imisebenzi

key:

  • isidanga wobunzima: ulula lula , eliphakathi phakathi , nzima lukhuni , kakhulu kakhulu kakhulu kakhulu
  • kufuna zezibalo ( kufuna zezibalo )
  • kufuna nokhowudo ( kufuna nokhowudo )
  • nokuqokelelwa kwedatha ( nokuqokelelwa kwedatha )
  • ndiwathandayo ( endiythanda kakhulu )

  1. [ phakathi , endiythanda kakhulu ] Neyokuqungaqunga Algorithmic ingxaki nge Google Flu ekwizinga. Funda iphepha yi Lazer et al. (2014) , kwaye ubhale omfutshane, email ngokucacileyo njengenjineli Google echaza ingxaki nomnikelo ufifi ukulungisa le ngxaki.

  2. [ phakathi ] Bollen, Mao, and Zeng (2011) uthi ukuba data evela Twitter ingasetyenziswa ukuqikelela imarike imfuyo. Esi siphumo kukhokelele ekuyilweni kwingxowa-watshintsha uthango Capital Markets-ukutyala kwimarike imfuyo ezisekwe wedatha eqokelelwe Twitter (Jordan 2010) . Yintoni bungqina kungabangela ukuba ufuna ukubona phambi kubeka imali ngaloo mali?

  3. [ lula ] Nangona abanye wabathetheli kwimpilo yoluntu sisichotho e-imidiza njengoncedo olusebenzayo ngenxa yokuyeka ukutshaya, abanye lumkisa malunga nobungozi, ezifana eliphezulu-amanqanaba intshongo. Khawucinge ukuba umphandi ugqiba ukufunda uluvo loluntu ngokuphathelele e-imidiza ngokuqokelela izithuba ezinxulumene-e-imidiza Twitter nokuqhuba uhlalutyo ziimvakalelo.

    1. Ngawaphi bevinjwa kunokwenzeka ezintathu ezizezona nexhala ngayo kwesi sifundo?
    2. Clark et al. (2016) wabaleka nje isifundo enjalo. Okokuqala, baqokelelana 850,000 tweets ukuba kusetyenziswa angundoqo ezinxulumene e--icuba ukususela ngoJanuwari 2012 ukuya kuDisemba 2014. Phezu awaqwalasele, baqonda ukuba uninzi lwezi tweets zazisebenzela (oko kukuthi, hayi eziveliswa ngabantu) kwaye uninzi lwezi tweets automated zaba ngokuyimfuneko ntengiso. Baba Human Detection Algorithm ukwahlula Tweets automated ukusuka organic tweets. Ukusebenzisa le Human Oluzenzekelayo Algorithm bafumana ukuba i-80% ye tweets zenziwa zazisebenzela. Ngaba esi siphumo ukutshintsha impendulo yakho inxalenye (a)?
    3. Xa wathelekisa kunciphiswa Tweets eziphilayo automated bafumana ukuba Tweets automated unayo ngaphezu Tweets eziphilayo (6.17 kuthelekiswa 5.84). Ngaba esi siphumo ukutshintsha impendulo yakho (b)?

  4. [ lula ] NgoNovemba 2009, Twitter watshintsha umbuzo kwibhokisi tweet ukusuka "wenza ntoni?" Kwi "Kwenzeka ntoni?" (Https://blog.twitter.com/2009/whats-happening).

    1. Ucinga ukuba utshintsho ifuna ziya kuchaphazela ngubani GamaLamLomsebenzisi kunye / okanye izinto GamaLamLomsebenzisi njani?
    2. Name Iprojekthi yophando enye apho ubuya kukhetha i uncedo "Nenza ntoni na?" Chaza ukuba kutheni.
    3. Name Iprojekthi yophando enye apho ubuya kukhetha i uncedo "Kwenzeka ntoni?" Chaza ukuba kutheni.

  5. [ phakathi ] Kwak et al. (2010) zahlalutywa izigidi 41.7 profiles yomsebenzisi, nobudlelwane kwezentlalo 1.47 billion, 4262 Topics, kwaye izigidi 106 Tweets phakathi kuJuni 6 noJuni 31, 2009. Ngokusekelwe kolu hlahlelo bagqiba ukuba Twitter esebenza kakhulu njengolwimi entsha ukwabelana ngolwazi ngaphezu inethiwekhi yokuncokola.

