6.6.1 kwemvume unolwazi

Abacwaningi kumele, kungaba, futhi ingabe landela lo mthetho: abasohlotsheni oluthile lwenkonzo imvume ucwaningo iningi.

Imvume eyaziwa ngumqondo oyisisekelo-abanye bangase bathi ukusondelana okuncane (Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady 2000; Manson and O'Neill 2007) -ukuziphatha kocwaningo. Inguqulo elula kakhulu yokuziphatha kocwaningo ithi: "imvume evumelana nayo yonke into." Lo mthetho olula, noma kunjalo, awuhambisani nezimiso zokuziphatha ezikhona, isimiso somthetho, noma umkhuba wokucwaninga. Esikhundleni salokho, abacwaningi kufanele, bakwazi, futhi balandele umthetho obunzima kakhulu: "uhlobo oluthile lokuvuma ucwaningo oluningi."

Okokuqala, ukuze uhambisane nemibono elula kakhulu mayelana nemvume enolwazi, ngifuna ukukutshela okuningi mayelana nokuhlolwa kwensimu ukutadisha ubandlululo. Kulezi zifundo, abafakizicelo abakhohlisayo abanezici ezahlukene-bathi amanye amadoda nabesifazane-bafaka izicelo ezahlukene. Uma uhlobo olulodwa lomfakisicelo luqashwa kaningi, abacwaningi bangaphetha ngokuthi kungase kube nokucwaswa kwinqubo yokuqasha. Ngenhloso yalesi sahluko, into ebaluleke kakhulu ngalezi zivivinyo ukuthi abahlanganyeli kulezi zivivinyo-abaqashi-abakaze banikeze imvume. Eqinisweni, laba bahlanganyeli bakhohliswa ngenkuthalo. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlolwa kwensimu yokutadisha ukubandlululwa kwenziwa ezikoleni okungenani ezingu-117 emazweni angu-17 (Riach and Rich 2002; Rich 2014) .

Abacwaningi abasebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwensimu ukutadisha ubandlululo baye baveza izici ezine zalezi zifundo, ngokubambisana, ezenza zivumeleke ngokomthetho: (1) ukulimala okulinganiselwe kubaqashi; (2) inzuzo enkulu yenhlalakahle yokuba nenqubo ethembekile yokubandlululwa; (3) ubuthakathaka bezinye izindlela zokulinganisa ukubandlululwa; futhi (4) iqiniso lokuthi inkohliso ayiphuli ngokuqinile imigomo yaleso simiso (Riach and Rich 2004) . Ngayinye yalezi zimo zibalulekile, futhi uma omunye wabo enganelisekile, icala lokuziphatha liyoba yinselele nakakhulu. Ezintathu zalezi zici zingathathwa ezimisweni zokuziphatha ezimemezweni zeBelmont: ukulimala okunomkhawulo (Ukuhlonipha Abantu Nokuzuza) kanye nokuzuza okukhulu nokubuthakathaka kwezinye izindlela (Ukuzuza nokuBulungiswa). Isici sokugcina, ukungazitholi kwezimiso zomqondo, singathathwa ekuhlonipheni kwe-Menlo Report yomthetho kanye nesithakazelo somphakathi. Ngamanye amazwi, izicelo zomsebenzi ziyisimo lapho kukhona kakade okulindeleke khona ukukhohlisa. Ngakho-ke, lezi zivivinyo azingcolisi umhlaba osekuvele ukhona.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu kuphazamiseka okusekelwe ezimisweni, iningi le-IRBs liphelile nokuthi ukuntuleka kwemvume kulezi zifundo kuvumelana nemithetho ekhona, ikakhulukazi Umthetho Ojwayelekile §46.116, ingxenye (d). Ekugcineni, izinkantolo zase-US nazo zisekela ukungabi nalutho kwemvume nokusetshenziswa kwenkohlakalo ekuhloleni kwamasimu ukukala ukubandlululwa (No. 81-3029. Inkantolo Yokudluliswa Kwezizwe zase-United States, isifunda se-Seventh Circuit). Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwensimu ngaphandle kwemvume kuvumelana nezimiso zokuziphatha ezikhona kanye nemithetho ekhona (okungenani imithetho e-United States). Lezi zizathu zisekelwa umphakathi omusha wocwaningo lwezenhlalakahle, izinqwaba ze-IRBs, kanye neNkantolo yokuBuyeka yase-US. Ngakho-ke, kumelwe sikwenzele umthetho olula "imvume evumelwaneni yento yonke." Lokhu akuwona umthetho abaphenyi abalandela, futhi akufanele yini balandele.

