4.4.3 Iindlela

Ilinga yintoni eyenzekayo. Iindlela isizathu sokuba kwenzeke ngayo.

Ingcinga engundoqo yesithathu zokuhamba ngaphaya eksperimenti elula na iindlela. Iindlela zisixelela isizathu okanye indlela unyango babangela isiphumo. Inkqubo ekhangela iindlela kwakhona ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa ukhangela bangenelela variables okanye ekufumaneni izinto ezahlukanayo. Nangona eksperimenti zilungile ukuqikelela iziphumo woko, badla ayenzelwanga ukutyhila iindlela. imifuniselo ubudala Digital kunokusinceda ukuchonga iindlela ngeendlela ezimbini: 1) kusenza sikwazi ukuqokelela iinkcukacha ezininzi inkqubo kwaye 2) businceda ukuvavanya amayeza ezininzi ezinxulumene.

Ngenxa neendlela kusenokufun ukuchaza ngokusesikweni (Hedström and Ylikoski 2010) , Ndiza ukuqala umzekelo olula: limes kunye nangokhwekhwe (Gerber and Green 2012) . Ngenkulungwane ye-18 oogqirha imvo omhle ukuba xa oomatiloshe batya limes abazange bafumane nenokhwekhwe. Ezinokhwekhwe sisifo esibi ngoko olu lwazi enamandla. Kodwa ke, ezi oogqirha bengazi ukuba limes kwathintela nangokhwekhwe. Kube ngoo-1932, phantse kwiminyaka engama-200 kamva, ukuba oosonzululwazi ngokuthembekileyo ukubonisa ukuba ivithamin C ezabangela ukuba lime kuthintela nangokhwekhwe (Carpenter 1988, p 191) . Kule meko, ivithamin C indlela apho limes ukunqanda nangokhwekhwe (Figure 4.9). Kakade ke, indlela kubaluleke kakhulu ngokwenzululwazi-ezininzi isayensi malunga ukuqonda ukuba kutheni izinto zisenzeka. Ukufumanisa iindlela kubaluleke kakhulu kunokwenzeka. Xa siqonda ukuba unyango luyasebenza, sinako busenokwenzeka unyango olutsha ukuba asebenze bhetele.

Isazobe 4.9: Limes ukunqanda nangokhwekhwe, sixhobo Vitamin C.

Ngelishwa, singafuni iindlela kunzima kakhulu. Ngokungafaniyo limes kunye ezinokhwekhwe, kwiindawo ezininzi zentlalo, mhlawumbi unyango asebenza ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ezinxulumeneyo, nto leyo eyenza zodwa kweendlela ezinzima kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko izithethe zoluntu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla, abaphandi baye bazama ukulubona iindlela ngokuqokelela iinkcukacha ngenkqubo nokuzivavanya zonyango ezinxulumene.

Enye indlela ukuvavanya iindlela kunokwenzeka kukuba ngokuqokelela yinkqubo data ngendlela unyango nefuthe iindlela ezinokwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, khumbula ukuba Allcott (2011) babonisa ukuba Ekhaya Energy Iingxelo wabangela abantu ukuba kuthoba umbane wabo. Kodwa, njani ezi ngxelo usebenziso umbane omncinci? Yintoni indlela? Kwisifundo follow-up, Allcott and Rogers (2014) asebenzisana inkampani ombane ukuba, ngokusebenzisa inkqubo isaphulelo, abakufumana ulwazi abaxhasi ezinyuselweyo izixhobo zabo imifuziselo ngaphezulu amandla kakuhle. Allcott and Rogers (2014) bafumanisa ukuba kancinci abantu abafumana Ikhaya Energy Iingxelo zaphuculwa izixhobo zabo. Kodwa ke, lo mahluko yayincinane kangangokuba oko akhawunti kuphela 2% ukuhla ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ombane amakhaya ngayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuphuculwa isixhobo baba hayi indlela lubalaseleyo apho Ikhaya Energy Report yehla losetyenziso lombane.

Indlela yesibini ukufunda iindlela kubalekela umfuniselo iinguqulelo ezahlukileyo kancinane yonyango. Umzekelo, kwi ukucikideka Schultz et al. (2007) nabo bonke olulandelayo Ekhaya Energy Ingxelo imifuniselo, nxaxheba banikwa unyango inamacandelo amabini eziphambili 1) iingcebiso malunga konga umbane kunye 2) ulwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwamandla zawo ukuba oontanga babo (Figure 4.6). Ngaloo ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukuba iingcebiso zokonga umbane yintoni eyabangela utshintsho, ulwazi ontanga. Ukuhlola ukuba kungenzeka ukuba iincam kuphela besinokuba ezaneleyo, Ferraro, Miranda, and Price (2011) asebenzisana inkampani lwamanzi kufuphi Atlanta, GA, wabaleka kwelinge olunxulumene nolondolozo lwamanzi ebandakanya amakhaya malunga 100,000. Kukho iimeko ezine:

• iqela lafumana iingcebiso zokonga amanzi.
• iqela lafumana neencam ngokulondoloza amanzi + isibheno yokuziphatha ukugcina amanzi.
• iqela lafumana neencam ngokulondoloza amanzi + isibheno yokuziphatha ukugcina amanzi + ulwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi isalamane babo noontanga babo.
• iqela lolawulo.