    1. Ukuqwalasela yesiphumo KWAK et al, luluphi uhlobo lophando ubuya kwenza ntoni data Twitter? Loluphi uhlobo lophando ubungayi kuyenza na data Twitter? Ngoba?
    2. Ngo-2010, Twitter wongezelela Ngubani Ukuze Landela inkonzo ukwenza icebiso elungiselelwe kubasebenzisi. iingcebiso ezintathu ziboniswa ngexesha kwiphepha engundoqo. Iingcebiso zidla avela ubani "abahlobo-of-abahlobo," kunye nabafowunelwa Mutual nayo luzakuboniswa ingcebiso. Abasebenzisi unokuhlaziya ukubona iseti entsha iingcebiso okanye utyelele iphepha ngoluhlu elide leengcebiso. Ngaba ucinga ukuba lo msebenzi mtsha uza ukutshintsha impendulo yakho inxalenye a)? Ngoba kutheni?
    3. Su, Sharma, and Goel (2016) kuhlolwa impembelelo Ngubani ukulandela inkonzo kwaye wafumanisa ukuba ngoxa abasebenzisi kulo malumga ukuthandwa wangenelwa iingcebiso, abasebenzisi abaninzi ethandwayo Akwalinganiselwa ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba avareji. Ngaba esi siphumo ukutshintsha impendulo yakho inxalenye b)? Ngoba kutheni?

  6. [ lula ] "Retweets" adla ngokusetyenziswa ukulinganisa impembelelo wayaneka yempembelelo on Twitter. Ekuqaleni, abasebenzisi kwafuneka ekukhupheleni ukucola tweet abayithandayo, ilabhuli umbhali yoqobo kunye / nomqheba yakhe, kwaye ngesandla chwetheza "RT" phambi tweet ukubonisa ukuba yeyona utwithe. Emva koko, ngo-2009 Twitter wongezelela "utwithe" iqhosha. NgoJuni 2016, Twitter wenza kube lula kubasebenzisi ukuba utwithe tweets zabo (https://twitter.com/twitter/status/742749353689780224). Ngaba ucinga ukuba ezi nguquko kuchaphazela yokusebenzisa "favorites" kuphando yakho? Ngoba kutheni?

  7. [ phakathi , nokuqokelelwa kwedatha , kufuna nokhowudo ] Michel et al. (2011) sakhiwe Nenkcubeko asakhulayo ukusuka iinzame Google ukuba ziseke iincwadi. Ukusebenzisa inguqulelo yokuqala sixa, eyapapashwa ngo-2009 kwaye equlethwe iincwadi ezingaphezu kwezigidi 5 ekhompyutheni, ababhali zahlalutywa ilizwi kusetyenziso rhoqo ukuphanda utshintsho yeelwimi kunye neentsingiselo nenkcubeko. Kungekudala Google Books Corpus waba umthombo wolwazi ethandwayo kubaphandi, nenguqulelo ye2 ledatha wakhululwa ngowe-2012.

    Nangona kunjalo, Pechenick, Danforth, and Dodds (2015) walumkisa ukuba abaphandi kufuneka ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo inkqubo zeesampuli sixa phambi kokusebenzisa ukuze izigqibo ezibanzi. Umba ophambili kukuba sixa na ilayibrari-onjengawe, equlethe enye incwadi nganye. Ngenxa yoko, umntu, yombhali uyakwazi ukufaka ngokuphawulekayo amabinzana abatsha yeembekiselo Iincwadi Google. Ngaphezu koko, imibhalo yenzululwazi saveza onyuka substantive inxalenye sixa kulo 1900s. Ukongeza, ngokuthelekisa iinguqulelo ezimbini IsiNgesi iiseti Bubuxoki, Pechenick et al. bafumana ubungqina bokuba ukuhluza zaneleyo yasetyenziswa ukuvelisa inguqulelo yokuqala. Zonke iinkcukacha ezifunekayo ukuze umsebenzi ifumaneka apha: http://storage.googleapis.com/books/ngrams/books/datasetsv2.html

