Kumbhalo engundoqo, ndathetha ukwenza amabango nakuyo ukusuka data non-zovavanyo kusetyenziswa imifuniselo zendalo ezingqameneyo. Kulo isihlomelo, ndiya kuzisa iziphumo imodeli enokwenzeka, kwaye ukuchaza ngaphezulu kanye iimeko eziyimfuneko ukuze ithethe woko evela data lokuqwalasela. Esi sahluko siya kusondela kwi Morgan and Winship (2014) kunye Imbens and Rubin (2015) .