6.3 Digital uhlukile
Ucwaningo Social in the age digital has izici ezahlukene ngakhoke kuphakamisa imibuzo ezahlukene zokuziphatha.
Esikhathini sobudala, ucwaningo oluningi lwezenhlalakahle lwalulinganiselwe futhi lwasebenza ngaphakathi kweqoqo lemithetho ecacile. Ucwaningo lwezenhlalakahle eminyakeni yobudijithali luhlukile. Abacwaningi-kaningi ngokubambisana nezinkampani kanye nohulumeni-banamandla amaningi ngaphezu kwabathintekayo kunakuqala, futhi imithetho yokuthi amandla kufanele asetshenziswe kanjani ayikacaci. Ngamandla, ngisho ukumane nje ukukwazi ukwenza izinto kubantu ngaphandle kwemvume yabo noma ngisho nokuqwashisa. Izinhlobo zezinto abacwaningi abangayenza kubantu zihlanganisa ukubheka ukuziphatha kwabo nokuzibhalisa ekuhlolweni. Njengoba amandla abacwaningi abheka futhi aphikisanayo ekhula, akuzange kube khona ukukhushulwa okulinganayo ekucaceni ukuthi lawo magunya kufanele asetshenziswe kanjani. Eqinisweni, abacwaningi kumele banqume ukuthi bangasebenzisa kanjani amandla abo ngokusekelwe emithethweni, imithetho, kanye nemigomo engahambisani. Le nhlanganisela yamandla anamandla neziqondiso ezingacacile kudala izimo ezinzima.
Iqoqo elilodwa lamandla abacwaningi abanalo manje ikhono lokubheka ukuziphatha kwabantu ngaphandle kwemvume noma ukuqaphela kwabo. Abacwaningi bangakwenza lokhu esikhathini esedlule, kodwa ngesikhathi sobudijithali, isikali sihluke ngokuphelele, iqiniso eliye lakhishwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngabalandeli abaningi bemithombo emikhulu yedatha. Ngokuyinhloko, uma sisuka esikalini somfundi ngamunye noma uprofesa futhi kunalokho sicabange ngesilinganiso senkampani noma izikhungo zikahulumeni lapho abacwaningi bebambisana khona-izinkinga zokuziphatha ezingase zibe yinkimbinkimbi. Esinye isifungo engicabanga ukuthi sisiza abantu ukuthi bacabange ukuthi umbono wokuqapha okukhulu yi- panopticon . Ekuqaleni ehlongozwa nguJeremy Bentham njengendlela yokwakhiwa kwamajele, i-panopticon yakha isakhiwo esakhiwe ngamaseli akhiwe eduze nenqaba yokubuka (isithombe 6.3). Noma ubani ohlala kule nqabayokulinda angakwazi ukugcina ukuziphatha kwabo bonke abantu emakamelweni ngaphandle kokuzibona ngokwakhe. Ngakho-ke, umuntu enkundleni yokulinda uyiboni engabonakali (Foucault 1995) . Kwezinye izimele zobumfihlo, iminyaka yobudijithali isisindile ejele lase-panoptic lapho izinkampani zezobuchwepheshe nohulumeni zihlala zibuka futhi zilungisa kabusha ukuziphatha kwethu.
Umdwebo 6.3: Ukwakhiwa kwejele lase-panopticon, lokuqala elihlongozwa nguJeremy Bentham. Phakathi nendawo, kukhona imboni engabonakali engabona ukuziphatha komuntu wonke kodwa ayikwazi ukubonwa. Ukudwetshwa nguWilley Reveley, 1791 (Umthombo: Wikimedia Commons ).
Ukuze uphathe lesi sichazamazwi kancane kancane, lapho abacwaningi abaningi bezenhlalakahle bacabanga ngeminyaka yobudijithali, bacabanga ukuthi bangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwendonga yokubuka, bebuka ukuziphatha nokudala i-master database engasetshenziselwa ukwenza zonke izinhlobo zocwaningo oluthakazelisayo nolubalulekile. Kodwa manje, kunokuba uzicabange enkundleni yokulinda, zicabange wena kwelinye lamaseli. Leyo database eqala ukubheka sengathi uPaul Ohm (2010) ubizwa ngokuthi i- database yezincithakalo , ezingasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezingekho emthethweni.
