4.5.2 Zimanye abanamandla

Yothelelwano unako ukunciphisa iindleko nokunyusa isikali, kodwa oko akuzukuyijika iintlobo nxaxheba, unyango, kwaye neziphumo onokuzisebenzisa.

Uhambelwano ukwenza ngokwakho yahlulelana enamandla intlangano efana njengenkampani, urhulumente, okanye NGO. Okuhle lokusebenza neqabane kukuba Bunokukuzisela ukubaleka imifuniselo nje unako ukuyenza ngokwakho. Ngokomzekelo, enye yeemvavanyo ukuba ndiza kukuxelela malunga ngezantsi inxaxheba nezigidi 61 nxaxheba; akukho Umphandi ngamnye ndikwazi ukufikelela ukuba ushishino. Ngelo xesha, ukuba yothelelwano wandisa into onokuyenza, oko, ngaxeshanye, sigqibe nawe. Umzekelo, iinkampani ezininzi akayi kuvumela ukuba ahambise uphando enokwenzakalisa ishishini okanye igama yabo. Ukusebenza kunye namaqabane kwakhona kuthetha ukuba xa kufikwa ixesha ukupapasha, ukuze ungene phantsi koxinzelelo 'kwakhona isakhelo "iziphumo zakho, yaye amanye amaqabane Usenokude uzame ukubhloka upapasho umsebenzi wakho ukuba ibenza bajongelwe. Okokugqibela, usebenzisana nayo iza iindleko ezinxulumene ngokuphuhlisa nokugcina ezi intsebenziswano.

Mngeni ongundoqo ekufuneka isonjululwe ukwenza intsebenziswano ophumeleleyo engafumani ndlela ukulungelelanisa iimfuno omabini amaqela, yaye indlela luncedo ukucinga ukuba imali yeyona Pasteur ngayo ikota yesangqa (Stokes 1997) . abaphandi abaninzi bacinga ukuba xa esebenza into eluncedo-into ukuze umdla neqabane-ke akanako ukwenza inzululwazi ngokwenene. Le yokushenxa kuya kwenza kube nzima gqitha ukwenza intsebenziswano yimpumelelo, kwaye yenzeka kwakhona ukuba kuphosakele ngokupheleleyo. Ingxaki le ndlela yokucinga ke ngokubalulekileyo luzekeliswa umendo-ligqobha nophando sebhayoloji Louis Pasteur. Nangona ukusebenza iprojekthi ibila yorhwebo ukuguqula incindi Beet kuzo utywala, Pasteur wafumana udidi olutsha microorganism ukuba ekugqibeleni kukhokelele kwithiyori Intsobi sifo. Le ukufunyanwa isonjululwe ingxaki-kuba luncedo kakhulu yanceda ukuphucula inkqubo enegwele-kwaye ikhokelele kwangaphambili enkulu yenzululwazi. Ngoko ke, kunokuba ucinga uphando enokwenziwa okhethwe impixano kunye nophando oyinyaniso lwezenzululwazi, kungcono ukuba bacinge ezi ziziinkalo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Uphando bangakhuthazeka zokusetyenziswa (okanye hayi) kunye uphando bafune kwingqiqo esisiseko (okanye hayi). Okubalulekileyo, amanye Pasteur's-na uphando-ezifana kushukunyiswe ukusetyenziswa kwaye efuna ukuqonda esisiseko (Figure 4.16). Uphando Pasteur ngayo ikota yesangqa-uphando akuyo kwangaphambili ezimbini iinjongo-ulungele intsebenziswano phakathi kwabaphandi namaqabane. Ngenxa imvelaphi koko, ndiza ukuchaza izifundo ezibini zovavanyo kunye intsebenziswano: enye kwinkampani enye ne NGO.

Umfanekiso 4.16: ikota yesangqa Pasteur ngayo (esekelwe Isazobe 3.5 ukusuka Stokes (1997) ). Kunokuba ucinge kophando njengoko nokuba "ezisisiseko" okanye "lisetyenziswa" kubhetele ukuba bacinge yophando njengoko siqhutywa ukusetyenziswa (okanye hayi) kwaye efuna ukuqonda esisiseko (okanye hayi). Umzekelo wophando ukuba uqhutywa ukusetyenziswa kwaye ufuna kwingqiqo esisiseko ngumsebenzi Pasteur ngayo iguqula incindi Beet abe notywala akhokelela kwithiyori Intsobi sifo. Olu ke uhlobo lomsebenzi ukuba ezifanelene kobuhlakani abanamandla. Nemizekelo yomsebenzi siqhutywa ukusetyenziswa kodwa loo nto bafuna ukuqonda esisiseko evela uThomas Edison, kwaye sifuna kuvela nguNiels Bohr imizekelo umsebenzi akanwo zokusetyenziswa kodwa nokuqonda. Khangela Stokes (1997) ukulungiselela ingxoxo ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi esi sikhokelo kunye nganye yezi meko.