Ukuhamba ngaphesheya "kwemvume enolwazi yento yonke" kushiya abacwaningi ngombuzo onzima: Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuvuma ezidingekayo ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zocwaningo? Ngokwemvelo, kube khona impikiswano enkulu kulo mbuzo, nakuba iningi lalo lingxenyeni locwaningo lwezokwelapha eminyakeni yobudala. Ecaphuna le mpikiswano, uNir Eyal (2012) uyabhala:

"Lo ngokwezocansi okuyingozi more kokungenela, yilapho kuba anomthelela noma esichazayo 'ezibucayi ekuphileni choice', the more kuba value-laden futhi impikiswano, ezibhedlela ezizimele more endaweni yomzimba ukungenelela oluthinta ngqo, yilapho siyangqubuzana futhi engaqashiwe the nongoti, ayanda isidingo sokuba eyizingqabavu emvume unolwazi. Ngezinye izikhathi, isidingo sokuba eyizingqabavu kakhulu kwemvume unolwazi, futhi ngempela, ngoba kwemvume noma ngayiphi indlela, kuba elincane. Ngalezo zikhathi, eqolo angase ayikhohlwe kalula igqiba leso sidingo. "[Yokubhalwa yangaphakathi abashiywe ngaphandle]

Ukuqonda okubalulekile okuvela kule mpikiswano ukuthi imvume enolwazi akuyona yonke into noma ayikho: kunezinhlobo ezinamandla futhi ezibuthakathaka zemvume. Kwezinye izimo, kubonakala sengathi kudingeka imvume enolwazi oluqinile, kodwa kwabanye, izinhlobo ezibuthakathaka zemvume zingase zifaneleke. Ngokulandelayo, ngizochaza izizathu ezintathu zokuthi kungani abacwaningi bangase babe nzima ukuthola imvume enolwazi, futhi ngizochaza izinketho ezimbalwa kulezo zimo.

Okokuqala, ngezinye izikhathi ukucela abahlanganyeli ukuba banikeze imvume enolwazi bangakhuphula izingozi ababhekana nazo. Isibonelo, ku-Encore, ukucela abantu abahlala ngaphansi kohulumeni abacindezelayo ukunikeza imvume yokuba ikhompiyutha yabo isetshenziselwe ukulinganisa ukufakwa kwe-intanethi kungenza labo abavumelanayo bangene engozini. Uma imvume iholela engozini eyengeziwe, abacwaningi bangaqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi mayelana nalokho abakwenzayo lusemphakathini nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi abahlanganyeli bakwazi ukuphuma. Futhi, bangafuna imvume evela kumaqembu abamele abahlanganyeli (isib. Ama-NGO).

Okwesibili, ngezinye izikhathi ukuvuma ngokugcwele ngaphambi kokuba ucwaningo luqale lungangcolisa inani lobuchwepheshe besifundo. Isibonelo, ekuPhambeni Kwengqondo, uma abahlanganyeli bebazi ukuthi abacwaningi bezama ukuzama imizwa, lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi bashintshe ukuziphatha kwabo. Ukuvimbela ulwazi kubahlanganyeli, futhi ngisho nokuwakhohlisa, kuyinto engavamile ekucwaningweni kwezenhlalakahle, ikakhulukazi ekuhlolweni kobuchopho kwengqondo. Uma imvume engakaze yenzeke ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutshwe isifundo, abacwaningi bangakwazi (futhi kaningi benza) abahlanganyeli abahlukumezayo ngemuva kokucwaninga sekuphelile. Ukubukwa ngokweqile kuhlanganisa ukuchaza ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela, ukulungisa noma yikuphi ukulimala, nokuthola imvume emva kweqiniso. Kunengxabano ethile, noma kunjalo, ukuthi ngabe ukuxoxisana ngezidingo emkhakheni kuyadingeka yini, uma i-debriefing ngokwayo ingabalimaza abahlanganyeli (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) .

