Motl 2015) .

    UStanford noDartmouth bavumelani nesinqumo sikaMotl. Okhulumela iStanford ogama lakhe linguLisa Lapin uthe "uStanford ... akakholelwa ukuthi imiphi imithetho yokhetho ephuliwe" nokuthi ukuthumela "akuzange kube nokuphikisana okusekela noma okuphikisana nanoma yikuphi ukhetho." Wabonisa ukuthi ummeli wathi "akuyona ingxenye ayisekeli noma yiliphi umuntu ozokhethwa noma iqembu " (Richman 2015) .

    1. Hlola lolu cwaningo usebenzisa izimiso ezine nezinhlaka ezimbili ezichazwe kulesi sahluko.
    2. Ukucabanga ukuthi abathumeli bathunyelwe esampula okungahleliwe kwabavoti (kodwa ngaphezulu ngalokhu ngomzuzwana), ngaphansi kweziphi izimo kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kuthunyelwe kungashintsha umphumela wokhetho lweNkantolo Yenkantolo Ephakeme?
    3. Eqinisweni, abathumeli babengathunyelwa kwisampula esingavamile sabavoti. Ngokombiko kaJeremy Johnson (ososayensi bezombusazwe abasize uphenyo), abathumeli beposi "bathunyelwe kwabangu-64 266 abavoti abavame ukukhululeka kwi-centrist exhomeke emigodini yeDemocratic Representative kanye nabavoti abangu-39,515 abahlonishwa njenge-centrist eRiphablikhi. Abacwaningi bavumile ukungafani phakathi kwezinombolo zeDemocratic Republic and Republican ngenxa yokuthi babelindele ukuthi ukuvota kube kakhulu phakathi kwabavoti beDemocratic. "Ingabe lokhu kuguqula ukuhlolwa kwakho kocwaningo? Uma kunjalo, kanjani?
    4. Ephendula uphenyo, abacwaningi bathi bakhetha lokhu okhethweni ngoba "akukho mpikiswano wezokwehlulela owawuphikisana ngokuqinile emqoka. Ngokususelwa ekuhlaziyweni kwemiphumela ekhetho yokhetho ngonyaka ka-2014 kumongo wokhetho lwangaphambi kukahulumeni waseMonthana, abacwaningi banqume ukuthi ukucwaninga okucwaninga njengoba kwaklanyelwe kungashintshi umphumela wokuncintisana " (Motl 2015) . Ingabe lokhu kushintsha ukuhlola kwakho kocwaningo? Uma kunjalo, kanjani?
    5. Eqinisweni, ukhetho lube lungekho eduze (ithebula 6.6). Ingabe lokhu kushintsha ukuhlola kwakho kocwaningo? Uma kunjalo, kanjani?
    6. Kuvela ukuthi isifundo sithunyelwe ku-Dartmouth IRB ngomunye wabacwaningi, kodwa imininingwane yahluke kakhulu kulabo abafundwa yi-Montana ngempela. I-mailer esetshenzisiwe e-Montana ayizange ihanjiswe ku-IRB. Ucwaningo aluzange luhanjiswe ku-Stanford IRB. Ingabe lokhu kushintsha ukuhlola kwakho kocwaningo? Uma kunjalo, kanjani?
    7. Kwaphinde kwacaca ukuthi abacwaningi babethumele izinto zokukhethwa ezifanayo kwabangu-143 000 eCalifornia nabangu-66 000 eNew Hampshire. Njengoba ngiyazi, kwakungekho izikhalazo ezisemthethweni ezibangelwa ama-mail angaba ngu-200 000. Ingabe lokhu kushintsha ukuhlola kwakho kocwaningo? Uma kunjalo, kanjani?
    8. Kuthiwani, uma ngabe kukhona, ngabe ukwenze ngokuhlukile uma ngabe uphenyo oyinhloko? Ngabe ubungayilungisa kanjani isifundo uma unesithakazelo ekuhloleni ukuthi ulwazi olwengeziwe luyakwandisa ukuvota kwabavoti emidlalweni engeyona engxenyeni?
    Ithebula 6.6: Imiphumela evela eNkantolo Ephakeme Yobulungiswa BeNkantolo YaseMontana ka-2014 (Umthombo: Ikhasi leWebhu likaNobhala Wezwe laseMontona)
    Abafundi Amavoti atholakele Amaphesenti
    Ubulungiswa beNkantolo Ephakeme # 1
    UWilliam Herbert 65,404 21.59%
    Jim Rice 236,963 78.22%
    Inkantolo Ephakeme Yenkantolo # 2
    Lawrence VanDyke 134 904 40.80%
    Mike Wheat 195,303 59.06%
    Umdwebo 6.10: U-Mailer othunyelwe ososayensi abathathu bezombangazwe kwabavoti abangu-102,780 abhalisiwe eMontana njengengxenye yokuzama ukukala ukuthi ngabe abavoti abanikezwa ulwazi oluthe xaxa banamathuba amaningi okuvota. Ubukhulu besampula kulolu cwaningo bekungaba ngu-15% wabavoti abafanelekile esifundazweni (Willis 2014). Yenziwe kabusha kusuka ku-Motl (2015).