Iinkampani ezinkulu, ingakumbi iinkampani tech, baye nezakhiwo bufak zokubaleka imifuniselo ezintsonkothileyo. Kushishino tech ke, kwezi mvavanyo zidla ngokuba iimvavanyo A / B (kuba ukuvavanya ukusebenza zonyango ezimbini: A no-B). Ezi mvavanyo ke rhoqo ukubaleka izinto ezifana ukunyusa iirhafu nqakraza-kuyiphumeza iintengiso, kodwa iziseko efanayo zovavanyo nazo zingasetyenziswa kuphando eqhubela phambili ukuqonda zenzululwazi. Umzekelo ibonisa amandla elinawo eli uhlobo lophando na isifundo lwaqhutywa ngentsebenziswano phakathi kwabaphandi kula Facebook kunye neYunivesithi California, San Diego, phezu imiphumo imiyalezo ezahlukileyo nabavoti (Bond et al. 2012) .

NgoNovemba 2, 2010-usuku US unyulo-onke amabandla izigidi 61 abasebenzisi Facebook abahlala kwi US abanongamelayo 18 wathabatha inxaxheba ukucikideka wovoto. Emva kokutyelela Facebook, abasebenzisi baye ngokungenamkhethe kwelinye amathathu ngamaqela, amisele ukuba yintoni ibhena (ukuba likhona) ibekwe phezulu News Feed yabo (Figure 4.17):

• iqela lolawulo.
• umyalezo yolwazi wovoto kunye clickable "Ndiya evotelweyo" iqhosha kunye ekhawuntareni (ulwazi).
• umyalezo yolwazi wovoto kunye clickable "Ndiya evotelweyo" iqhosha kwaye ekhawuntaleni + amagama kunye nemifanekiso abahlobo babo sele walicofa "Ndiya evotelweyo" (info + zentlalo).

Bond kunye nabo bafunda neziphumo ezimbini eziphambili: ingxelo ukuziphatha okuvota yokuziphatha okuvota. Okokuqala, bafumana ukuba abantu info + zentlalo iqela le malunga 2 ipesenti ngamanqaku kusenokwenzeka ngaphezu abantu kwiqela info ukuze nqakraza "Ndiya evotelweyo" (malunga ne-20% vs 18%). Ngaphezu koko, emva kokuba abaphandi nesele data zabo iirekhodi yokuvota fumaneka kubantu abamalunga nezigidi 6 bafumana ukuba abantu info + iqela entlalweni 0,39 ipesenti ngamanqaku kusenokwenzeka ukuba okunene ukuvota ngaphezu abantu kwimeko yolawulo nokuba abantu kwiqela yolwazi kanye njengoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba bavote abantu kwimeko yolawulo (Figure 4.17).

Umfanekiso 4.17: Iziphumo ukusuka lamava GET-out-the-ivoti on Facebook (Bond et al. 2012) . Nxaxheba kwiqela info Esi ngenqanaba elilinganayo abantu kwimeko kolawulo, kodwa ke abantu info + iqela loluntu wavotelwa kwizinga eliphezulu kancinci. Imivalo ibonisa kuqikelelwa 95% nokuthembeka. Iziphumo kwi grafu ziquka nxaxheba malunga nezigidi 6 kuba lowo abaphandi ukuba batshatise kumaxwebhu okuvota.

Le uphando lubonisa ukuba abanye imiyalezo GET-out-the-ivoti online iyasebenza ngaphezu kwabanye, kwaye kubonisa ukuba uqikelelo Umphandi ukujonga ukusebenza kwe unyango kuxhomekeka ekubeni zifunde ingxelo okanye indlela yokuziphatha. ngelishwa Le ulingo a enze naliphi na imikhondo malunga neendlela apho ulwazi-yentlalo abanye abaphandi edlala ngokuba "ubuso imfumba" yokuvota -increased. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ulwazi loluntu kwandise amathuba okuba umntu waphawula kwebhanile okanye ukuba kwandise amathuba ukuba umntu waphawula kwebhanile okunene evotelweyo okanye zombini. Ngoko ke, lo ulingelo inikeza ngobekuphandwa umdla Umphandi ngakumbi kusenokwenzeka uphonononge (jonga umzekelo, Bakshy, Eckles, et al. (2012) ).

