4.6.1 Yenza data zero iindleko eziguquguqukayo

Undoqo ku baleka imifuniselo emikhulu eqhuba iindleko womahluko eqandeni. Eyona ndlela ibhetele yokwenza oku yile esizisebenzelayo nokuyila imifuniselo ezonwabisayo.

Digital experiments unokuba izakhiwo iindleko kakhulu ezahlukeneyo kwaye oku kwenza abaphandi ukuba baqhube imifuniselo ukuba kwanzima ngaphambili. Ngokungakumbi, iimvavanyo jikelele iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili iindleko:. Iindleko ezizinzileyo kunye neendleko eziguquguqukayo iindleko ezingatshintshiyo iindleko musa ukutshintsha kuxhomekeke ukuba zingaphi nxaxheba unayo. Umzekelo, kwi kwelinge elebhu, iindleko ezizinzileyo kunokuba iindleko ngokuqesha isithuba kwaye ukuthenga ifanitshala. Iindleko eziguquguqukayo, kwelinye icala, ukutshintsha kuxhomekeke ukuba zingaphi nxaxheba unayo. Umzekelo, kwi kwelinge elebhu, iindleko eziguquguqukayo isenokuvela ukuhlawula abasebenzi kunye nxaxheba. Ngokubanzi, amalinge analog beneendleko ephantsi ezizinzileyo kunye neendleko eziphezulu ezahlukeneyo, aze afunisele digital beneendleko ezinzileyo eziphezulu neendleko eziguquguqukayo ephantsi (Figure 4.18). Kunye noyilo olufanelekileyo, uyakwazi ukuqhuba iindleko eziguquguqukayo ulingelo yakho yonke indlela ku nothi, kwaye oku kudala amathuba kuphando olunika umdla.

Umfanekiso 4.18: Umzobo izakhiwo iindleko kwi analog kunye amalinge yesuntswana. Ngokubanzi, amalinge analog beneendleko ephantsi ezizinzileyo kunye neendleko eziphezulu eziguquguqukayo kanti eksperimenti digital beneendleko ezinzileyo eziphezulu neendleko eziguquguqukayo eliphantsi. Izakhi iindleko ezahlukeneyo kuthetha ukuba amalinge zedijithali ukubaleka ngenzinga akwenzeki experiment analog.

Kukho izinto ezimbini eziphambili lomahluko iindleko-iintlawulo abasebenzi neentlawulo ukuba abathathi-yaye uwexulwe zero ngasinye kwezi besebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Iintlawulo kubasebenzi isiqu ukusuka kumsebenzi abancedisi Yenza uphando lufuna nxaxheba, beninikela unyango, kunye neziphumo yokulinganisa. Ngokomzekelo, analog intsimi ukucikideka Schultz noogxa (2007) kwi izithethe zoluntu kunye nabancedisi uphando olufunekayo umbane ukuya kwikhaya ngalinye ukunikezela unyango kunye funda imitha yombane (Figure 4.3). Konke oku umgudu abancedisi zophando kwakuthetha ukuba ngokongeza indlu entsha isifundo ngendikongezile iindleko. Kwelinye icala, ngenxa digital ukucikideka entsimini Restivo kunye van de Rijt (2012) ukuzanelisa in Wikipedia, abaphandi Ungadibanisa abathatha nangaliphi ngaphandle kweendleko. A qhinga jikelele ukunciphisa iindleko zolawulo eziguquguqukayo kukuba endaweni umsebenzi yabantu (Olubizayo) umsebenzi icomputer (leyo cheap). Kalukhuni, ungenza zibuze: ungenza olu lingelo ngelixa wonke neqela lam uphando ulele? Ukuba impendulo ngu-ewe, ukuba nawe wenze umsebenzi omkhulu matshini.

