6.6.3 Inqubomgomo

Ubumfihlo kuyilungelo ukugeleza ezifanele kolwazi.

Indawo yesithathu lapho abacwaningi bangase bakwazi khona kuyimfihlo . Njengoba i- Lowrance (2012) ikubeka ngokucophelela: "Ubumfihlo kufanele buhlonishwe ngoba abantu kufanele bahlonishwe." Kodwa-ke, (Nissenbaum 2010, chap. 4) kakhulu (Nissenbaum 2010, chap. 4) , futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, kunzima ukusebenzisa uma uzama ukwenza izinqumo ezithile mayelana nocwaningo.

Indlela evamile yokucabanga mayelana nobumfihlo ine-dichotomy yomphakathi / yangasese. Ngale ndlela yokucabanga, uma ulwazi lufinyeleleka esidlangalaleni, lungasetshenziswa abacwaningi ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokuphula ubuyimfihlo babantu. Kodwa le ndlela ingaba nezinkinga. Ngokwesibonelo, ngoNovemba 2007, uCostas Panagopoulos wathumela izincwadi mayelana nokhetho oluzayo kuwo wonke umuntu emadolobheni amathathu. Emadolobheni amabili-eMonticello, e-Iowa naseHolland, eMichigan-Panagopoulos wathembisa / wasongela ukushicilela uhlu lwabantu abavotele ephephandabeni. Kwesinye idolobha-u-Ely, i-Iowa-Panagopoulos wathembisa / wasongela ukushicilela uhlu lwabantu ababengavotanga ephephandabeni. Lezi zokwelashwa zenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukuziqhenya namahloni (Panagopoulos 2010) ngoba le mizwelo itholakale ibe nomthelela wokuguquka kwezifundo zangaphambili (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Ulwazi mayelana nokuthi ubani ovoti futhi ongeyena umphakathi e-United States; noma ubani angayifinyelela. Ngakho-ke, omunye angaphikisana ngokuthi ngoba lolu lwazi lokuvota seluvele lusesidlangalaleni, ayikho inkinga nomcwaningi oyishicilela ephephandabeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, into ethile ngaleyo mpikiswano izwa iphutha kwabanye abantu.

Njengoba lesi sibonelo sibonisa, i-dichotomy yomphakathi / yangasese iyinhlawulo (boyd and Crawford 2012; Markham and Buchanan 2012) . Indlela engcono yokucabanga ngobumfihlo-eyakhelwe ngokukhethekile ukubhekana nezinkinga eziphakanyiswe iminyaka yobudala- (Nissenbaum 2010) yobuqotho (Nissenbaum 2010) . Esikhundleni sokucabangela ulwazi njengomphakathi noma oluyimfihlo, ubuqotho besimo bugxila ekugezeni kolwazi. Ngokusho kwe- Nissenbaum (2010) , "ilungelo lobumfihlo Nissenbaum (2010) lokufihla noma ilungelo lokulawula kodwa ilungelo lokugeleza okufanelekile kolwazi lomuntu siqu."

Umqondo ukhiye ezihleli ubuqotho zesimo kuyinto umongo-isihlobo kwezinkambiso ulwazi (Nissenbaum 2010) . Lezi yizinkambiso ezilawula ukugeleza kolwazi kuzilungiselelo ezithile, futhi zinqunywe yimingcele emithathu:

• Izıhlabane (subject, umthumeli, umamukeli)
• izichasiso (zolwazi)
• Izimiso yokudlulisela (izingqinamba ngaphansi yiluphi ulwazi ageleza)

Ngakho-ke, uma umphenyi enquma ukuthi uzosebenzisa idatha ngaphandle kwemvume kuyasiza ukubuza, "Ingabe lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukwephula imigomo yenkambiso ehlobene nokuqukethwe?" Ukubuyela esimweni sePanagopoulos (2010) , kulokhu, ukuba nokunye umcwaningi ukushicilela uhlu lwabavoti noma abangezivoti ephephandabeni kubonakala sengathi wephula izimiso zokwaziswa. Lokhu cishe akuyona indlela abantu abalindela ngayo ulwazi lokugeleza. Eqinisweni, uPanagopoulos akazange alandele ngesithembiso sakhe / usongo ngoba izikhulu zamakhetho zendawo zamlandela lezi zincwadi futhi zamtshela ukuthi akuwona umbono omuhle (Issenberg 2012, 307) .

