5.1 Isingeniso

I-Wikipedia iyamangalisa. Ukubambisana okukhulu kwamavolontiya kwakha i-encyclopedia enhle etholakala kuwo wonke umuntu. Isihluthulelo sokuphumelela kwe-Wikipedia akulona ulwazi olusha; Kunalokho, kwakuyindlela entsha yokusebenzisana. I-digital age, ngenhlanhla, yenza izinhlobo eziningi ezintsha zokubambisana. Ngakho-ke, kufanele manje sibuze: Yiziphi izinkinga ezinkulu zesayensi-izinkinga esingakwazi ukuzixazulula ngabanye-singakwazi yini ukubhekana ndawonye manje?

Ukuhlanganyela in ucwaningo alulusha, of course. Nokho, Kuyini omusha, wukuthi yobudala digital kwenza ngekubambisana ne iqoqo elikhulu kakhulu futhi ezihlukahlukene ngaphezulu kwabantu; zezigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke nge-Internet. Ngilindele ukuthi lezi collaborations omusha mass izoba nemiphumela emangalisayo hhayi nje ngenxa yesibalo esikhulu sabantu abathintekayo kodwa ngenxa amakhono abo ahlukahlukene futhi yayihluke. Singabonisa kanjani nifaka bonke uxhumano Inthanethi zibe uhlelo lwethu locwaningo? Yini ongayenza nge abasizi ucwaningo 100? Kuthiwani 100,000 nabahlanganyeli abanekhono?

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokubambisana okukhulu, futhi ososayensi bekhompiyutha bajwayele ukuwahlela zibe nenani elikhulu lezigaba ngokusekelwe kwezici zabo zobuchwepheshe (Quinn and Bederson 2011) . Kulesi sahluko Nokho, ngizohlukanisa imiklamo emikhulu yokubambisana ngokusekelwe ekusebenziseni ukucwaninga kwezenhlalakahle. Ngokuyinhloko, ngicabanga ukuthi kuyasiza ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezintathu zamaphrojekthi: ukuqhathaniswa kwabantu , ukuvula ucingo , nokusabalalisa ukuqoqwa kwedatha (umfanekiso 5.1).

Ngizochaza ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo ngokuningiliziwe esikhathini esilandelayo esahlukweni, kodwa manje ngivumele ngichaze ngalunye ngesikhashana. Amaphrojekthi wokubala abantu afaneleke ngokufanelekayo emisebenzini elula-yezinkinga ezinkulu ezifana nokubiza izithombe eziyinkulungwane. Lezi amaphrojekthi esikhathini esidlule kungenzeka ukuthi zenziwe ngabasizi bezocwaningo lwe-undergraduate. Iminikelo ayidingi amakhono ahlobene nomsebenzi, futhi ukukhishwa kokugcina ngokuvamile kuvamile yonke iminikelo. Isibonelo esilandelayo sephrojekthi yokuqamba komuntu i-Galaxy Zoo, lapho izisebenzi zokuvolontiya eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu zasiza izazi zezinkanyezi zihlukanisa izinkanyezi ezigidini. Vula amaphrojekthi okushaya ucingo , ngakolunye uhlangothi, afaneleka kahle izinkinga lapho ufuna khona amachaveli nezimpendulo ezingalindelekile zemibuzo ehlelwe ngokucacile. Lezi yimiklamo esikhathini esidlule okungenzeka ukuthi yayihilelekile ukubuza ozakwabo. Iminikelo ivela kubantu abanamakhono akhethekile ahlobene nomsebenzi, futhi ukukhishwa kokugcina ngokuvamile kungcono kakhulu kuyo yonke iminikelo. Isibonelo esilandelayo socingo oluvulekile ngumklomelo we-Netflix, lapho izinkulungwane zabacwaningi nabaqashi bezisebenzela ukuthuthukisa izilungiswa ezintsha zokubikezela ukulinganisa kwamakhasimende ama-movie. Okokugcina, ukusabalalisa amaphrojekthi okuqoqwa kwedatha kufanelwe ukuqoqwa kwedatha enkulu. Lezi amaphrojekthi esikhathini esidlule kungenzeka ukuthi zenziwe ngabasizi bezocwaningo lwe-undergraduate noma izinkampani zocwaningo zocwaningo. Iminikelo ngokuvamile ivela kubantu abanokufinyelela ezindaweni abacwaningi abakwenzi, futhi umkhiqizo wokugcina iqoqo elilula leminikelo. Isibonelo sokuqala sokuqoqwa kwedatha yi-eBird, lapho amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamavolontiya anikezela imibiko ngezinyoni abazibonayo.

Figure 5.1: IMisa ukubambisana kwendikimba. Lesi sahluko ihlelwe ezizungeze izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko of mass ngokubambisana: kathisha womuntu, call evulekile, futhi basakaza iqoqo idatha. Ezimweni ezivamile, ngekubambisana mass ihlanganisa imibono evela emasimini ezifana yisakhamuzi isayensi, Ukuthumela, futhi intelligence collective.

Ukubambisana kweMisa kunomlando omude, ocebile ezinkampanini ezifana ne-astronomy (Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher 2015) kanye nemvelo (Dickinson, Zuckerberg, and Bonter 2010) , kodwa (Dickinson, Zuckerberg, and Bonter 2010) womphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ngokuchaza amaphrojekthi aphumelele ukusuka kwamanye amasimu nokuhlinzeka ngemigomo embalwa yokuhlela eyinhloko, ngithemba ukukuqinisekisa ngezinto ezimbili. Okokuqala, ukusebenzisana okukhulu kungabanjelwa ukucwaninga kwezenhlalo. Futhi, okwesibili, abacwaningi abasebenzisa ukusebenzisana okukhulu bazokwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezabonakala zingenakwenzeka ngaphambili. Nakuba ukusebenzisana okukhulu kuphakanyiswa njengendlela yokugcina imali, kungaphezulu kwalokho. Njengoba ngizobonisa, ukusebenzisana okukhulu akusivumeli nje ukwenza ucwaningo olusheshayo , kusenza sikwazi ukucwaninga kangcono .

Ezahlukweni zangaphambilini, ubonile ukuthi yini engayifunda ngokuhlanganyela nabantu ngezindlela ezintathu ezahlukene: ukubuka ukuziphatha kwabo (Isahluko 2), ubabuza imibuzo (Isahluko 3), futhi ubhalise ekuhlolweni (Isahluko 4). Kulesi sahluko, ngizokukhombisa ukuthi yini engafundwa ngokubandakanya abantu njengabahlanganyeli ocwaningo. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokubambisana okukhulu, ngizochaza isibonelo esibonisa ukuthi sibonelo, sibonise amaphuzu engeziwe abalulekile kanye nezibonelo ezengeziwe, futhi ekugcineni uchaze indlela le ndlela yokubambisana okukhulu okungasetshenziswa ngayo ucwaningo lwezenhlalakahle. Lesi sahluko sizophetha ngemigomo emihlanu engakusiza ukuthi uhlele iphrojekthi yakho yokubambisana okukhulu.