    Umdwebo 6.10: U-Mailer othunyelwe ososayensi abathathu bezombangazwe kwabavoti abangu-102,780 abhalisiwe eMontana njengengxenye yokuzama ukukala ukuthi ngabe abavoti abanikezwa ulwazi oluthe xaxa banamathuba amaningi okuvota. Ubukhulu besampula kulolu cwaningo bekungaba ngu-15% wabavoti abafanelekile esifundazweni (Willis 2014) . Motl (2015) kusuka ku- Motl (2015) .

    Umdwebo 6.11: Incwadi ye-Apology eyathunyelwa kwabangu-102,780 abavoti ababhalisiwe eMontana ababethole ummeli oboniswe kumfanekiso 6.10. Le ncwadi yathunyelwa ngabaMongameli baseDartmouth naseStanford, amanyuvesi asebenzisa abacwaningi abathumela i-mailer. Yenziwe kabusha kusuka ku-Motl (2015).

    Umdwebo 6.11: Incwadi ye-Apology eyathunyelwa kwabangu-102,780 abavoti ababhalisiwe eMontana ababethole ummeli oboniswe kumfanekiso 6.10. Le ncwadi yathunyelwa ngabaMongameli baseDartmouth naseStanford, amanyuvesi asebenzisa abacwaningi abathumela i-mailer. Motl (2015) kusuka ku- Motl (2015) .

  15. [ okuphakathi ] Ngo-Meyi 8, 2016, abacwaningi ababili-u-Emil Kirkegaard noJulius Bjerrekaer-bafaka ulwazi olusuka kuyi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-OkCupid futhi bakhululwa esidlangalaleni kudathasethi yabasebenzisi abangaba ngu-70,000, kufaka phakathi iziguquko ezifana negama lomsebenzisi, ubudala, ubulili, indawo, imibono ehlobene nenkolo , imibono ehlobene nezinkanyezi, izinto zokuthandana, inombolo yezithombe, njll, kanye nezimpendulo ezinikezwe imibuzo engaphezulu kuka-2 600 kusayithi. Encwadini ehleliwe ehambisana nedatha ekhishwe, abalobi bathi "Abanye bangaphikisana nemithetho yokuqoqa nokukhulula le datha. Kodwa-ke, yonke idatha etholakala kudathasethi ikhona noma isivele itholakale esidlangalaleni, ngakho ukukhulula le dataset nje ukuyibeka ngendlela ewusizo kakhulu. "

    Ekuphenduleni ukukhululwa kwedatha, omunye wabalobi ubucelwe ku-Twitter: "Le datha yasethenjwa kakhulu. Ngisho namagama omsebenzisi? Ngabe kukhona umsebenzi owenziwe okwenziwe ukuyikhipha? "Ukusabela kwakhe kwakungu" Cha. Idatha isivele isesidlangalaleni. " (Zimmer 2016; Resnick 2016) .

