5.4.1 eBird
I-eBird iqoqa idatha ngezinyoni ezivela ezindizeni; izisebenzi zokuzithandela zingahlinzeka ngesilinganiso okungenakho iqembu lokucwaninga elilingana nalo.
Izinyoni zikhona yonke indawo, futhi ama-ornithologists angathanda ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinyoni ezikhona ngaso sonke isikhathi. Njengoba kunikezwe i-dataset ephelele, izazi ze-ornithologists zingaphendula imibuzo eminingi eyisisekelo emkhakheni wabo. Yiqiniso, ukuqoqa le datha kungaphezu komkhawulo womcwaningi othile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi izinyoni zezinkanyezi zifisa idatha ecebile futhi ephelele, "izinyoni" -abantu abahamba ngezinyoni ezibukela ukuzijabulisa-bahlale behlola izinyoni futhi babhala lokho abakubonayo. Le miiphakathi emibili inomlando omude wokubambisana, kodwa manje le mibambano ishintshwe nge-digital age. I-eBird iphrojekthi yokuqoqa idatha edluliselwayo ecela imininingwane evela kubanikazi bezinyoni emhlabeni wonke, futhi isivele ithola ukubona okungaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-260 zezinyoni ezivela kubafundi abangu-250,000 (Kelling, Fink, et al. 2015) .
Ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kwe-eBird, iningi lwedatha eladalwa ngabenzi bezinyoni ayitholakali kubacwaningi:
"Ezinkulungwaneni zama-closets emhlabeni jikelele namuhla zilalela izincwadi eziningi ezingenakubalwa, amakhadi wenkomba, izinhla zokuhlola, nezidayari. Labo abathintekayo ezikhungweni zezindiza bazi kahle ukukhungatheka kokuzwa ngokuphindaphindiwe mayelana 'nezinkolelo zezinyoni zezintatheli zami.' Siyazi ukuthi bangabaluleka kanjani. Ngokudabukisayo, siyazi nokuthi asikwazi ukuwasebenzisa. " (Fitzpatrick et al. 2002)
Esikhundleni sokuba le datha ebalulekile ihlale ingasetshenzisiwe, i-eBird yenza abanikazi bezinyoni bakwazi ukuyilayisha ku-database ephakathi, edijithali. Idatha elayishwe eBird iqukethe amasimu ayisithupha ayisihluthulelo: ngubani, kuphi, nini, nini, yiziphi izinhlobo, zingaki, nomzamo. Kubafundi abangewona ama-birding, "umzamo" ubhekisela ezenzweni ezisetshenziselwa ukubuka. Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yedatha kuqala ngisho nangaphambi kokuthi idatha ilayishwe. Izinyoni ezizama ukuhambisa imibiko engavamile-njengemibiko yezinhlobo ezingavamile kakhulu, izibalo eziphakeme kakhulu, noma imibiko engaphandle kwesikhashana-zihlatshwe umkhosi, futhi iwebhusayithi icela ngokuzenzakalelayo ulwazi oluthe xaxa, njengezithombe. Ngemuva kokuqoqa lolu lwazi olwengeziwe, imibiko ehlatshwe umkhosi ithunyelwe kumunye wamakhulu wezazi zokuzithandela zesifunda sokubuyekeza okuqhubekayo. Ngemuva kokuphenywa ngumchwepheshe wesifunda-kubandakanya ukuxhumana okungeziwe okunye ne-birder-imibiko ehlatshwe umkhosi ingalahlwa njengokwethenjelwa noma ingena kwi-eBird database (Kelling et al. 2012) . Le database yokubheka okucutshungulwayo yenziwa itholakale kunoma ubani emhlabeni onokuxhumeka kwe-Inthanethi, futhi kuze kube manje, cishe izincwadi ezingu-100 ezibuyekezwe kontanga (Bonney et al. 2014) . I-eBird ibonisa ngokucacile ukuthi izinyoni zokuzithandela zikwazi ukuqoqa idatha ewusizo ocwaningweni lwangempela lwe-ornithology.
