4.5.1.2 Yakha ukucikideka eyakho

Ukwakha ilinge lakho ukuze eninzi, kodwa oko kuya kwenza ukuba ukwenza uphando olifunayo.

Ukongezelela nokuveza experimenti encotsheni bume ezikhoyo, unako ukwakha zovavanyo lwakho. Okuhle kule ndlela ulawulo; ukuba ulwakha ukucikideka, uyakwazi ukwenza okusingqongileyo kwaye unyango olifunayo. Ezi meko omfuniselo yazo ingadala amathuba ukuvavanya iingcamango ezingenakwenzeka ukuvavanya kwiindawo eyenzeka ngokwendalo. Olungabuy ephambili yokwakha zovavanyo lwakho kukuba kunokuba eninzi kwaye kukuba okusingqongileyo ukuba bakwazi ukuyila ziye zingabi emasikizi inkqubo eyenzeka ngokwendalo. Abaphandi ekwakheni ukucikideka zabo nabo kufuneka qhinga lufuna abathabathi nxaxheba. Xa esebenza iinkqubo ezikhoyo, abaphandi kakhulu ekuziseni yemifuniselo ukuba nxaxheba yabo. Kodwa, xa abaphandi kwakha zovavanyo zabo, kufuneka ukuzisa nxaxheba kuyo. Ngethamsanqa, iinkonzo ezifana Amazon Mechanical Bonk (MTurk) angabonelela abaphandi indlela elula ukuzisa nxaxheba ukuba imifuniselo zabo.

Omnye umzekelo ubonisa uncedo bume yazo yokuvavanywa iingcamango abstract ke lab ukucikideka enkcazelo Gregory Huber, uSete Hill, kwaye Gabriel Lenz (2012) . Ukucikideka liphonononga mda kangangoko kunokwenzeka nokusebenza ulawulo lwentando yesininzi. Ekuqaleni izifundo Ulonyulo Eyona non-zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba abavoti bengenako ukuhlola ngokuchanekileyo ukusebenza abezopolitiko sithuba. Ngokukodwa, abavoti kubonakala ubunzima calulwe ezintathu: 1) ijoliswe lwakutshanje kunokuba yokusebenza lonyuselo; 2) manipulatable ngokuthi ubuciko, ekukhuseleni, kunye nokuthengisa; kwaye 3) iphenjelelwa iziganeko ezinganxulumananga yokusebenza sithuba, ezifana impumelelo iqela zemidlalo zengingqi kunye nemozulu. Kwezi zifundo ngaphambili, nangona kunjalo, kwaba nzima ukulubona nayiphi na yezi zinto evela kwezinye yonke into eyenzekayo kunyulo lenene, lixelegu. Ngoko ke, Huber kunye nabalingane udale bume yokuvota kakhulu lula ukwenzela ukuba ikheswa, uze ngokomfuniselo ukufunda, nganye kwezi bevinjwa ezintathu kunokwenzeka.

Njengoko ukuchaza zovavanyo iseti-up ngezantsi oko uza ixilongo ngumntu kakhulu, kodwa khumbula ukuba ngendlela ayikho yayinenjongo bekuhlolwa-style. Kunoko, injongo kukuba ekwahluleni ngokucacileyo inkqubo ukuba uzama ukufunda, kwaye oku zodwa nepropu amaxesha akunakwenzeka kwizifundo kunye ngendlela ezininzi (Falk and Heckman 2009) . Ngaphezu koko, kule imeko, abaphandi ababesithi ukuba abavoti abakwazi zivavanya intsebenzo kule ndawo lula kakhulu, ngoko ke ayiyi kuba nako ukuyenza loo nto ngendlela esengqiqweni isicwangciso lunzima kakhulu.

Huber noogxa ezisetyenziswa Amazon Mechanical Bonk (MTurk) ukuqesha nxaxheba. Xa nxaxheba ngaphandle lwemvumelwano eyazisiweyo kwaye wegqitha uvavanyo mfutshane, waxelelwa ukuba lowo uthatha inxaxheba 32 umdlalo ngeenxa ukufumana iimpawu ezinokuthi zitshintshwe zibe imali yokwenene. Ekuqaleni komdlalo, nxaxheba ngamnye waxelelwa ukuba sele linikwe "Allocator 'ukuba amphe iimpawu ezamahala ngeenxa ngasinye nokuba ezinye allocators ayenezinwe ngaphezu kwabanye. Ngaphezu koko, nxaxheba ngamnye waxelelwa ukuba wayeza kuba nethuba nokuba ukugcina Allocator okanye liyakwabelwa entsha emva kwemijikelo 16 mdlalo. Kunikwa into esiyaziyo Huber kunye neenjongo zophando noogxa ', ungabona ukuba Allocator imele ngurhulumente kwaye olu khetho imele unyulo, kodwa nxaxheba Yayingayazi iinjongo jikelele kuphando. Xa zizonke, Huber kunye nabo bahamba malunga 4000 nxaxheba abo zihlawulwe malunga $ 1.25 somsebenzi wathabatha malunga 8 kwimizuzu.