Ukongeza phambili iinjongo abaphandi, le ulingelo nayo phambili injongo lombutho neqabane (Facebook). Ukuba utshintsha ukuziphatha wafundela ukuvotela kukuthenga isepha, ngoko ungabona ukuba isifundo isakhiwo ngqo efanayo umfuniselo ukulinganisa ifuthe kwiintengiso intanethi (jonga umzekelo, Lewis and Rao (2015) ). Ezi zifundo ukusebenza ad rhoqo ukulinganisa ifuthe sesichengeni iintengiso-online mpatho Bond et al. (2012) ezikhiw iintengiso kuvotwa-on ukuziphatha kweintanethi. Ngoko ke, lo zezifundo phambili ubuchule Facebook ukuze bafunde ngempumelelo iintengiso intanethi kwaye kumnceda Facebook ukweyisela umthengisi enokubakho iintengiso Facebook kakuhle.

Nangona iimfuno abaphandi kunye namaqabane baye becala kulungelelaniswa kwesi sifundo, baba nazo enxalenye kukuxabana. Ingakumbi, ulwabiwo-nxaxheba kwi-amathathu neemeko-ulawulo, info, kunye nolwazi + zentlalo-waye kakhulu imbalanced: 98% ye isampuli wabelwa info + zentlalo. Olu lwabiwo imbalanced ayisebenziseki zamanani, kunye ulwabiwo ekubhetele abaphandi ange ziye 1/3 we-nxaxheba kwiqela ngalinye. Kodwa, ulwabiwo imbalanced kwenzeke ngenxa Facebook wayefuna bonke ukufumana ulwazi + unyango zentlalo. Ngethamsanqa, abaphandi babeyisela ukuba madolw 'anzima 1% kuba unyango enxulumene ne-1% ye nxaxheba iqela lolawulo. Ngaphandle iqela lolawulo bekuya kuba ngabona akunakwenzeka ukuba awulinganise isiphumo lolwazi + unyango ekuhlaleni kuba iza kube kwelinge "perturb kwaye azigcine" kunokuba kwelinge alawulwayo. Lo mzekelo inika isifundo esibalulekileyo zokusebenza namaqabane: maxa wambi ukwenza umfuniselo ngokubeyisela umntu ukunikezela unyango kwaye ngamanye amaxesha wenze i ulingelo ngokubeyisela umntu ukuba ukunikezela unyango (oko kukuthi, ukwakha iqela lolawulo).

Partnership ayisoloko Kufuneka sifake iinkampani Tech kwiimvavanyo A / B kunye izigidi nxaxheba. Umzekelo, Alexander Coppock, uAndreya Guess, noYohane Ternovski (2016) yabambisana yezokusingqongileyo NGO (uManyano Conservation Voters) ukubaleka imifuniselo uvavanyo ukukhuthaza uluntu izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo. Abaphandi ezisetyenziswa akhawunti yeTwitter-NGO ukuze ikhuphe zombini Tweets oluntu kunye nemiyalezo zabucala ngqo ukuba izame iintlobo yinkulumbuso ezahlukeneyo zezazisi. Abaphandi ke yalinganisa nguwuphi ezi zigidimi ngokukuko ekukhuthazeni abantu ukuba basayine uxwebhu lwezikhalazo ulwazi utwithe malunga uxwebhu lwezikhalazo.

Lilonke, ibambisene onamandla wenza kuni isebenze isikali ukuba kunzima ukwenza ngenye indlela, kwaye Uluhlu 4.3 lunika neminye imizekelo intsebenziswano phakathi kwabaphandi nemibutho. Yothelelwano kunokuba lula kakhulu kunokuba kwakhiwe zovavanyo lwakho. Kodwa ke, ezi eziluncedo kuza nezingalunganga: intsebenziswano bangeza umda iindidi nxaxheba, zonyango, kunye neziphumo ukuba uyakwazi ukufunda. Ngaphezu koko, ezi intsebenziswano kunokukhokelela kwimingeni yokuziphatha. Eyona ndlela ibhetele ukubona ithuba Uthelelwano ukubona ngxaki ukuba uyakwazi ukucombulula lo gama usenza inzululwazi umdla. Ukuba ngaba kusetyenziswa kule indlela yokukhangela zehlabathi, kusenokuba nzima ukubona iingxaki ikota yesangqa Pasteur, kodwa -xa uya kuqalisa qaphela kubo ngakumbi nangakumbi.