4.3 ababini dimensions eCebisayo: lab-intsimi analog-digital

Bekuhlolwa zinika ulawulo, amalinge endle zinika emasikizi, aze afunisele intsimi yedijithali ukudibanisa ulawulo kunye emasikizi apha isikali.

Ilinga kuza iimilo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu. Kodwa ke, nangona ezi yantlukwano, abaphandi bafumanise kuluncedo ukuba aququzelele imifuniselo ezikufuphi continuum phakathi bekuhlolwa kunye imifuniselo endle. Ngoku, ke, abaphandi kufuneka alungiselele imifuniselo ezikufuphi continuum phakathi imifuniselo analog kunye imifuniselo yesuntswana. Le uyilo emacala-mbini iya kukunceda uqonde amandla kunye nobuthathaka iindlela ezahlukeneyo ucebise nkalo zinamathuba inkulu (Figure 4.1).

Isazobe 4.1: Umzobo uyilo ngenxa imifuniselo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, imifuniselo ezahlukene ecaleni umlinganiselo lab-endle. Ngoku, nabo kwahluka kwi-analog-digital kudlale. Ngokoluvo lwam, ummandla ithuba inkulu yedijithali imifuniselo endle.

Kwixesha elidlulileyo, eyona ndlela iphambili ukuba abaphandi alungiselela imifuniselo waye ecaleni umlinganiselo lab-endle. Uninzi eksperimenti kwi inzululwazi social bekuhlolwa apho abafundi abasafundela enze imisebenzi engaqhelekanga elebhu kwisifundo ngetyala. Olu hlobo yamava bulawulwe zophando bengqondo kuba lwenza abaphandi ukwenza unyango ezithile kakhulu yenzelwe ukuvavanya iingcamango ezithile kakhulu malunga nokuziphatha ekuhlaleni. Kuba iingxaki ezithile, ke, into uziva singaqhelekanga malunga izigqibo ngamandla malunga nokuziphatha babantu ebantwini ezingaqhelekanga ezifana elenza imisebenzi ezingaqhelekanga ezifana beziko engaqhelekanga enjalo. Ezi nkxalabo ziye kwakhokelela intshukumo bebhekisa imifuniselo endle. imifuniselo Field oludibanisa kuyilo olomeleleyo eksperimenti lwalawula ngokungenamkhethe namaqela ngaphezulu ummeli-nxaxheba, ukwenza imisebenzi eqhelekileyo kakhulu, ekufakweni kuyazenzekela.

Nangona abanye abantu bacinga elebhu kunye kunye entsimini experiments ezikhuphisanayo iindlela, kuhle ukucinga kubo njengoko iindlela ezifezekisayo na amandla kunye nobuthathaka ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, Correll, Benard, and Paik (2007) ezisetyenziswa kwelinge elebhu kunye ulingelo entsimini ngelizama ukufumana imithombo i "isohlwayo ngumama." EUnited States, oomama imali ngaphantsi bamkela ngaphezu abazalikazi abaninzi bengenabantwana, naxa abafazi ngokuthelekisa ngezakhono ezifanayo esebenza bakwimisebenzi efana naleyo. Kukho yingcaciso ezininzi kangangoko le ndlela, omnye kukuba Ngabaqeshi nento ngakuwe noomama. (Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo malunga kubonakala ukuba kuyinyaniso zooyise: abangayiniki umvuzo ongaphezu kwama amadoda namntwana kuthelekiswa). Ukuze kuvavanywe icala kunokwenzeka ngokuchasene noonina, Correll kunye nabalingane wabaleka imifuniselo ababini: omnye elebhu kunye kunye nomnye endle.