Abanye abafundi bale ncwadi banenhlanhla yokuhlala emazweni lapho bethemba khona aboni babo abangabonakali ukuthi basebenzise idatha yabo ngokuziphendulela futhi bayivikele kubaphikisi. Abanye abafundi abanenhlanhla, futhi nginesiqiniseko sokuthi izindaba eziphakanyiswe ukubhekwa komzimba zicacile kubo. Kodwa ngikholelwa ukuthi ngisho nabafundi abanenhlanhla kukhona okwamanje okubalulekile ukukhathazeka okuphakanyiswe ukubhekwa okukhulu: ukusetshenziswa okungajwayelekile okungalindelekile . Okusho ukuthi, i-database eyakhiwe ngenjongo eyodwa-ukusho izikhangiso-kungenzeka ngelinye ilanga lisetshenziselwe injongo ehluke kakhulu. Isibonelo esesabekayo sokusetshenziswa kwesibili esingalindelekile senzeke ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, lapho idatha kahulumeni yokubalwa kwabantu isetshenziselwa ukuqubukisa uhlanga olwenzelwa amaJuda, amaRom nabanye (Seltzer and Anderson 2008) . Abafundi bezibalo abaqoqa idatha ngezikhathi zokuthula cishe babe nezinhloso ezinhle, futhi izakhamuzi eziningi zithembele ukuba zisebenzise idatha ngokuziphendulela. Kodwa, lapho izwe lishintsha-lapho amaNazi efika amandla-le datha yanika ukusetshenziswa kwesibili okungakaze kulindeleke. Ngokumane nje, uma kukhona i-master database, kunzima ukulindela ukuthi ubani ongayithola nokuthi uzoyisebenzisa kanjani. Eqinisweni, uWilliam Seltzer noMargo Anderson (2008) baye babhala amacala angu-18 lapho izinhlelo zedatha yabantu zihileleke khona noma zingabandakanyeka ekuhlukunyezweni kwamalungelo abantu (ithebula 6.1). Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba u-Seltzer no-Anderson beveza, lolu hlu luyinto engacabangi ngoba ukuxhashazwa okuningi kwenzeka ekusithekeni.
| Indawo | Isikhathi | Abantu ababekiwe noma amaqembu | Uhlelo lwedatha | Ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu noma ukuthathwa ngenhloso yezwe |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E-Australia | Ikhulu le-19 leminyaka yokuqala lama-20 | Aborigines | Ukubhaliswa kwabantu | Ukufuduka okuphoqelelwe, izakhi zohlanga |
| I-China | 1966-76 | Imvelaphi engalungile ngesikhathi sokuguquka kwamasiko | Ukubhaliswa kwabantu | Ukufuduka okuphoqelelwe, kugqugquzelwa ubudlova bezixuku |
| EFrance | 1940-44 | AmaJuda | Ukubhaliswa kwabantu, izibalo ezikhethekile | Ukuthutha ukuphoqeleka, uhlanga |
| EJalimane | 1933-45 | AmaJuda, amaRom nabanye | Kuningi | Ukuthutha ukuphoqeleka, uhlanga |
| Hungary | 1945-46 | Izizwe zaseJalimane nalabo ababika ulimi lwesi-German | Ukubalwa kwabantu kwabantu ngo-1941 | Ukufuduka okuphoqelelwe |
| Netherlands | 1940-44 | AmaJuda namaRoma | Izinhlelo zokubhalisa abantu | Ukuthutha ukuphoqeleka, uhlanga |
| ENorway | 1845-1930 | USamis noKvens | Ukubalwa kwabantu | Ukuhlanjululwa kwezinhlanga |
| ENorway | 1942-44 | AmaJuda | Ubhaliso obukhethekile nolwazi oluhlongozwayo lwabantu | I-Genocide |
| I-Poland | 1939-43 | AmaJuda | Ngokuyinhloko izibalo ezikhethekile | I-Genocide |
| ERomania | 1941-43 | AmaJuda namaRoma | Ukubalwa kwabantu kwabantu ngo-1941 | Ukuthutha ukuphoqeleka, uhlanga |
| U Rwanda | 1994 | AmaTutsi | Ukubhaliswa kwabantu | I-Genocide |
| Iningizimu Afrika | 1950-93 | Abantu base-Afrika nabakwa-"Bbala" | Ukubalwa kwabantu kwabantu ngo-1951 nokubhaliswa kwabantu | Ubandlululo, ukuvota kokuvota |
| I-united states | Ikhulu le-19 leminyaka | AmaMelika aseMelika | Izibalo ezikhethekile, amabhalisi wabantu | Ukufuduka okuphoqelelwe |
| I-united states | 1917 | Ukuhlukunyezwa komthetho wesimangalo somthetho | Ukubalwa kwabantu ngo-1910 | Ukuphenya nokushushiswa kwalabo abagwema ukubhaliswa |
| I-united states | 1941-45 | AmaJalimane aseMelika | Ukubalwa kwabantu ngo-1940 | Ukufuduka okuphoqelelwe nokuzibandakanya |
| I-united states | 2001-08 | Amaphekula asolwa | I-NUMBER yokuhlola kanye nedatha yokuphatha | Ukuphenya nokushushiswa kwamaphekula asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe |
| I-united states | 2003 | Ama-Arab-Amerika | Ukubalwa kwabantu ngo-2000 | Akukwazi |
| I-USSR | 1919-39 | Abantu abancane kakhulu | Ukubalwa kwabantu abaningi | Ukufuduka okuphoqelelwe, ukujeziswa kweminye ubugebengu obukhulu |
Abacwaningi abavamile bezenhlalakahle kakhulu, kude kakhulu nanoma yini efana nokuhlanganyela ekuhlukunyezweni kwamalungelo abantu ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwesibili. Ngikhethe ukuxoxa ngakho, kodwa, ngoba ngicabanga ukuthi kuzokusiza uqonde ukuthi abanye abantu bangasabela kanjani emsebenzini wakho. Ake sibuyele kuhlelo lokuthanda, izibopho, kanye nesikhathi, njengesibonelo. Ngokuhlanganisa idatha ephelele neyigugu evela ku-Facebook ngemininingwane ephelele ne-granular evela ku-Harvard, abacwaningi baveza umbono ocebile ngokuphila komphakathi kanye namasiko abafundi (Lewis et al. 2008) . Kwabaningi abacwaningi bezenhlalakahle, lokhu kubonakala sengathi i-master database, engasetshenziswa kahle. Kodwa kwabanye, kubonakala sengathi ukuqala kwedatha yenkangala, engasetshenziswa ngokungafanele. Eqinisweni, cishe cishe kokubili.
