3.3.2 Kukhuluma

Ukulinganisa ngokuphathelene nokuphendula lokho abaphenduli bakho abakucabangayo nokwenza kulokho abakushoyo.

Ngaphandle kwezinkinga zokumelela, uhlaka lokuhlola iphutha lokuhlola lubonisa ukuthi umthombo wesibili omkhulu wamaphutha ukulinganisa : indlela esenza ngayo izimpendulo ezithweswa izimpendulo abaphendulayo abazinikeza imibuzo yethu. Kuvela ukuthi izimpendulo esizitholayo, ngakho-ke ukuphazamiseka esikutholayo, kungancika ngokweqile-futhi ngezinye izikhathi izindlela ezimangalisa-ngendlela esizicelayo ngayo. Mhlawumbe akukho okubonisa leli phuzu elibalulekile kangcono kunokuba ihlaya encwadini enhle Ukubuza imibuzo nguNorman Bradburn, uSeymour Sudman noBrian Wansink (2004) :

Abefundisi ababili, a Dominican futhi ongumJesuit, baxoxisana kungakhathaliseki kuyisono ukuba ngibheme futhi bathandaze ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngemva kokuhluleka ukuba sifinyelele isiphetho, ngamunye likhala ukuze abonisane kunaye abafanele. I Dominican uthi: "Yini eyashiwo yakho kunathi?"

I ongumJesuit esabela, "Uthe alright."

"Kuyahlekisa lokhu," eDominican uyaphendula, "Umphathi wami uthe isono."

I ongumJesuit wathi: "Naphuma ningakaceli nakucela kuye?" Lo Dominican uyaphendula: "Ngambuza uma bekungenjongo alright ukuba ngibheme ngesikhathi ethandaza." "O," kusho lo ongumJesuit, "Ngambuza uma kulungile ukuba bathandaze ngesikhathi ukubhema."

Ngaphandle kwalolu daba oluthile, ucwaningi abacwaningi baye babhala ngezindlela eziningi ezihlelekile ukuthi lokho okufundayo kuxhomeke endleleni oyicelayo ngayo. Eqinisweni, leyo nkinga (Kalton and Schuman 1982) emphakathini wophando ocwaningo: imiphumela yefomu yombuzo (Kalton and Schuman 1982) . Ukuze ubone ukuthi umbuzo wemibuzo ungathinta kanjani ukuhlolwa kwangempela, cabangela le mibuzo emibili ehlolisisa kakhulu:

• "Kungakanani Uvumelana nala mazwi alandelayo: Abantu maningi okufanele asolwe ukwedlula izimo zenhlalo ubugebengu nokungabi namthetho kulelizwe."
• "Kungakanani uvumelana nesitatimende elandelayo: izimo Social maningi ngokuqhosha ukusola kunabantu ubugebengu nokungabi namthetho kulelizwe."

Nakuba bobabili imibuzo kubonakala sengathi bayalinganisa into efanayo, baveza imiphumela ehlukile ekuhlolweni kwangempela kokuhlola (Schuman and Presser 1996) . Ngenye indlela ebuzwa ngayo, abangaba ngu-60% abaphendulile babika ukuthi abantu abaningi bangabekwa icala lobugebengu, kodwa uma bebuzwa ngenye indlela, cishe u-60% wabika ukuthi izimo zenhlalakahle zazisolwa kakhulu (isibalo 3.3). Ngamanye amazwi, umehluko omncane phakathi kwalezi mibuzo ezimbili kungaholela abacwaningi kwisiphetho esithile.

Umdwebo 3.3: Imiphumela evela ekuhlolweni kokuhlola okubonisa ukuthi abacwaningi bangathola izimpendulo ezahlukene ngokuya ngqo ukuthi bawubuza kanjani umbuzo. Iningi labaphendulile lavuma ukuthi abantu bangasolwa kakhulu kunezimo zomphakathi zobugebengu nokungabi namthetho. Futhi iningi labaphendulile lavuma ngokuphambene nalokhu: ukuthi izimo zomphakathi zinomthwalo ngaphezu kwabantu ngabanye. Ishintshwe ku- Schuman and Presser (1996) , ithebula 8.1.