Okokuqala, kwelinge elebhu Correll noogxa waxelela nxaxheba, abo undergraduates kwikholeji, ukuba inkampani start-up zonxibelelwano California olusekelwe oqhuba kufuna ukuba umntu ukukhokela isebe yayo entsha East Coast urhwebo. Abafundi baxelelwa ukuba inkampani efuna uncedo kwinkqubo ukuqesha babuzwa ukuba ihlole uyaqhubeka zabaviwa ezininzi amandla kunye nokurhafisa kwabaviwa inani sinomlinganiselo ezifana abanangqondo, benobubele, nokuzinikela emsebenzini. Ngokubhekele phaya, abafundi bacelwa ukuba Ndicebisa kuqesha sicelo kwaye oko bengakhuthaza njenge yomvuzo wokuqalisa. Ndingazi abafundi, nangona kunjalo, ukuba uyaqhubeka ezakhiwayo ngokukodwa ukuba efanayo ngaphandle kwento enye: ezinye uyaqhubeka kwaphawula ngumama (ngokudwelisa ukubandakanyeka umbutho umzali-ngutitshala) kwaye ezinye zange. Correll wafumanisa ukuba abafundi Akufane kwenzeke ukuba licebise kuqesha oomama, ubatshangatshangise umvuzo lokuqalisa asezantsi. Ngaphezulu, uhlalutyo lwamanani omabini amahlelo izigqibo ezinxulumene-ukuqesha, Correll wafumanisa ukuba nezingalunganga oomama 'kwanikwa wacaciswa yokuba oomama ziye zalinganiswa ophantsi ngokubhekiselele bobuchule kunye nokuzimisela. Ngamanye amazwi, Correll zikhalazela ukuba ezimpawu indlela apho oomama abasokolayo. Ngoko ke, lo ulingelo lab wavumela Correll noogxa ukulinganisa nempembelelo woko kunye nokunika ingcaciso kunokwenzeka oko.

Kakade ke, umntu angaye sokuthandabuza ngokuzoba izigqibo malunga iyonke yabasebenzi kwimarike US esekelwe izigqibo undergraduates ezilikhulu abambalwa abaye mhlawumbi zange ixesha bomsebenzi opheleleyo, andisathethi waqesha abantu. Ngoko ke, Correll kunye nabalingane ikwaqhube zokuncedisa lamava entsimini. Abaphandi basabela amakhulu somongi ezipapashiweyo ngokuthumela ngoonobumba inshorensi ukuqhatha kunye uyaqhubeka. Ngokufanayo izinto esinikwa undergraduates, ezinye uyaqhubeka kwaphawula Ubunina inxenye akazange. Correll noogxa kwafumaniseka ukuba oomama Akufane kwenzeke ukuba abizwe ngokuba ndlebe ngaphezu abafazi abaneziqinisekiso ngokulinganayo bengenamntwana. Ngamanye amazwi, abaqeshi zokwenyani ukwenza izigqibo lilandela kwindawo isicwangciso yendalo baziphatha kakhulu ezifana undergraduates. Ngaba benza izigqibo ezifanayo ngenxa yesizathu esinye? Ngelishwa, asazi. Abaphandi abazange babe nako ukubuza abaqeshi nokurhafisa abaviwa okanye ukucacisa izigqibo zabo.

Esi sibini experimenti isichazela okuninzi malunga elebhu kunye kunye entsimini eksperimenti ngokubanzi. bekuhlolwa zinika abaphandi kufutshane ulawulo iyonke yokusingqongileyo apho abathathi ukwenza izigqibo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, kwi kwalingwa elebhu, Correll ibe nakho ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke uyaqhubeka kwafundwa isicwangciso cwaka; kwi kwalingwa entsimini, ezinye uyaqhubeka ukuze kude ukufunda. Ngokubhekele phaya, ngenxa yokuba nxaxheba kwilebhu isicwangciso bayazi ukuba lusaphononongwa, abaphandi badla bakwazi ukuqokelela idata eyongezelelweyo lunokubanceda ukuqonda ukuba kutheni abathathi ukwenza izigqibo zabo. Umzekelo, Correll wabuza nxaxheba kwalingwa lab nokurhafisa zabaviwa mabuguquke ezahlukeneyo. Olu hlobo data nkqubo ukunceda abaphandi baqonde indlela emva umahluko kwindlela abathathi okunyanga uyaqhubeka.