Enye yezinhle ze-eBird yukuthi ithatha "umsebenzi" osevele usuvele-kulokhu, ukukhipha. Lesi sici senza iphrojekthi ifeze izinga elikhulu. Kodwa-ke, "umsebenzi" owenziwe ngabenzi bezinyoni awuhambisani ncamashi nedatha edingekayo yi-ornithologists. Isibonelo, ku-eBird, ukuqoqwa kwedatha kunqunywe indawo yabasezinyoni, hhayi indawo yezinyoni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ukubonwa okuningi kuvame ukwenzeka eduze kwemigwaqo (Kelling et al. 2012; Kelling, Fink, et al. 2015) . Ngaphezu kwalokhu kusatshalaliswa okungalingani komzamo phezu kwesikhala, ukubonwa kwangempela okwenziwe ngabenzi bezinyoni akuzona njalo kulungile. Isibonelo, ezinye izinyoni zilayisha kuphela ulwazi mayelana nezinhlobo ezithinta ezithakazelisayo, kunolwazi oluthile ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane abazibonayo.
Abacwaningi be-eBird banezixazululo ezimbili eziyinhloko kulezi zinkinga zekhwalithi yedatha-izixazululo ezingase zibe usizo kwamanye amaphrojekthi okuqoqa idatha. Okokuqala, abacwaningi be-eBird bazama njalo ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yedatha ethunyelwe ngabanikazi. Isibonelo, i-eBird inikeza imfundo kubahlanganyeli, futhi idale iziboniso zedatha lomhlanganyeli ngamunye ukuthi, ngokuklama kwazo, zikhuthaze izinyoni ukuba zilayishe ulwazi mayelana nazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane abazibonayo, hhayi nje ezithakazelisayo kakhulu (Wood et al. 2011; Wiggins 2011) . Okwesibili, abacwaningi be-Bird basebenzise amamodeli wokubala azama ukulungisa isimo esicasulayo nesingenakuqhathaniswa kwedatha eluhlaza (Fink et al. 2010; Hurlbert and Liang 2012) . Akukacaci uma lezi zithombe ezibalwe ngezibalo ziqeda ngokugcwele izinkathazo ezivela kudatha, kodwa ama-ornithologists athembekile ngokwanele emgangathweni wedatha e-eBird ehleliwe, njengoba, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, le datha isetshenziselwe izincwadi ezingu-100 ezibukeziwe zontanga.
Abaningi abangewona ama-ornithologists ekuqaleni bayangabaza kakhulu lapho bezwa nge-eBird okokuqala. Ngombono wami, ingxenye yalokhu kungabaza ukuvela nge-eBird ngendlela engafanele. Abantu abaningi bacabanga kuqala "Ingabe idatha ye-eBird iphelele?", Kanti impendulo "ayikho neze." Nokho, akuwona umbuzo ofanele. Umbuzo ofanele "Ngemibuzo ethile yokucwaninga, ingabe idatha ye-eBird ingcono kunedatha ekhona ye-ornithology?" Kulo mbuzo impendulo ithi "yebo yebo," ngenxa yokuthi ngenxa yemibuzo eminingi enesithakazelo-njengemibuzo mayelana nokufuduka kwezinga elikhulu -Ayikho enye indlela engokoqobo yokusakaza ukuqoqwa kwedatha.
Iphrojekthi ye-eBird ibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukubandakanya amavolontiya ekuqoqweni kwedatha ebalulekile yesayense. Kodwa-ke, i-eBird, namaphrojekthi ahlobene, akhombisa ukuthi izinselelo ezihlobene nesampuli kanye nekhwalithi yedatha zikhathazeka ngemiklamo yokuqoqa idatha. Njengoba sizobona esigabeni esilandelayo, noma kunjalo, ngokuklama nobuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile, lezi zikhathazo zingancishiswa kwezinye izilungiselelo.