Ngaphezu kwesakhiwo sombuzo, abaphendulayo banganikeza izimpendulo ezahlukene, kuye ngokuthi amagama athile asetshenzisiwe. Isibonelo, ukuze uhlole imibono mayelana nezinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni, abaphendulile bafundwa okulandelayo:

"Sibhekene nezinkinga eziningi kuleli lizwe, engekho kuzo zingaxazululwa kalula noma ephansi. Ngizofika sibala ezinye zalezi zinkinga, futhi yilowo nalowo Ngingathanda ukuba ungitshele ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi ochitha imali eningi kakhulu phezu kwalo, imali encane kakhulu, noma mayelana isilinganiso esifanele. "

Ngokulandelayo, ingxenye yabaphenduli bebuzwa ngokuthi "inhlalakahle" kanye nengxenye babuzwa ngokuthi "usizo kwabampofu." Nakuba lokhu kungase kubonakale sengathi imisho emibili ehlukile, yenza imiphumela ehlukene kakhulu (isibalo 3.4); Abantu baseMelika babika ukuthi basekela kakhulu "usizo kwabampofu" kunokuba "inhlalakahle" (Smith 1987; Rasinski 1989; Huber and Paris 2013) .

Umdwebo 3.4: Imiphumela evela ekuhlolweni kokuhlola okubonisa ukuthi abaphendulayo basekela kakhulu "usizo kwabampofu" kunokuthi "inhlalakahle." Lesi yisibonelo somphumela wokukhuluma ngombuzo lapho izimpendulo abacwaningi abazitholayo zixhomeke ngokuphelele ukuthi yiziphi amagama abazisebenzisayo imibuzo yabo. Kuthathwa ku- Huber and Paris (2013) , ithebula le-A1.

Njengoba lezi zibonelo mayelana nemiphumela yombuzo kanye nemiphumela yegama, izimpendulo abacwaningi abatholayo zingathonywa indlela ababuza ngayo imibuzo yabo. Lezi zibonelo ngezinye izikhathi ziholela abacwaningi ukuba bazibuze "indlela efanele" yokubuza imibuzo yabo yokuhlola. Ngenkathi ngicabanga ukuthi kunezinye izindlela ezingalungile zokubuza umbuzo, angicabangi ukuthi kuhlale kunye indlela eyodwa elungile. Okungukuthi akusobala ukuthi kungcono ukubuza "inhlalakahle" noma "usizo kwabampofu"; le mibuzo emibili ehlukene eyenza izinto ezimbili ezihlukene ngezindlela zokuphendula zabaphenduli. Lezi zibonelo ngezinye izikhathi ziholela abacwaningi ukuba baphethe ngokuthi ukuhlolwa akufanele kusetshenziswe. Ngeshwa, ngezinye izikhathi akukho ukukhetha. Esikhundleni salokho, ngicabanga ukuthi isifundo esifanele ukusithola kulezi zibonelo ukuthi kufanele sakha imibuzo yethu ngokucophelela futhi akufanele samukele izimpendulo ngokungavamile.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, lokhu kusho ukuthi uma uhlaziya idatha yocwaningo eqoqwe omunye umuntu, qinisekisa ukuthi ufunde lemibuzo yemibuzo yangempela. Futhi uma udala uhlu lwakho lwemibuzo, ngineziphakamiso ezine. Okokuqala, ngiphakamisa ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nomklamo wemibuzo (isib. Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) ); kukhona okunye kulokhu kunokuba ngikwazi ukuchaza lapha. Okwesibili, ngiphakamisa ukuthi ukopishe-igama ngamagama-magama kusuka ezihlolweni eziphezulu. Isibonelo, uma ufuna ukubuza abaphenduli mayelana nobuhlanga / ubuzwe bazo, ungabopha imibuzo esebenzisayo ekuhloleni okukhulu kukahulumeni, njengokubalwa kwabantu. Nakuba lokhu kungase kuzwakale njengokungathi ukuhlunga, ukukopisha imibuzo kukhuthazwa ucwaningo lokuhlola (uma nje usho ucwaningo lwangempela). Uma uphishela imibuzo ebuhlotsheni obuphezulu, ungaqiniseka ukuthi uhlolwe, futhi ungaqhathanisa izimpendulo zocwaningo lwakho ezimpendulo ezivela kwezinye izinhlolovo. Okwesithathu, uma ucabanga ukuthi uhlu lwakho lwemibuzo lungaba nemiphumela ebalulekile yombuzo wemibuto noma imiphumela yefomu yombuzo, ungase usebenze ukuhlolwa kwesahlolo lapho isigamu sabaphendula sithola inguqulo eyodwa yombuzo nengxenye ukuthola enye inguqulo (Krosnick 2011) . Ekugcineni, ngiphakamisa ukuthi ungumshayeli-hlola imibuzo yakho nabanye abantu abavela kubalimi bakho; ucwaningo lwabacwaningi lubiza lolu hlelo ngaphambi kokuhlolwa (Presser et al. 2004) . Okuhlangenwe nakho kwami ​​yilolu cwaningo lokuhlola ngaphambi kokuhlola luyasiza kakhulu.