Kwelinye icala, ezi mpawu ngqo efanayo nje uchazwa iingenelo nazo ngamanye amaxesha ingqalelo nezingalunganga. Abaphandi abakhetha eksperimenti endle bathi nxaxheba bekuhlolwa zinokusebenza ngokwahlukileyo kakhulu xa kwabonwa ngokusondeleyo. Umzekelo, kwi-lab nxaxheba ukucikideka usenokuba elithekelelwayo injongo uphando ze silungiswe nokuziphatha kwabo khon 'ukuze sibonakale icala. Ngaphezu koko, abaphandi abakhetha eksperimenti intsimi ukuze bathi umahluko amancinane uyaqhubeka unako kuphela lubalasele, kwimo engqongileyo lab engenazintsholongwane ecocekileyo kakhulu, kwaye ngenxa yoko ukucikideka lab uza phezu-ukuqikelela ifuthe lokuba ngumama ngezigqibo ngokwenene ingqesho. Okokugqibela, babekhuthaza ezininzi experimenti endle amadlala bekuhlolwa ukuthembela nxaxheba ezinga: ikakhulu kubafundi abasuka Western, abafundileyo, Le, Nina zityebi, kunye namazwe Democratic (Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan 2010) . Imifuniselo by Correll noogxa (2007) abonise olugqwesileyo amabini kumanqwanqwa okuqhubeka lab-endle. Phakathi kwezi zimbini kukho iintlobo zoyilo ebume kuquka iindlela ezifana ningambuyisi non-eHE elebhu okanye esiya entsimini, esenaye nxaxheba enze msebenzi ungaqhelekanga.

Ukongeza nenkalo lab-ntsimi zonakala ngaphambili, ubudala yedijithali kuthetha ukuba ngoku abaphandi babe njengomlinganiso yesibini enkulu ecaleni apho eksperimenti kunokwahluka: analog-digital. Kanye njengokuba kukho amalinge ecocekileyo elebhu, amalinge intsimi ecocekileyo, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo ibhastile phakathi, kukho amalinge ecocekileyo analog, amalinge digital ecocekileyo, kunye neentlobo ibhastile. Oku ibhida ukunikela Inkcazelo esesikweni le njengomlinganiso, kodwa inkcazelo yokusebenza eluncedo kukuba eksperimenti yedijithali ngokupheleleyo iyimifuniselo ezenza ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo yedijithali ukuba ukugaya nxaxheba, ndomize, ukunikezela unyango, kwaye silinganise iziphumo. Umzekelo, Restivo kunye van de Rijt ngayo (2012) ukufunda barnstars kunye Wikipedia yaba kwelinge yedijithali ngokupheleleyo kuba kusetyenziswa iinkqubo enkcazelo amane kula manyathelo. Ngokunjalo ngokupheleleyo imifuniselo analog iyimifuniselo ukuba musani ukwenza ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo yedijithali nayiphi na la manyathelo ezine. Uninzi yemifuniselo eziphucukile bengqondo iyimifuniselo analog. Phakathi kwezi zimbini kukho inxalenye eksperimenti yedijithali ezisebenzisa indibanisela iinkqubo analog kunye enkcazelo amanyathelo amane.

Okubalulekileyo, amathuba ukubaleka imifuniselo yedijithali azikho nje intanethi. Abaphandi enokuqhutywa imifuniselo ngokungaphelelanga digital ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezisebenza ngekhompyutha kwihlabathi ngokwasemzimbeni ukuze ahlangule zonyango okanye ukulinganisa iziphumo. Umzekelo, abaphandi bangasebenzisa smart phones ukuba ahlangule zonyango okanye abenzi boluvo kwi bume kwakhiwa ukulinganisa iziphumo. Enyanisweni, njengokuba siza kubona kamva kwesi sahluko, abaphandi sele usebenzise iimitha zombane ekhaya ukulinganisa iziphumo kwi eksperimenti malunga izithethe zentlalo eneji equka 8.5 million amakhaya (Allcott 2015) . Njengezixhobo digital sekuyinto idityaniswe ubomi babantu kwaye utsale abenzi baye bangena lwemo yolwakhiwo, la mathuba ukuze baqhube imifuniselo ngokuyinxenye ledijithali umhlaba baya kukulinyusa kakhulu. Ngamanye amazwi, amalinge lwedijithali azikho nje imifuniselo intanethi.

