4.1 Intshayelelo

Xa sisondela igqunyiwe ga kule ukuziphatha ncwadi-ngokuphawula (Isahluko 2) kunye ngokubuza imibuzo (Isahluko 3) -researchers ukuqokelela iinkcukacha malunga noko ngokwemvelo ezenzeka ehlabathini. Indlela kwesi sahluko-aphilileyo imifuniselo-na bohluke. Xa abaphandi kuqhuba iimvavanyo, bona neleli ehlabathini ukudala data ukuba udalelwe ukuba uphendula imibuzo malunga nobudlelwane unobangela kunye nesiphumo.

Unobangela kunye nesiphumo imibuzo eqhelekileyo kakhulu kuphando zentlalo, imizekelo iquka imibuzo efana Ngaba ukwandisa imivuzo yootitshala ukwandisa ukufunda kwabafundi? Yintoni isiphumo somvuzo ncinane iqondo lempangelo? ntoni ugqatso sicelo umsebenzi Esiluchaphazela njani ithuba lakhe ukufumana umsebenzi? Ukongeza le mibuzo ngokucacileyo woko, ngamanye amaxesha kunokubangela-kwaye-isiphumo imibuzo ngokupheleleyo imibuzo jikelele malunga ubukhuluName ezinye ekwehleni yokusebenza. Umzekelo, umbuzo "Yintoni iqhosha lombala liya nkulu iminikelo kwi-NGO website site?" Ngokwenene mininzi imibuzo malunga nefuthe imibala iqhosha ezahlukileyo kwiminikelo.

Enye indlela ukuphendula imibuzo unobangela-kwaye-isiphumo ukuba bajonge izimbo kwi data ekhoyo. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa idata amawaka ezikolweni, ukuze ubale ukuba abafundi bafunde ngakumbi izikolo ezifundisa imivuzo yootitshala eliphezulu. Kodwa ke, ngaba oku unxulumano zibonisa ukuba imivuzo ephezulu kubangela abafundi ukuba bafunde ngaphezu? Akunjalongo noko. Izikolo apho ootitshala ukuhlawulwa ngaphezulu kunokuba ezahlukeneyo ngeendlela ezininzi. Umzekelo, abafundi abakwizikolo imivuzo yootitshala eliphezulu isenokuvela kwiintsapho afumileyo. Ngoko, ekhangeleka ngathi nefuthe ootitshala kuza nje ngokuthelekisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zabafundi. Ezi umahluko sigqithise phakathi kwabafundi ngokuba confounders, kwaye ngokubanzi, ukubakhona confounders abantu. umonakalo abaphandi ukukwazi ukuphendula imibuzo unobangela-kwaye-isiphumo ngokukhangela iipateni data ekhoyo.

Esinye isisombululo kwingxaki confounders kukuba ukuzama ukwenza uthelekiso enobulungisa ngokulungelanisa oomahluko ezibonakalayo phakathi kwamaqela. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze nibe nako ukukhuphela data irhafu yepropati evela kwinani websites zikarhulumente. Ngoko, wena enokuthelekiswa kwintsebenzo yomfundi kwizikolo apho amaxabiso ekhaya ziyafana kodwa imivuzo yootitshala zahlukile, kwaye nangoku usenokufumanisa ukuba abafundi bafunde ngakumbi izikolo umvuzo notitshala ephakamileyo. Kodwa ke, kusekho confounders ezininzi kangangoko. Mhlawumbi abazali ezi umfundi ezingafaniyo inqanaba lemfundo okanye mhlawumbi kukho umahluko kwizikolo usondele kwabo kumathala eencwadi okanye mhlawumbi izikolo umvuzo notitshala oluphezulu kufuneka imali ephezulu yeenqununu umvuzo inqununu, mfundisi, ngaba ngokwenene iya isanda into ekufundeni kwabafundi. Ungazama ukulinganisa ezinye ezi izinto ngokunjalo, kodwa uluhlu confounders kunokwenzeka ngokuyimfuneko engaphele ndawo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuba nje awukwazi ukulinganisa nokulungelelanisa zonke confounders kunokwenzeka. Le ndlela kuphela ndiyakuva.