    1. Kwi Michel et al. Ngayo iphepha lokuqala (2011) , basebenzisa inguqulelo woku-1 IsiNgesi data iseti, wayewacingele amaza ukusetyenziswa iminyaka "1880", "1912" kunye "1973", waza wagqiba ukuba "thina ndizilibala ezidlulileyo yethu ngokukhawuleza nyaka ngamnye "(Fig. 3A, uMichel et al.). Enokuthabatha ngomxholo omnye zisebenzisa 1) bookmark 1st sixa, dataset IsiNgesi (efanayo Isazobe. 3A, uMichel et al.)
    2. Ngoku enokuthabatha sebali efanayo noguqulelo 1st, IsiNgesi dataset fiction.
    3. Ngoku enokuthabatha sebali efanayo noguqulelo-2 sixa, IsiNgesi dataset.
    4. Okokugqibela, enokuthabatha sebali efanayo noguqulelo 2, IsiNgesi dataset fiction.
    5. Chaza umahluko kunye nokufana phakathi kwezi ziza ezine. Ngaba uyavumelana Michel et al. Ngayo intsingiselo yantlandlolo umrhiba eniyiqapheleyo? (Icebiso: c) and d) kufuneka ukuba mayifane Figure 16 Pechenick et al).
    6. Ke kaloku, ukuba baye baphinda esi siphumo enye usebenzisa corpora Iincwadi Google eyahlukileyo, khetha enye utshintsho yeelwimi okanye iziganeko yenkcubeko thaca kwi Michel et al. Ngayo iphepha lokuqala. Ngaba uyavumelana nokutolikwa lwabo ukhanyiselo umda thaca kwi Pechenick et al.? Ukwenza ingxoxo lwakho lomelele, zama zabaqhwabel igrafu efanayo usebenzisa iinguqulelo ezahlukileyo data ezichazwe ngentla.

  8. [ kakhulu kakhulu , nokuqokelelwa kwedatha , kufuna nokhowudo , endiythanda kakhulu ] Penney (2016) phonononga ingaba kuluntu ngokubanzi malunga NSA / prism esweni (oko kukuthi, nezityhilelo Snowden) ngoJuni 2013 esidityaniswe ukuhla esibukhali kwaye ngesiquphe yezithuthi kumanqaku Wikipedia kwizihloko ezithile iinkxalabo zabucala. Ukuba kunjalo, olu tshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha kuya kufana kunye nempembelelo ubhobhoyi ngenxa yesifo ubunzima. Indlela Penney (2016) wambi ebizwa ngokuba waphazamiseka kuyilo ixesha uthotho kwaye enxulumene ezinkqubo kwisahluko malunga approximating experimenti ezininzi eziphuma data lokuqwalasela (Icandelo 2.4.3).

    Ukukhetha amagama angundoqo isihloko, Penney luthunyelwa kuluhlu esetyenziswa US Department of Lezokhuseleko ngenxa yokulandelela nokuhlola eendaba kwezentlalo. Uluhlu zeSithili hlela amagama athile uphendlo ibe uluhlu lwemiba, ie "Health Inkxalabo," "Ukhuseleko Infrastructure," yaye "Ubugrogrisi." Iqela lofundo, Penney wasebenzisa angudoqo mane anesibhozo ezinxulumene "Ubugrogrisi" (jonga Uluhlu 8 kwisihlomelo). Koko oluqinile Wikipedia inqaku imbono lixhomekeke qho ngenyanga engqinelana Wikipedia amanqaku amane anesibhozo kwisithuba seenyanga ezingamashumi amathathu anambini, ukususela ekuqaleni ngoJanuwari 2012 ukuya ekupheleni kuka-Agasti 2014. Ukuze ingxoxo yakhe, naye wadala uthelekiso ezininzi amaqela ngokuthi kubekwe inqaku izimvo malunga neminye imiba.

    Ngoku, uza ukuyiphinda nokwandisa Penney (2016) . Yonke idata ekrwada ukuba kuya kufuneka ukuba lo msebenzi luyafumaneka Wikipedia (https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/pagecounts-raw/). Okanye ungafumana ukusuka wikipediatrend R impahla (Meissner and Team 2016) . Xa ubhala-up iimpendulo zakho, nceda uqaphele apho umthombo idata kusetyenziswa. (Qaphela: Lo msebenzi mnye kuyathethwa kwiSahluko 6)