iinkqubo Digital sidale amathuba amatsha imifuniselo yonke indawo ngapha okuqhubeka lab-endle. Xa bekuhlolwa ecocekileyo, umzekelo, abaphandi banokusebenzisa iinkqubo nkcazelo omhle zokulinganisela lokuziphatha nxaxheba '; omnye umzekelo olu hlobo ekuphuculweni komlinganiselo izixhobo iliso-umlando enika amanyathelo olucacileyo ngokuqhubekayo yendawo ayibonayo. Ubudala yedijithali kukwadala ulwenzeko ukubaleka bekuhlolwa-like online. Umzekelo, abaphandi Samkele ngokukhawuleza Amazon Mechanical Bonk (MTurk) ukuqesha nxaxheba imifuniselo intanethi (Figure 4.2). MTurk idibanisa "abaqeshi" abo imisebenzi ekufuneka igcwaliswe with "abasebenzi" abanqwenela ukugqiba loo msebenzi ngenxa yemali. Noko ke, ngokungafaniyo iimarike yemveli yezemisebenzi, imisebenzi inxaxheba ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna nje imizuzu embalwa ugcwalise kunye nobudlelwane lonke phakathi komqeshi kunye umsebenzi yenyani. Ngenxa MTurk iglu imiba experimenti ohlawula lab zemveli abantu ukuba bagqibezele imisebenzi babengayi kwenza simahla-kokuba oluhambelana ngokwendalo kwiindidi ezithile imifuniselo. Ngokwesiseko, MTurk kudale iziseko lokusingatha lidike nxaxheba-ukugaya nokuhlawula abantu-nabaphandi ziye zazisebenzisela ukuba iziseko ukuvingca ibe lidike usoloko efumaneka-nxaxheba.

Isazobe 4.2: IPhepha epapashwe kusetyenziswa idata Amazon Mechanical Bonk (MTurk) (Bohannon 2016) . MTurk kunye nezinye iimarike yabasebenzi online zinika abaphandi indlela elula ukuqesha nxaxheba imifuniselo.

Digital experiments sidale amathuba ngakumbi ngenxa nentsimi-like imifuniselo. imifuniselo endle Digital engakwenzela data yolawulo nenkqubo bambelelani ukuqonda iindlela ezinokwenzeka (ezifana bekuhlolwa) kunye nxaxheba abohlukeneyo kakhulu ekwenzeni izigqibo ngokwenene kwimeko yendalo (ezifana imifuniselo endle). Ukongeza koku indibanisela iimpawu ezilungileyo imifuniselo ngaphambili, amalinge intsimi yedijithali nayo ikwabonelela ngamathuba ezintathu ezibe nzima analog elebhu kunye kunye entsimini imifuniselo.

Okokuqala, kanti inkoliso analog elebhu kunye kunye entsimini imifuniselo kuba kumakhulu-nxaxheba, amalinge intsimi yedijithal kufuneka izigidi nxaxheba. Oku kutshintsha isikali kukuba amanye amalinge zedijithali ukuvelisa idatha zero iindleko eziguquguqukayo. Oko kukuthi, xa abaphandi wayenokudala izibonelelo zonyango, ukwandisa inani nxaxheba ngokokuqhelekileyo ayinyuki iindleko. Ukwandisa inani nxaxheba ngokuthi ngumba-100 okanye ngaphezulu akukho nje utshintsho zamanani, yinto utshintsho qualitative, kuba lwenza abaphandi ukuba bafunde izinto ezahlukeneyo niselo (umzekelo, ukungafani ye iziphumo zonyango) kwaye ziqhube ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo zovavanyo ( umzekelo, amalinge iqela elikhulu). Le ngongoma kubaluleke kangaka, ndiya kubuyela kulo ekuyeni ekupheleni kwesahluko xa Ndikubekela ingcebiso malunga nokudala imifuniselo yesuntswana.