Uhlobo lwesibini eziphambili iindleko eziguquguqukayo na iintlawulo nxaxheba. Abanye abaphandi basebenzise Amazon Mechanical Turk kunye nezinye iimarike yabasebenzi online ukunciphisa iintlawulo ezidingekayo nxaxheba. Ukuqhuba iindleko eziguquguqukayo yonke indlela ku nothi, Noko ke, indlela ezahlukeneyo ezifunekayo. Kangangexesha elide, abaphandi baye benza iimvavanyo ukuba kangaka uyadika kufuneka ahlawule abantu ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. Kodwa, kuthekani ukuba nako ukwenza uphando abantu bafuna kubakho? Oku vakala lonto, kodwa ndiza kukunika umzekelo ngezantsi ukusuka kumsebenzi yam, kwaye kukho imizekelo ngakumbi kuLudwe 4.4. Qaphela ukuba le ndlela ukuze bazuzane imifuniselo ezonwabisayo ucula eminye imixholo kwiSahluko 3 ngokuphathelele ngokuyila iisaveyi mnandi kakhulu kwaye kwiSahluko 5 malunga nokuyilwa yentsebenziswano ubunzima. Ngoko ke, ndicinga ukuba uthatha inxaxheba nokonwabela-oko kubizwa umsebenzisi namava-ziya kuba yinxalenye ngakumbi ebalulekileyo yoyilo uphando kweminyaka yesuntswana.

Ukuba ufuna ukwenza zero Womendo iindleko eksperimenti uya ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke into izenzekela ngokupheleleyo kwaye nxaxheba musa zifuna naziphi iintlawulo. Ukuze ubonise ukuba kunokwenzeka oku, ndiza ukuchaza uphando lwam yePhD impumelelo kunye nokusilela yeemveliso zenkcubeko. Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba zero data iindleko eziguquguqukayo azikho nje malunga ngokwenza izinto ezibiza. Kunoko, malunga ekwenzeni imifuniselo ukuba kunokwenzeka ngenye indlela.

yePhD ekwenziweni wam wayeqhutywa uhlobo udidayo kuphumelela yeemveliso zenkcubeko. iingoma Hit, ethengisa iincwadi, eyona intle, iimovie blockbuster udelekile kakhulu, kakhulu nempumelelo ngaphezu avareji. Ngenxa yoku, iimarike ezi iimveliso zidla ngokuba "winner-thabatha-wonke" iimarike. Noko ke, ngelo xesha, nto leyo ingoma ethile, incwadi, okanye imovie iya kuba nempumelelo na kakhulu akucingeleki. Lo screenwriter uWilliam Goldman (1989) Ilula ushwankathelwa amaqashiso yophando ezifundweni ngokuthi, xa kufikwa ukuqikelela impumelelo, "akukho mntu wazi nantoni na." Le yokutheng- winner-thabatha-zonke iimarike kwandenza ndazibuza ukuba lwempumelelo yoko mgangatho no kungakanani luck nje. Okanye, ichazwa ngokwahlukileyo enye kwenye, ukuba sikwazi ukudala anxuseneyo yaye bonke be- ngokuzimeleyo, iingoma ayeza ezithandwayo kwihlabathi nganye? Ke, ukuba akunjalo, lithini indlela eyenza lo mahluko?

Ukuze uphendule le mibuzo, siya-Peter Dodds, Duncan Watts (umcebisi yam idizeteyishini), yaye mna-wabaleka uthotho experimenti endle online. Ngokukodwa, wakha website ekuthiwa MusicLab apho abantu kufumanisa umculo entsha, yaye sasidla ibe uthotho imifuniselo. Siqeshe nxaxheba ngokusebenzisa iintengiso ibhanile kwi website teen-inzala (Figure 4.19) kwaye zichazwa kumajelo eendaba. Nxaxheba ukufika website ngaphandle kwemvume yethu elwazini, bagqiba ikhweshine mfutshane imvelaphi, yaye ngokungenamkhethe omnye nempembelelo ezimbini zovavanyo iimeko-elizimeleyo kunye nezentlalo. Kwi imeko ozimeleyo, abathathi-nxaxheba benza izigqibo malunga iingoma ukuphulaphula, kunikwa kuphela amagama bands kunye iingoma. Ngoxa ndiphulaphule ingoma, nxaxheba bacelwa nokurhafisa oko emva kokuba befumene ithuba (kodwa hayi isinyanzelo) ukukhuphela ingoma. Kwi impembelelo imeko yentlalo, abathathi-nxaxheba baye namava mnye, ngaphandle kokuba kubona ukuba zingaphi izihlandlo ingoma nganye sele elayishelwe-nxaxheba edlulileyo. Ngaphezu koko, nxaxheba impembelelo imeko entlalweni ngokungenamkhethe kwelinye njengamazwe ezisibhozo engumzekelo nganye elingumphumela ngokuzimeleyo (Figure 4.20). Ukusebenzisa le uyilo, sahamba imifuniselo ezimbini ezinxulumeneyo. Kwimeko yokuqala, thina thaca nxaxheba, iingoma negridi engalungiswanga, leyo eyayiwavulela umqondiso ebuthathaka bodumo. Kwi kwalingwa yesibini, siya thaca iingoma kuluhlu kugqalwa, nto leyo yayisinceda umqondiso lomelele bodumo (Figure 4.21).