Kuziphelisa kwingxaki confounders nto imifuniselo ibaleka. Ilinga ukuba abaphandi ukuba sidlule ekujongeni lokuthelekisa kwi eyenzeka ngokwendalo idatha ukuze akwazi ukuphendula ngokuthembekileyo umbuzo unobangela-kwaye-isiphumo. Kweli phakade analog, iimvavanyo babedla benkxaso kunzima yaye kuziindleko. Ngoku, kwiminyaka yesuntswana, izithintelo namalungiselo ngokuthe kubhanga. Hayi kuphela kube lula ukwenza imifuniselo njengabo abaphandi kwixesha elidlulileyo, kunokwenzeka ngoku ukubaleka iindidi ezintsha imifuniselo.

Koko Ndiye ukuza kuthi ga mna ibe bit evakalala ngolwimi lwam, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba umahluko phakathi kwezinto ezimbini: experiment olungenamkhethe imifuniselo elawulwayo. Kwi ulingelo ngumphandi liyangenelela ehlabathini aze umlinganiselo isiphumo. Ndakhe ndeva le ndlela uchazwa 'perturb kwaye bayayithobela. "Esi sicwangciso kakuhle kakhulu zenzululwazi zendalo, kodwa inzululwazi zonyango kunye nezentlalo, kukho enye indlela bhetele. Xa ulingelo alawulwayo ngumphandi wangenelela kwabanye abantu yaye abanye, kwaye, ngokunzulu, umphandi isigqibo abantu bafumana kukungenelela engakhethiyo (umzekelo, kunokuflipha ingqekembe). Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba olungenamkhethe imifuniselo elawulwayo ukwenza uthelekiso fair phakathi kwamaqela amabini: elinye eliye wamkela ungenelelo kunye yalowo u nga. Ngamanye amazwi, olungenamkhethe imifuniselo ezilawulwayo isisombululo kwiingxaki confounders. Nangona umahluko ebalulekileyo phakathi experiment lunomkhethe imifuniselo elawulwayo, abaphandi zentlalo basoloko usebenzise la magama nokutshintshwa. Ndiza ukulandela le ndibano, kodwa, neendawo ezithile, ndiza kuzaphula indibano ukugxininisa ixabiso imifuniselo elawulwayo lunomkhethe phezu ngaphandle engakhethiyo kunye neqela lolawulo.

Olungenamkhethe imifuniselo elawulwayo kubonakalise ukuba yindlela enamandla ukufunda ihlabathi zentlalo, kwesi sahluko, ndiya kukufundisa ngakumbi ukuba siwasebenzise uphando lwakho. KwiCandelo 4.2, ndiza abonise ingqiqo ezisisiseko nokulinga ngomzekelo ulingelo nge Wikipedia. Emva koko, kwiCandelo 4.3, ndiza ukuchaza umahluko phakathi bekuhlolwa kunye imifuniselo intsimi umahluko phakathi imifuniselo analog kunye imifuniselo yesuntswana. Ngaphezu koko, ndiza kuxoxa ukuba eksperimenti endle yedijithal kunikela imisebenzi engcono ye bekuhlolwa analog (diabetes) kunye imifuniselo entsimini analog (emasikizi), bonke kwisikali ukuba akwenzeki ngaphambili. Okulandelayo, kwiCandelo 4.4, ndiza ukuchaza iingqiqo-semthethweni ezintathu, ukungafani ye iziphumo zonyango, kunye neendlela-abalulekileyo ngokuyila imifuniselo esisityebi. Ngako oko imvelaphi, ndiza ukuchaza urhwebo-offs inxaxheba zicwangciso ezimbini eziphambili sokuqhuba ii- digital: ukwenza ngokwakho (Icandelo 4.5.1) okanye ibambisene enamandla (Section 4.5.2). Okokugqibela, Ndiza kwenza ezinye ingcebiso kuyilo ngendlela Ungathatha ingqalelo amandla okwenene imifuniselo digital (Section 4.6.1) baze bachaze ezinye uxanduva olubangelwa ukuba amandla (Icandelo 4.6.2). Isahluko ngokuUzakunikwa ubuncinane ngokwe zezibalo kunye nolwimi olusesikweni; abafundi abanomdla ngendlela esesikweni kakhulu, Mathematical ukuba imifuniselo kufuneka ufunde Technical Isihlomelo ekupheleni kwesahluko.