Okwesibini, kanti inkoliso analog elebhu kunye kunye entsimini experiments baphathe nxaxheba njengoko widgets ukuwubona, amalinge intsimi yedijithali basoloko besebenzisa inkcazelo nxaxheba kuyilo kunye nohlalutyo amanqanaba yophando. Le nkcazelo, leyo kuthiwa ulwazi pre-unyango, isoloko ifumaneka amalinge digital kuba kwenzeka kwiindawo Walinganisa ngokupheleleyo. Ngokomzekelo, umphandi kula Facebook linengcaciso pre-unyango kakhulu ngaphezu ngumphandi zokuyila ilebhu lamava umgangatho kunye undergraduates. Le nkcazelo pre-ngonyango yenza abaphandi ukuba zizame ukwenza ngaphezu ukuphatha abathathi widgets njengoko akuwenzi. Ngokungakumbi, ulwazi pre-ngonyango yenza ukuba uyilo-efana kakhulu kakuhle zovavanyo njengoko evalela (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) kunye nokugaya ekujoliswe-nxaxheba (Eckles, Kizilcec, and Bakshy 2016) -kunye uhlalutyo-ezifana esinengqiqo njengokuba ukuqikelela ukungafani iziphumo zonyango (Athey and Imbens 2016a) kunye nokulungelelanisa covariate oluphuculweyo ngqo (Bloniarz et al. 2016) .

Okwesithathu, ngoxa abaninzi lab analog kunye entsimini imifuniselo ukunikezela unyango kunye neziphumo yokulinganisa imali enoxinzelelo kakhulu ixesha, ezinye eksperimenti intsimi yedijithali ziquka unyango ukuze ndinganikelwa kwexesha kwaye iziphumo zingalinganiswa ekuhambeni kwexesha. Umzekelo, Restivo kunye van de Rijt ngayo ulingelo na isiphumo umlinganiselo yonke imihla iintsuku ezingama-90, kwaye enye yeemvavanyo Ndiza kukuxelela malunga kamva kwisahluko (Ferraro, Miranda, and Price 2011) umkhondo iziphumo kwiminyaka 3 khange iindleko. La mathuba ubungakanani-amathathu, ulwazi pre-unyango, kunye nonyango engena nesiphumo data-yeyona ixhaphakileyo xa experimenti ziqhutywa phezu kusoloko-kwiinkqubo imilinganiselo (jonga iSahluko 2 ngaphezulu kusoloko-on iindlela).

Nangona imifuniselo endle yedijithali zinika amathuba amaninzi, nabo kungacelwa ubuthathaka kunye zombini lab analog kunye imifuniselo endle. Umzekelo, amalinge ingenakusetyenziswa ukufunda ngaphambili, kwaye bakwazi ukuqikelela kuphela iziphumo zonyango ezinokuthi iphenjelelwa. Kwakhona, nangona eksperimenti ngokuqinisekileyo luncedo ukukhokela nkqubo, ulwalathiso ngqo anokunika na luthande ukuba nomnyino ngenxa yeengxaki ezifana ukuxhomekeka lokusingqongileyo, iingxaki ukuthotyelwa, kunye neziphumo ungqamano (Banerjee and Duflo 2009; Deaton 2010) . Okokugqibela, amalinge intsimi yedijithali mkhulu neenkxalabo yokuziphatha okudalwe imifuniselo endle. Abaxhasi eCebisayo endle isigodlo, ubuchule babo ngokungaphazamisiyo kwaye ngokungenamkhethe angenelele zizigqibo hlenga ezenziwe izigidi zabantu. Ezi mpawu kuneengenelo ezithile lwezenzululwazi, kodwa kwakhona ukwenza imifuniselo endle yokuziphatha entsonkothileyo (cinga ngayo njengoko abaphandi ukuphatha abantu abafana "iimpuku lab" ngomlinganiselo omkhulu). Ngaphezu koko, ukongeza ekonzakalisweni kunokwenzeka ukuba nxaxheba, imifuniselo intsimi yesuntswana, ngenxa isikali yabo, nazo kuziphakamisa izinto ezimxhalabisayo malunga ukuphazamiseka ukusebenza iinkqubo zentlalo (umzekelo, iinkxalabo malunga ukuphazamisa inkqubo umvuzo Wikipedia ngayo ukuba Restivo kunye van der Rijt wamnika barnstars ezininzi kakhulu) .