    1. Hlola lokhu kukhishwa kwedatha usebenzisa izimiso kanye nezinhlaka zokuziphatha ezixoxwe kulesi sahluko.
    2. Ungayisebenzisa yini le datha ucwaningo lwakho?
    3. Kuthiwani uma uzitshela wena?

  16. [ okuphakathi ] Ngo-2010, umhlaziyi wezobunhloli ne-US Army wanikeza izinhlamvu ezingama-250,000 ezihlukanisa izinhlangano ezihlangene ne-WikiLeaks, futhi kamuva zithunyelwa ku-intanethi. Gill and Spirling (2015) ithi "ukudalulwa kwe-WikiLeaks kungase kubhekisele kumathambo e-data angase afakwe ukuze avivinye imibono efihlekile ebuhlotsheni bamazwe ngamazwe" bese echaza ngokuyisisekelo isampula yamaphepha aqoshiwe. Isibonelo, abalobi balinganisela ukuthi bamele cishe u-5% wazo zonke izintambo zomfelandawonye phakathi naleso sikhathi, kodwa ukuthi le ngxenye ihluka ukusuka embassy kuya embassy (bheka Umfanekiso 1 wephepha labo).

    1. Funda iphepha, bese ubhala isithasiselo sokuziphatha.
    2. Abalobi abazange bahlaziye okuqukethwe kwanoma yimaphi amadokhumenti aqoshiwe. Ingabe ikhona iphrojekthi esebenzisa lezi zingcingo ongazenza? Ingabe ikhona iphrojekthi esebenzisa lezi zingcingo ongazoziqhuba?

  17. [ kulula ] Ukuze uhlole ukuthi izinkampani ziphendula kanjani izikhalazo, umcwaningi wathumela izincwadi zokukhalaza ezifakela ezigumbini eziphakeme ezingu-240 eNew York City. Nansi i-extract from the letter of fiction.

    "Ngikubhalela le ncwadi ngoba ngithukuthele ngendaba enganginayo lapho ngidla khona. Kungekudala, mina nomkami sasigubha usuku lwethu lokugcina. ... Kusihlwa kwaba nomsindo lapho izimpawu zaqala ukubonakala cishe amahora amane emva kokudla. Ukwehla kwesisu, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, nezikhonda zomzimba zonke zikhomba into eyodwa: uketshezi kokudla. Kungenza ngithukuthele nje ngicabanga ukuthi kusihlwa okwedlulele okuthandana nomyeni wami kwanciphisa umkami ngibhekile ngibheke endaweni yokugcina ingane emgodini wokugqoka phakathi kwezingqungquthela zokukhipha. ... Nakuba kungesiyona inhloso yami ukufaka noma yikuphi imibiko ngeBusiness Business Bureau noma uMnyango wezeMpilo, ngifuna wena, [igama le-restaurateur], ukuqonda lokho engikudlule ngilindele ukuthi uzophendula ngokufanele. "

    1. Hlola lolu cwaningo usebenzisa izimiso nezinhlaka zokuziphatha ezichazwe kulesi sahluko. Njengoba unikezwe ukuhlolwa kwakho, ingabe uzokwenza isifundo?
    2. Nakhu ukuthi izindawo zokudlela ezathola le ncwadi (Kifner 2001) : "Kwakuyizingxabano (Kifner 2001) njengabanikazi, abaphathi nabapheki abacwaninga ngokusebenzisa amakhompiyutha ukubhuka [igama elihlelwe kabusha] noma amarekhodi ekhadi lesikweletu, amamenyu abuyekeziwe futhi akhiqize ukudilizwa kokudla okungase kubonakale, futhi bebuza abasebenzi basekhishini mayelana nokuphelelwa yisikhathi okungenzeka, konke okukhuthazwa yilokho eyunivesithi kanye noprofesa manje abakwamukelayo kwaba isifundo sesikole sebhizinisi esihogweni. "Ingabe lolu lwazi lushintsha ukuthi uhlola kanjani isifundo?
    3. Njengoba ngiyazi, lolu cwaningo aluzange lubuyekezwe i-IRB noma omunye umuntu wesithathu. Ingabe lokho kushintshe ukuthi uhlola kanjani isifundo? Kungani noma kungani?