Uphando lufumanise ukuba iincam unyango kuphela nafuthe ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi elifutshane (unyaka omnye), eliphakathi (iminyaka emibini), kwaye elide (leminyaka emithathu) elide. Ezi ngcebiso + unyango isibheno yabangela nxaxheba ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi, kodwa kuphela elifutshane. Okokugqibela, unyango iincam + isibheno + yoontanga ulwazi yabangela lancipha usebenziso ngexesha elifutshane, eliphakathi, nelide (Figure 4.10). Ezi ndidi eCebisayo ukunyangelwa unbundled ziyindlela elungileyo uku bana phandle yeyiphi inxalenye unyango-okanye zeziphi iindawo kunye-ngabo ababangela isiphumo (Gerber and Green 2012, Sec. 10.6) . Umzekelo, ukucikideka Ferraro kunye nabo kubonisa ukuba zokonga amanzi iincam kuphela ngokwaneleyo ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi.

Umfanekiso 4.10: Iziphumo ukusuka Ferraro, Miranda, and Price (2011) . Unyango zathunyelwa May 21, 2007, kwaye neziphumo za li nganiswa ngexesha ehlotyeni ka-2007, 2008, no-2009 Xa ezona unyango abaphandi babenethemba ukuphuhlisa ingqiqo ngcono iindlela. Ezi ngcebiso unyango kuphela ukuba ncakasana akukho ukusebenza elifutshane (unyaka omnye), eliphakathi (iminyaka emibini), kunye (iminyaka emithathu) elide. Ezi ngcebiso + unyango isibheno yabangela nxaxheba ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi, kodwa kuphela elifutshane. Icebiso + isibheno + unyango ulwazi peer yabangela nxaxheba ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngexesha elifutshane, eliphakathi, nelide. imivalo nkqo kuqikelelwa nokuthembeka. Bona Bernedo, Ferraro, and Price (2014) ukulungiselela izixhobo kanye ukufunda.

Ngokunqwenelekayo, omnye ashukume ngaphaya Ukufikisa izakhi (iingcebiso; tips + isibheno; tips + isibheno + ulwazi peer) ukuya epheleleyo impembelelo uyilo-nazo ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa \ (2 ^ k \) uyilo-apho impembelelo indibanisela ngalinye kangangoko izinto ezintathu ivavanywa (Uludwe 4.1). Ngo ku vavanya yonke indibanisela kunokwenzeka yeekhomponenti, nabaphandi ukuhlola ngokupheleleyo ifuthe kwicandelo ngalinye ngokuzimeleyo zidibene. Umzekelo, ukucikideka Ferraro noogxa ayisichazeli enoba peer uthelekiso yedwa ebeya akonelanga ukuba kusenokukhokelela kwiinguqu ixesha elide ekuziphatheni. Ngaphambili, le misebenzi yoyilo ngokupheleleyo impembelelo kuba nzima ukubaleka kuba zifuna inani elikhulu nxaxheba kwaye zifuna abaphandi ukuba bakwazi ukulawula ngqo undihlangule inani elikhulu unyango. Kodwa, ubudala yedijithali lisusa ezi zithintelo amalungiselelo kwezinye iimeko.

Ukushwankathela, iindlela-ndlela apho unyango kunesiphumo-zibaluleke kakhulu. imifuniselo ubudala Digital kunokusinceda abaphandi bafunde iindlela 1) nokuqokelela inkqubo data kwaye 2) ukwenza uyilo ngokupheleleyo impembelelo. Iindlela acetyiswe ezi ndlela ke xa kuvavanywa ngqo imifuniselo ezijoliswe ukuvavanya iindlela (Ludwig, Kling, and Mullainathan 2011; Imai, Tingley, and Yamamoto 2013; Pirlott and MacKinnon 2016) .

Xa iyonke, aba mathathu magama-semthethweni; ukungafani iziphumo zonyango; kunye neendlela-ukubonelela iseti ezinamandla ngezimvo ngokuyila nokutolika imifuniselo. Aba baphandi iingqiqo uncedo ukuhamba ngaphaya eksperimenti elula ngento 'imisebenzi' ukuba imifuniselo uqina ukuba amakhonkco yikofu ku ithiyori, ebonisa apho kwaye kutheni unyango kusebenza, kwaye kutheni, unokukwazi abaphandi ukuyila unyango olusebenzayo. Njengoko le mvelaphi ingqiqo malunga imifuniselo, ndiza ngoku kuziguqulela indlela ngokwenene ukwenza imifuniselo zakho kwenzeka.