    1. Funda Penney (2016) ngokufanayo Umfanekiso 2 obonisa izimvo page for "Ubugrogrisi" amaphepha -iincam ngaphambi nasemva Snowden isityhilelo. Ukutolika iziphumo.
    2. Okulandelayo, ekunabiseleni Isazobe 4A, leyo ithelekisa iqela lofundo ( "Ubugrogrisi" amanqaku -iincam) kunye neqela comparator usebenzisa angundoqo ahlelwa phantsi "Arhente zeSithili & Okunye" kuluhlu zeSithili (jonga iSihlomelo Uluhlu 10). Ukutolika iziphumo.
    3. Inxalenye b) uye kuthelekiswa iqela phando kwiqela elinye comparator. Penney kwakhona xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqela amabini comparator: "Ukhuseleko Izibonelelo" amanqaku -iincam (Isihlomelo Uluhlu 11) kunye namaphepha ezithandwayo Wikipedia (Isihlomelo Uluhlu 12). Nyuka neqela enye comparator, kwaye ukuvavanya ukuba iziphumo inxalenye b) uvakalelo ukhetho lakho kwiqela comparator. Ukhetho yeqela comparator yenza ezininzi ingqiqo? Ngoba?
    4. Umbhali lathi angundoqo ephathelele "Ubugrogrisi" bezisetyenziswa ukukhetha amanqaku Wikipedia kuba urhulumente US ezibonisiweyo ubunqolobi njenge isizathu esiphambili izenzo zayo esweni online. Ngetsheki ezi "Ubugrogrisi" angundoqo -iincam 48, Penney (2016) Kwakhona kuqhutywa uphando kwi MTurk becela abaphenduli nokurhafisa nganye kwikhompyutha ngokwemiqathango engxakini kaRhulumente, Privacy-ezinovakalelo, nokuphepha (Isihlomelo Uluhlu 7 8). Enokuthabatha uphando kwi MTurk uthelekise iziphumo zakho.
    5. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ngokuyinxenye d) kunye ufundo lwakho nqaku, ngaba uyavumelana ukhetho yombhali kwikhompyutha isihloko kwiqela isifundo? Ngoba kutheni? Ukuba akunjalo, yintoni unokucebisa endaweni?

  9. [ lula ] Efrati (2016) iingxelo, ngokusekelwe kulwazi oluyimfihlo, ukuba "ukwabelana iyonke" on Facebook kwehla ngeminyaka malunga 5.5% ngaphezu konyaka ngelixa "yokwabelana yosasazo yantlandlolo" ezantsi unyaka phezu konyaka-21%. Le yokwaliwa etsolo ingakumbi nabasebenzisi Facebook abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-30 ubudala. Ingxelo kubangelwa mayinganxaxheli izinto ezimbini. Enye ukukhula kwamanani "abahlobo" abantu on Facebook. Eyesibini kukuba umsebenzi yokwabelana iye yasiwa imiyalezo kwaye abadlali ezifana ngene. Ingxelo ngokusichazela amaqhinga ezininzi Facebook bazama ukuba kunyuswe yokwabelana, kuquka News Feed lweteksti algorithm ezenza izithuba original yabalasela ngakumbi, ngokunjalo izikhumbuzo ngamaxesha abasebenzisi izithuba original "On This Day" Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Yintoni iziphumo, ukuba ikho, ngaba ezi ziphumo kubaphandi abafuna ukusebenzisa Facebook njengomthombo data?

  10. [ phakathi ] Tumasjan et al. (2010) bachaza ukuba umlinganiselo tweets ukukhankanya iqela lezopolitiko ufanise masilivakalise leevoti ezizuzwe kunyulo waseJamani yepalamente 2009 (Figure 2.9). Ngamanye amazwi, kwabonakala ukuba ukuba usebenzise Twitter ukuqikelela unyulo. Ngelo xesha esi sifundo yapapashwa yayigqalwa imincili kakhulu kuba kwabonakala ukuba bacebisa ukusetyenziswa esibalulekileyo umthombo oqhelekileyo data ezinkulu.

    Kunikwa iimpawu ezimbi data ezinkulu, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka ngoko nangoko sokuthandabuza le japan. AmaJamani on Twitter ngo-2009 eziliqela iqela non-ummeli, yaye sixhasa iqela elinye ukuze GamaLamLomsebenzisi kwezopolitiko rhoqo. Ngoko, kubonakala akumangalisi ukuba zonke bevinjwa kangangoko unako ukuba ucinge ukuba ngandlel 'zizakucimana phandle. Enyanisweni, iziphumo Tumasjan et al. (2010) yajika entle kakhulu ukuba kuyinyaniso. Xa iphepha yabo, Tumasjan et al. (2010) ingqalelo amaqela ezopolitiko ezintandathu: Democrats Christian (CDU), Christian Social Democrats (CSU), SPD, benkululeko (FDP), ekhohlo (Die Linke), kunye Green Party (Grüne). Nangona kunjalo, iqela lezopolitiko eyona ekhankanywe isiJamani on Twitter ngelo xesha Pirate Party (Piraten), iqela elilwa ummiselo urhulumente Internet. Xa Pirate Party kuqukiwe kuhlahlelo, Twitter ukhankanya uba kunokukhokelela eyoyikekayo kweziphumo zonyulo (Figure 2.9) (Jungherr, Jürgens, and Schoen 2012) .