Okwesithathu, ngezinye izikhathi kungenakwenzeka ukuba uthole imvume enolwazi evela kuwo wonke umuntu obhekene nesifundo sakho. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ngomcwaningi ofuna ukutadisha i-Bitcoin blockchain (i-Bitcoin iyi-crypto-currency kanye ne-blockchain irekhodi lomphakathi lazo zonke izinto ze-Bitcoin (Narayanan et al. 2016) ). Ngeshwa, akunakwenzeka ukuthola imvume kuwo wonke umuntu osebenzisa i-Bitcoin ngoba abaningi balaba bantu abaziwa. Kulesi simo, umcwaningi angazama ukuxhumana nesampula yabasebenzisi beBitcoin futhi acele imvume yabo enolwazi.

Lezi zizathu ezintathu zokuthi kungani abacwaningi bengakwazi ukuthola ingozi enolwazi olwandisa ulwazi, ukwehlisa imigomo yocwaningo kanye nokulinganiselwa kwemikhakha-akuzona kuphela izizathu ezenza abacwaningi bahlukane ukuthola imvume enolwazi. Futhi izixazululo engiziphakamisile-ukwazisa umphakathi mayelana nokucwaninga, okuvumela ukuphuma, ukufuna imvume evela kwabanesithathu, ukuxoxisana, nokufuna imvume evela kwesampula yabahlanganyeli-kungenzeka ukuthi akunakwenzeka kuzo zonke izimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma ngabe lezi zindlela zingase zenzeke, zingase zingenele isifundo esinikeziwe. Yiziphi lezi zibonelo ezibonisayo, kodwa-ke, leyo mvume enolwazi akuyona yonke into noma ayikho, nokuthi izixazululo zokudala zingathuthukisa ibhalansi yokuziphatha yezifundo ezingenakukwazi ukuthola imvume egcwele evela kuzo zonke izinhlangano ezithintekayo.

Ukuphetha, kunokuba "imvume yemininingwane yonke into," abacwaningi kufanele, bakwazi, futhi benze ngokulandela umthetho obunzima kakhulu: "uhlobo oluthile lwemvume yezinto eziningi." Echazwe ngokwemigomo, imvume ekwaziswa ayidingi noma ayanele izimiso zokuhlonipha abantu (Humphreys 2015, 102) . Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ukuhlonipha Abantu kungenye yezimiso ezidinga ukulinganisela lapho kucatshangelwa ukuziphatha kocwaningo; akufanele kukhululeke ngokuzenzekelayo Ukuzuza, Ubulungisa, Nokuhlonipha uMthetho Nesithakazelo Somphakathi, iphuzu eliphindwe ngokuphindaphindiwe yi-ethicists eminyakeni engama-40 edlule (Gillon 2015, 112–13) . Echazwe ngokwezinhlaka zokuziphatha, imvume ekwaziswa yento yonke yindawo ephakeme kakhulu yokwehla kwesimo esiwela ngaphansi kwezimo ezifana ne- Time bhomu (bheka isigaba 6.5).

Ekugcineni, njengoba udaba practical, uma ucabangela ukwenza ucwaningo ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo kwemvume, ngalesosikhathi you azi ukuthi wena grey endaweni. Qaphela. Bheka emuva at the agumenti yokuziphatha abacwaningi baye benza ukuze baqhube izifundo yokulinga yokubandlululwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Ingabe ukulungisiswa lakho liqine? Ngoba emvume unolwazi kungumongo eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma amanengi alala zokuziphatha, kufanele wazi ukuthi wena uyobe cishe acelwe ukuba avikele izinqumo zakho.