  18. [ okuphakathi ] Ukwakha kumbuzo wangaphambilini, ngithanda ukuthi uqhathanise lolu cwaningo ngesifundo esihluke ngokuphelele esabandakanya nokudla. Kulolu cwaningo oluthile, uNeumark nozakwabo (1996) bathumela abafundi ababili bekolishi nabesilisa ababili bekolishi abaqalile ukufaka izicelo njengama-waiters nama-waitress kuma-65 okudlela e-Philadelphia, ukuze baphenywe ngokubandlululwa ngokobulili ekuqashweni kokudlela. Izicelo eziyi-130 zaholela ezingxoxweni ezingu-54 kanye nokunikezwa kwemisebenzi engu-39. Ucwaningo lubuthole ubufakazi obuningi bokuthi ukucwaswa ngokobulili kwababesifazane ezindaweni zokudlela eziphezulu.

    1. Bhala isithasiselo sokuziphatha salolu cwaningo.
    2. Ucabanga ukuthi lolu cwaningo luhluke ngokuphelele kulowo ochazwe kumbuzo odlule. Uma kunjalo, kanjani?

  19. [ okuphakathi , intandokazi yami ] Ngesinye isikhathi ngo-2010, abaprofesa abangu-6,548 e-United States bathola ama-imeyili afana nalolu.

    "Uprofesa othandekayo uSalganik,

    Ngikulobela ngoba nginguP.D. umfundi onentshisekelo enkulu ocwaningweni lwakho. Uhlelo lwami luzosebenza ku-Ph.D. izinhlelo ezizayo, futhi ngifisa ukufunda kabanzi ngangokunokwenzeka ngamathuba okucwaninga okwamanje.

    Ngizobe ngihlala esikhungweni samanje, futhi nakuba ngiyazi ukuthi kuyisixwayiso esifushane, ngangizibuza ukuthi ungase ube nemizuzu engu-10 uma ungazimisele ukuhlangana nami ukukhuluma ngokufutshane ngomsebenzi wakho nanoma yimaphi amathuba okuba ngizibandakanye ucwaningo lwakho. Noma yisiphi isikhathi esingaba lula ngawe ungaba kuhle kimi, njengoba ukuhlangana nawe kuyisinyathelo sami sokuqala ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kwekampus.

    Siyabonga kusengaphambili ngokucubungula kwakho.

    Ngokuzithoba, uCarlos Lopez "

    Lawa ma-imeyili ayengamanga; babeyingxenye yokuhlolwa kwensimu ukukala ukuthi ngabe ngabe amaprofesa angase aphendule kanjani ku-imeyili kuye ngokuthi (1) isikhathi-sikhathi (namuhla kuya kwesonto elizayo) futhi (2) negama lomthumeli, okwakungavamile ukukhombisa ubuhlanga kanye nobulili (uCarlos Lopez, uMeredith Roberts, Raj Singh, njll). Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi uma izicelo zizohlangana ngesonto elilodwa, abesilisa baseCaucasian banikezwa ukufinyelela kwamalungu enkambiso cishe ngamaphesenti angu-25 kaningi kunabesifazane nabancane. Kodwa lapho abafundi beqiniso becela imihlangano ngalolo suku, la maphethiloli asuswe ngokuphelele (Milkman, Akinola, and Chugh 2012) .

    1. Hlola lokhu kuhlolwa ngokuvumelana nemigomo nezinhlaka kule sahluko.
    2. Ngemuva kokucwaninga sekuphelile, abacwaningi bathumela i-imeyili yokuxoxisana ngokulandelayo kubo bonke abahlanganyeli.