Khumbula ukuba enye ezifunyanisiweyo kuphando ngaphambilana ukuba lwabavoti umvuzo, azivelele zebala zeziphumo ukuba ngokucacileyo ezingaphaya kolawulo lwabo, njengoko impumelelo amaqela zemidlalo zengingqi kunye nemozulu. Ukuhlola ukuba ingaba izigqibo nxaxheba okuvota ayikwazanga baphenjelelwe iziganeko kuphela oluzenzekelayo ekumiseni kwabo, Huber kunye nabo benza leloto kwinkqubo zabo zovavanyo. Ngelo nokuba ngeenxa 8 okanye ngeenxa 16 (oko kukuthi, phambi kokuba ithuba endaweni Allocator) nxaxheba baye bafakwa ngokungenamkhethe kwindawo leloto apho waphumelela amanqaku 5000, abanye waphumelela 0 amanqaku, abanye baphulukene amanqaku 5000. Le leloto wawenzelwe ukulinganisa iindaba ezilungileyo okanye ezimbi sizimele ukusebenza lezopolitiko. Nangona nxaxheba ngokucacileyo baxelelwa ukuba ilotto besingenanto nokusebenza Allocator yabo, isiphumo ilotto nangoku nefuthe izigqibo nxaxheba '. Nxaxheba wangenelwa ilotto ekwakunokulindeleka ukuba ukugcina Allocator zabo, yaye oku kwaba melela xa ilotto kwenzeka ngeenxa lasekunene-16 phambi endaweni isigqibo-kunokuba xa kwenzeka ngeenxa 8 (Figure 4.14). Ezi ziphumo, kunye neziphumo zezinye iimvavanyo ezininzi ephepheni, kwakhokelela Huber noogxa ukugqiba ukuba nkqu isicwangciso lula, abavoti nzima ukwenza izigqibo zobulumko, isiphumo ukuba nefuthe uphando elizayo malunga kwezigqibo ngovoto (Healy and Malhotra 2013) . Ukucikideka Huber kunye nabo kubonisa ukuba MTurk ingasetyenziswa ukuqesha nxaxheba bekuhlolwa-isimbo ukuvavanya ngqo iingcamango ezithile kakhulu. Kwakhona ibonisa ixabiso yokwakha bume zakho zovavanyo: kunzima ukucinga ukuba ezi nkqubo okufanayo sele yedwa, ukuve- nayiphi na kwenye indawo.

Umfanekiso 4.14: Iziphumo ukusuka Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) . Nxaxheba wangenelwa ilotto ekwakunokulindeleka ukuba ukugcina Allocator zabo, yaye oku kwaba melela xa ilotto kwenzeka ngeenxa lasekunene-16 phambi endaweni isigqibo-kunokuba xa kwenzeka ngeenxa 8.

Ukongezelela ekwakheni bekuhlolwa-ezifana, abaphandi kwakhona ukwakha imifuniselo ukuba baninzi endle-like. Umzekelo, Centola (2010) wakha yedijithali yolingelo endle ukufunda isiphumo lwesakhiwo yenethiwekhi yoluntu ukusasazeka yokuziphatha. Umbuzo wakhe uphando abembizela ukuba bazigcine ukuziphatha efanayo zisasazeka zinabemi kwafuneka izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo yenethiwekhi yoluntu kodwa kungenjalo akuwenzi. Inye indlela yokwenza oku kunye yazo, amalinge siko-kwakhiwa. Kule meko, Centola wakha yoluntu yempilo web-based.

Centola bagaywe malunga 1500 nxaxheba zentengiso kwiiwebhusayithi kwimpilo. Xa nxaxheba bafika yoluntu-nto leyo yekhompyutha ibizwe ngokuba yiLifestyle Healthy Network-Zaba imvume baza babelwa "Buddies yezempilo." Ngenxa yendlela Centola eyabelwe ezi Buddies impilo wakwazi ukunitha izakhiwo kunye ezahlukeneyo iiwebhsayithi ezahlukeneyo amaqela. Amanye amaqela zakhiwa ukuba zinothungelwano random (apho wonke umntu ukuba izakubanodibaniso ngokulinganayo) kunye namanye amaqela zakhiwa ukuba zinothungelwano zidityanisiwe (apho uqhagamshelo ekuhlaleni kakhulu eshinyeneyo). Emva koko, Centola iqalise ukuziphatha esitsha womnatha nganye, ithuba ukubhalisela website entsha ngolwazi lwezempilo olongezelelweyo. Xa ubani ndasayina le website entsha, zonke neetshomi zakhe impilo wafumana email bezishumayela lo mkhwa. Centola wafumanisa ukuba lo mkhwa-nokutyikitywa ngenxa entsha website-isasazeke kwaye ngokukhawuleza kwi womnatha bamaQela ngaphezu womnatha efunisela, yokufunyaniswa ukuba ezahluke ezinye iingcamango ekhoyo.

Lilonke, ukwakha ulingelo yakho kukunika ulawulo ngakumbi; lubangela ukuba ukwakha isingqongileyo ilungileyo ukulubona into ofuna ukufunda. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba mhlawumbi kwezi eksperimenti nako kuye kwenziwa kwindawo esele ikhona. Ngaphezu koko, ukwakha indlela yakho kunciphisa inkxalabo yokuziphatha ngeenxa ngokulinga kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo. Xa usakha ilinge lakho, nangona kunjalo, ukuba abalekele ezininzi iingxaki ekudityanwa bekuhlolwa: lufuna nxaxheba kunye nenkxalabo malunga emasikizi. A Icala yokugqibela kukuba ukwakha ukucikideka eyakho kunokuba eninzi kwaye ixesha elininzi, nangona njengokuba le mizekelo ibonisa, yemifuniselo elinomqondo bume olulula (ezifana isifundo yokuvota Huber, Hill, and Lenz (2012) ) ukuba noko bume olunzima (ezifana isifundo kothungelwano kunye njengesifo yi Centola (2010) ).