Ngaphezu kokubhekwa okukhulu, abacwaningi-futhi ngokubambisana nezinkampani kanye nohulumeni-bangangenelela kakhulu empilweni yabantu ukuze benze ukuhlolwa okulawulwa ngokungahleliwe. Isibonelo, ku-Contagion Emotional, abacwaningi babhalise abantu abangu-700,000 ekuhlolweni ngaphandle kwemvume noma ukuqwashisa kwabo. Njengoba ngichazile esahlukweni 4, lolu hlobo lokubhalisa ngasese abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni aluvamile, futhi aludingi ukubambisana kwezinkampani ezinkulu. Eqinisweni, esahlukweni 4, ngifundise indlela yokukwenza.
Lapho ebhekene nalokhu kukhuliswa kwamandla, abacwaningi bancike emithethweni engahambisani neminye, imithetho, kanye nemigomo . Omunye umthombo walokhu ukungavumelani ukuthi amandla e-digital age ashintsha ngokushesha kakhulu kunemithetho, imithetho, nemigomo. Isibonelo, i-Common Rule (isethi yemithetho eqondisa ucwaningo oluningi oluxhaswe nguhulumeni e-United States) ayizange ishintshe okuningi kusukela ngo-1981. Umthombo wesibili wokungahambisani nalokho ukuthi imikhuba emayelana nemicabango engaqondakali njengobumfihlo isacatshangelwa abacwaningi , abenzi bezinqubomgomo, nabashishozi. Uma ochwepheshe kulezi zindawo bengenakufinyelela ekuvumelaneni okufanayo, akufanele silindele abacwaningi abathintekayo noma abahlanganyeli ukuba benze kanjalo. Umthombo wesithathu nowokugcina wokungahambisani kahle wukuthi ucwaningo lwama-digital-digital luyaxubaniswa nakwezinye izimo, okuholela emigomeni nemigomo engaphambene. Isibonelo, ukuphikisana komzwelo kwakuyikubambisana phakathi nososayensi wedatha ku-Facebook kanye noprofesa nesipiliyoni se-Cornell. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuvamile ku-Facebook ukuqhuba izivivinyo ezinkulu ngaphandle kokubhekwa komunye umuntu, uma nje ukuhlolwa kuhambisana nemigomo yesevisi ka-Facebook. E-Cornell, izinkambiso nemithetho zihluke kakhulu; cishe zonke izivivinyo kumele zibuyekezwe yi-Cornell IRB. Ngakho-ke, iyiphi imithethonqubo okufanele ilawulwe yi-Emotional Contagion-Facebook noma i-Cornell? Uma kunemithetho engahambisani neminye, imithetho, kanye nemigomo ngisho nabacwaningi abahlose kahle bangase bakhathazeke ukwenza into efanele. Eqinisweni, ngenxa yokungavumelani, kungenzeka ukuthi akukho ngisho okunye okulungile.
Ngokuvamile, lawa mabandla amabili okwandisa amandla kanye nokungabi nesivumelwane mayelana nokuthi lawo magunya kufanele asetshenziswe kanjani-kusho ukuthi abacwaningi abasebenza eminyakeni yobudijithali bazobhekana nezinselelo zokuziphatha ezizayo. Ngenhlanhla, lapho usebenza nalezi zinselelo, akudingekile ukuba uqale kusukela ekuqaleni. Esikhundleni salokho, abacwaningi bangadonsela ukuhlakanipha kusuka ezimisweni zokuziphatha kanye nezinhlaka ezikhona ngaphambili, izihloko zezigaba ezimbili ezilandelayo.