Umfanekiso 4.19: Umzekelo ibhena intengiso oogxa bam ndandidla ukuqesha nxaxheba yemifuniselo MusicLab (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) .

Umfanekiso 4.20: kuyilo Yomfuniselo kuba experiments MusicLab (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Nxaxheba ngokungenamkhethe kwenye iimeko ezimbini: impembelelo elizimeleyo kunye nezentlalo. Nxaxheba kwi imeko oluzimeleyo wenza ukhetho ngaphandle naluphi na ulwazi malunga noko akwenzileyo nabanye abantu. Abathathi-nxaxheba impembelelo imeko entlalweni ngokungenamkhethe kwenye ezisibhozo anxuseneyo, apho baya kukwazi ukubona abantu-njengoko kulinganiswa Khuphela nxaxheba-lwangaphambili ingoma nganye kwihlabathi yabo, kodwa akaba nako ukubona naluphi na ulwazi, bengazange bade esiyaziyo ubukho, nawuphi na indalo.

Siye safumanisa ukuba ubuninzi iingoma ezahluke ngapha kwawo amaphakade ecebisa indima ebalulekileyo luck. Umzekelo, kwihlabathi enye ingoma "ingabinafuthe" by 52Metro weza 1st, kwaye enye ehlabathini weza 40 ngaphandle iingoma 48. Oku kanye ingoma enye bendikhuphisana zonke iingoma efanayo, kodwa ihlabathi enye yaba lucky kunye nabanye asizange sikwazi. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuthelekisa iziphumo kulo lonke yemifuniselo ezimbini safumanisa ukuba nempembelelo lwentlalo kukhokelela impumelelo iqhwalela, nto leyo mhlawumbi kudala imbonakalo nakwiingqikelelo. Kodwa, phesheya indalo (ezingenako kwenziwa ngaphandle olu hlobo ngaxeshanye indalo yolingelo), siye safumanisa ukuba nempembelelo lwentlalo ngokwenene zandisa yokutheng-. Ngaphezu koko, ngokungamangalisiyo, yaba iingoma iphezulu yezibheno kufuneka iziphumo ezininzi engalindelekanga (Figure 4.22).

Umfanekiso 4.21: umfanekiso kwiimeko nempembelelo zentlalo yemifuniselo MusicLab (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Kwi impembelelo imeko zentlalo zolingelo 1, iingoma, kunye nenani Downloads zangaphambili, zanikezelwa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba mayilungiswe 16 x 3 kwigridi buxande, apho kwizikhundla yeengoma babelwa ngokungenamkhethe zomthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye. Kulingo 2, nxaxheba impembelelo imeko yentlalo zaboniswa iingoma, kunye download zikhankanyiweyo thaca elinomhlathi omnye eshiyana bodumo yangoku.

Umfanekiso 4,22: Iziphumo ukusuka experiments MusicLab ebonisa ubudlelwane phakathi isibheno nempumelelo (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . X-axis usisabelo lemarike ngoma ehlabathini ezizimeleyo, apho usebenza njengomqathango isibheno wengoma, kunye y-axis usisabelo lemarike ingoma efanayo 8 impembelelo indalo zentlalo, nosebenza njengoko umlinganiselo impumelelo iingoma. Siye safumanisa ukuba ukwandisa impembelelo yoluntu nxaxheba abanamava-ngokukodwa, ukutshintsha ubeko ukusuka zovavanyo 1 bazilinge 2 (Figure 4.21) -caused impumelelo ukuba akucingeleki, ingakumbi ngenxa iingoma iphezulu yezibheno.