Umqondo wemigomo ekwaziswa okuhambisana nomongo kungasiza ekuhloleni icala engilikhulume ngalo ekuqaleni kwesahluko mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamalogi ocingweni ukulandelela ukuhamba ngesikhathi kuqhuma i-Ebola eNtshonalanga Afrika ngo-2014 (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . Kulesi simo, umuntu angacabanga ngezimo ezimbili ezihlukene:

• Simo 1: ukuthumela idatha yerekhodi lwamakholi ephelele [nezimfanelo]; ohulumeni semthethweni akuphelele [Izıhlabane]; nganoma yisiphi esizayo kungenzeka zisebenzisa [izimiso yokudlulisela]
• Simo 2: ukuthumela amarekhodi ingxenye yomzimba ongaziwa [nezimfanelo]; ukuze sihlonishwe abacwaningi eyunivesithi [Izıhlabane]; ukuze isetshenziswe eziphendula Ebola kanye ngabelusi enyuvesi amabhodi zesimilo [izimiso yokudlulisela]

Ngisho noma kuzo zombili lezi zimo ukubiza idatha kuphuma ngaphandle kwenkampani, izimiso zokwaziswa eziphathelene nalezi zimo ezimbili azifani ngenxa yokuthi umehluko phakathi kwabadlali, izimfanelo, kanye nemigomo yokudlulisela. Ukugxila emkhakheni owodwa kulezi ziminganiso kungaholela ekuthatheni izinqumo ezilula kakhulu. Eqinisweni, Nissenbaum (2015) igcizelela ukuthi akekho kulezi ziminganiso ezintathu Nissenbaum (2015) kwabanye, futhi akekho omunye wabo Nissenbaum (2015) zokwaziswa. Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zezinkomba zokwaziswa zichaza ukuthi kungani imizamo yangaphambilini-eye igxile kuzo zonke izici noma izimiso zokudlulisela-ayizange iphumelele ekutholeni imibono ejwayelekile yomqondo wobumfihlo.

Enye inselelo ngokusebenzisa umqondo (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) zokuqondisa izinqumo ukuthi abacwaningi bangase bangabazi ngaphambili kwesikhathi futhi kunzima kakhulu ukulinganisa (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) . Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma ngabe olunye ucwaningo luyophula imithetho yezimo ezihlobene nezimo ezingaqondile ukuthi ucwaningo alufanele lwenzeke. Eqinisweni, isahluko 8 se- Nissenbaum (2010) ngokugcwele ngokuthi "Ukuphulwa kwemithetho emihle." Naphezu kwalezi zixazululo, izinkambiso eziphathelene nezimo eziphathelene nomongo namanje ziyindlela ewusizo yokucabangela ngemibuzo ephathelene nobumfihlo.

Okokugcina, ubumfihlo buyindawo engiyibonile ukungaqondani phakathi kwabacwaningi ababeka phambili ukuhlonipha abantu kanye nalabo ababeka phambili ukuzuza. Cabanga ngesimo somcwaningi wempilo yomphakathi, okuzama ukuvimbela ukusakazwa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo zendabuko, ngokubuka ngasese abantu abathatha imvula. Abacwaningi abagxila ekuzuzeni izinzuzo kuzogxila ezintweni ezivela emphakathini kulolu cwaningo futhi bangase bathi akukho miphumela yabalandeli uma umcwaningi enza ukuhlola kwakhe ngaphandle kokuthola. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abacwaningi ababeka phambili ukuhlonipha abantu bazogxila ekutheni umcwaningi wayengaphatheli abantu ngenhlonipho futhi angase athi ukulimala kudalwe ngokuphula ubuciko babambiqhaza, ngisho noma ababambiqhaza bengakwazi ukuhlola. Ngamanye amazwi, kwabanye, ukwephula ubumfihlo babantu kuyingozi nakwayo.

Ekuphethweni, lapho ucabanga ngokuyimfihlo, kuyasiza ukuhambisa ngaphezu kwe-dichotomy yomphakathi / yangasese elula kakhulu futhi ucabangele ngezinkomba eziphathelene nezimo eziphathelene nomongo, ezakhiwa ngezinto ezintathu: abalingisi (isihloko, umthumeli, umamukeli), izimfanelo (izinhlobo zolwazi), kanye nemigomo yokudlulisela (izinkinga lapho ulwazi lugeleza) (Nissenbaum 2010) . Abanye abacwaningi bahlola ubumfihlo ngenxa yengozi engabangelwa ukuphulwa kwayo, kanti abanye abacwaningi babheka ukwephulwa kobumfihlo njengengozi futhi. Ngoba imibono yobumfihlo emininingweni eminingi yedijithali ishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ihlukahluka komunye nomuntu, futhi ishintshe isimo esimweni (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) , ubumfihlo bungaba umthombo wezinqumo ezinzima zokucwaninga kwabacwaningi kwabanye isikhathi esizayo.