    "Muva nje, uthole i-imeyili evela kumfundi ocela imizuzu engu-10 yesikhathi sakho ukuze uxoxe nge-Ph.D. yakho. Uhlelo (umzimba we-imeyili ubonakala ngezansi). Sithumela i-imeyili namhlanje ukuthi sikukhathaze ngenhloso yangempela yale imeyili, ngoba yayiyingxenye yocwaningo lokucwaninga. Sithembela ngobuqotho ukuthi ukutadisha kwethu akuzange kubangele ukuphazanyiswa futhi siyaxolisa uma ungenasiphelo. Ithemba lethu ukuthi le ncwadi izokunikeza incazelo ephelele ngenjongo kanye nokuklanywa kwesifundo sethu ukuze kunciphise noma yikuphi ukukhathazeka onakho mayelana nokubandakanyeka kwakho. Sifuna ukukubonga ngesikhathi sakho nokufunda ngokuqhubekayo uma unesithakazelo ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani uthole lo mlayezo. Sithemba ukuthi uzobona ukubaluleka kolwazi esikulindele ukukhiqiza ngalolu cwaningo olukhulu lwezemfundo. "

    Ngemva kokuchaza injongo kanye nokuklanywa kwesifundo, baqhubeka bathi:

    "Uma nje imiphumela yocwaningo lwethu iyatholakala, sizoyithumela kumawebhusayithi ethu. Sicela uqiniseke ukuthi akukho datha ebonakalayo oyoke ibikwe kusukela kulolu cwaningo, futhi phakathi kwe-design design kuqinisekisa ukuthi sizokwazi kuphela ukukhomba amaphethini wokuphendula i-imeyli ngokuhlangene-hhayi ezingeni ngalinye. Akekho umuntu noma i-yunivesithi oyobonakala kuzo noma yikuphi ucwaningo noma idatha esishicilelayo. Yiqiniso, noma yikuphi ukuphendula kwe-imeyili eyodwa akuyona into enenzuzo njengoba kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani ilungu ngalinye lobuchwepheshe lingase lamukele noma linciphise isicelo somhlangano. Yonke idatha isivele ihlonziwe futhi izimpendulo ze-imeyli ezibonakalayo zisusiwe kakade kusuka kumininingwane yethu kanye nesiphakeli esihlobene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi lapho idatha ibonakala, ivikelwe ngamaphasiwedi aqinile futhi aphephile. Futhi njengoba kunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho izifundiswa ziqhuba ucwaningo ezihilela izifundo zabantu, izinqubo zethu zocwaningo zamukelwa yiBhodi Yethu Yokubukeza Izikhungo (i-Columbia University Morningside IRB kanye neYunivesithi yase-Pennsylvania IRB).

    Uma unemibuzo emayelana namalungelo akho njengesihloko socwaningo, ungathintana neBhodi ye-Columbia University Morningside Institutional Review Board [echazwe kabusha] noma nge-imeyili e- [i-redacted] kanye / noma i-University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board [e-redacted].

    Siyabonga futhi ngesikhathi sakho nokuqonda komsebenzi esikwenzayo. "

    1. Yiziphi izimpikiswano zokuxoxisana kulokhu? Yiziphi izingxabano eziphikisanayo? Ucabanga ukuthi abacwaningi kufanele baxoxisane nabahlanganyeli kulokhu?
    2. Ezingxenyeni ezisekelwe ku-intanethi, abacwaningi banezigaba ezibizwa ngokuthi "Izihloko Zokuvikela Abantu." Funda lesi sigaba. Kukhona yini ongayengeza noma ukususa?
    3. Yayiyini izindleko zalokhu kuhlola kwabacwaningi? Iyini izindleko zalokhu kuhlola kwabahlanganyeli? U-Andrew Gelman (2010) uphikelele ukuthi abahlanganyeli kulolu cwaningo bangase bahlawulelwe isikhathi sabo ngemuva kokuthi ukuhlolwa sekuphelile. Ingabe uyavuma? Zama ukwenza ingxabano yakho usebenzisa izimiso nezinhlaka zokuziphatha kule sahluko.

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