MusicLab wakwazi ukubaleka ngokuyimfuneko zero iindleko eziguquguqukayo ngenxa yendlela ukuba sayilwa. Okokuqala, yonke into automated ngokupheleleyo ngoko wakwazi ukubaleka ngoxa wayelele. Okwesibini, imbuyekezo leyo ezamahala umculo ukuze kwakungekho Womendo iindleko nxaxheba imbuyekezo. Ukusetyenziswa umculo imbuyekezo nayo ibonisa ukuba kukho amaxesha urhwebo-off phakathi iindleko ezizinzileyo kunye neendleko eziguquguqukayo. umculo usebenzisa zinyuke iindleko ezizinzileyo kuba kwakufuneka bachithe ixesha ekufumaneni imvume iimbophelelo nokulungiselela iingxelo ukuze izibopho malunga nxaxheba 'kusabela umculo wabo. Kodwa ke, kule meko, ukwanda iindleko ezizinzileyo ukuze lunokwehlisa iindleko variables yaba nto ilungileyo; loo nto eyabangela ukuba ahambise uphando lalimalunga 100 amaxesha ezinkulu kuno kwelinge lab umgangatho.

Ngaphezu koko, yemifuniselo MusicLab zibonisa ukuba zero iindleko eziguquguqukayo Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ube esiphelweni ngokwayo; kunoko, kunokuba njengendlela ibaleka uhlobo olutsha yamava. Qaphela ukuba akazange ukusebenzisa sonke-nxaxheba bethu ukubaleka umgangatho nempembelelo lwentlalo lab lamava izihlandlo 100. Kunoko, wenza into eyahlukileyo, nto leyo ocinga ukuba ezitshintsha kwelinge yengqondo ukuya kwelinge sociological (Hedström 2006) . Kunokuba bacinge ngazo ngamnye wothatyatho-zigqibo, sigxile ulingelo lwethu yodumo, isiphumo ehlangeneyo. Le Tshintshela isiphumo ngokuhlangeneyo kuthetha ukuba kufuneka 700 nxaxheba ukuvelisa Ipoyinti yeengcombolo enye (kwakukho abantu 700 ezibe nganye anxuseneyo). Ukuba abasakhasayo kuphela ngenxa ubume iindleko zovavanyo. Ngokubanzi, ukuba abaphandi ufuna ukufunda indlela iziphumo ezidityanelweyo uvuke izigqibo ngamnye, iqela experiments ezifana MusicLab ibangel kakhulu. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, baye zinganobunzima benkxaso yemikhosi, kodwa loo ngxaki ebunayo kuba ibivumela kokungabikho data iindleko eziguquguqukayo.

Ukongeza obonisa iingenelo zero data iindleko eziguquguqukayo, yemifuniselo MusicLab kwakhona kubonisa umngeni nale ndlela: Iindleko ezinzileyo eziphezulu. Kwimeko yam, Ndibe nethamsanqa kakhulu ukuba akwazi ukusebenza umakhi web abanetalente ogama uPetros Hausel malunga neenyanga ezintandathu ukuze kwakhiwe ukucikideka. Oku kunokwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokuba umcebisi yam, Duncan Watts, wafumana inani leminikelo ukuxhasa olu uhlobo lophando. Technology uye elaphucukayo ukusukeka sakha MusicLab ngo-2004, yaye kuya kuba lula kakhulu ukuba ndakhele ulingelo oku ngoku. Kodwa, izicwangciso iindleko ezinzileyo eziphezulu ngokwenene kunokwenzeka kuphela abaphandi abangakwaziyo ngandlel yokuhlawula ezo ndleko.

Elokuphetha, amalinge zedijithali engenazakhiwo kakhulu ezahlukeneyo iindleko ngaphezu imifuniselo analog. Ukuba ufuna ukwenza imifuniselo ezinkulu ngokwenene, umele uzame ukunciphisa iindleko womahluko kangangoko kunokwenzeka yaye ngokuthandekayo yonke indlela 0. Ungakwenza oku nzekela ubuchwephetshe yamava yakho (umzekelo, endaweni ixesha oluntu kunye nexesha computer) kunye nokuyila imifuniselo ukuba abantu abafuna ukuba kubakho. Abaphandi ngubani ukuyila imifuniselo nezi mpawu ziya kuba nako ukubaleka iindidi ezintsha eCebisayo ebezingakwazeki ngaphambili.