    Isazobe 2.9: Twitter ikhankanya kubonakala ukuba baqikelele iziphumo zonyulo waseJamani 2009 (Tumasjan et al 2010.), Kodwa ke esi siphumo kungaphela ixhomekeke ezinye izigqibo engenasizathu kwaye asifanelekanga (Jungherr, Jürgens, kwaye Schoen 2012).

    Isazobe 2.9: Twitter ikhankanya kubonakala ukuba baqikelele iziphumo zonyulo waseJamani 2009 (Tumasjan et al. 2010) , Kodwa ke esi siphumo kungaphela ixhomekeke ezinye izigqibo engenasizathu kwaye asifanelekanga (Jungherr, Jürgens, and Schoen 2012) .

    Kamva, abanye abaphandi ehlabathini lonke baye basebenzisa iindlela-ezifana fancier njengoko ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo luvo ukwahlula phakathi ezintle nezimbi ukhankanya zamaqela-ukwenzela ukuphucula amandla data Twitter ukuqikelela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunyulo (Gayo-Avello 2013; Jungherr 2015, Ch. 7.) . Nantsi indlela Huberty (2015) esishwankathela iziphumo zezi amalinge ukuqikelela unyulo:

    "Zonke iindlela nokuqikelelwa eyaziwa ngokusekelwe eendaba ntle baye basilela xa phantsi neemfuno lokwenyaniso phambili-ejonge nolwemo- lonyulo. Oku kusilela kubonakala ngenxa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ngamajelo zentlalo, kunokuba nobunzima oqingqiweyo okanye algorithmic. Ngokufutshane, amajelo zentlalo musa, yaye mhlawumbi engasoze, wosondeza esitalini, engenamkhethe, picture ummeli labavoti; kunye neesampuli lula eendaba zentlalo aswele data eyaneleyo ukulungisa ezi ngxaki kwizithuba zokukhawulelana nemeko. "

    Funda ezinye uphando ezikhokelela Huberty (2015) kweso sigqibo, ubhale memo page omnye umviwa kwezopolitiko echaza ukuba nendlela Twitter kufuneka isetyenziselwe kufunga kunyulo.

  11. [ phakathi ] Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwezentlalo kunye mbali? Ngokutsho Goldthorpe (1991) , umahluko ophambili phakathi kwezentlalo kunye mbali ulawulo phezu ukuqokelelwa kwedatha. Mbali banyanzelwa ukuba usebenzise izinto kanti abaziingcali kwezentlalo ungayitshintsha nokuqokelela iinkcukacha kwiinjongo ezithile. Funda Goldthorpe (1991) . Njani umahluko phakathi wenzululwazi kunye nembali enxulumene ingcamango Custommades kunye Readymades?

  12. [ lukhuni ] Ukwakha phezu kumbuzo ongasentla, Goldthorpe (1991) wazoba inani iimpendulo ezibalulekileyo, kuquka omnye Nicky Hart (1994) ukuba umngeni ukuzinikela Goldthorpe ukuba alungiselele data zenziwe. Ukucacisa umda ezinokwenzeka data zazenzelwe, Hart wachaza Worker Project Affluent, uphando elikhulu ukulinganisa ubudlelwane phakathi udidi lwentlalo kwaye ukuvota ukuba lwenziwa yi Goldthorpe nabalingane phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1960. Njengoko umntu oyilindeleyo umphengululi ababefuna yenzelwe data phezu bafumana data, iProjekthi Worker Affluent eqokelelwe data ukuba sanelisa ukujongana ithiyori kutshanje ecetywayo ngekamva udidi lwentlalo kwixesha yokwandisa imigangatho yokuphila. Kodwa, Goldthorpe noogxa ngandlel 'walibala "ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga nokuziphatha yokuvota yabafazi. Nantsi indlela Nicky Hart (1994) lushwankathela lonke lomntwana:

    ". . . ngayo [na] kunzima ukuphepha kwisigqibo sokuba abasetyhini ezazishiyiwe ngoba le 'zazenzelwe wenza' dataset kugciniwe yi ukulandelelana paradigmatic leyo ngaphandle amava ababhinqileyo. Iqhutywa ngombono ithiyori izigxina kunye inyathelo preoccupations eyindoda. . . , Goldthorpe noogxa bakhe kwakhiwa iseti wazimisa ngokwamava kwasekuveleni kungenelwe neengcinga zabo theoretical endaweni wokubhenca ukuba uvavanyo engeyiyi ukwanela. "

    Hart waqhubeka:

    "Iziphumo reseach yeProjekthi Worker Affluent kusixelela okungakumbi amaxabiso masculinist wenzululwazi-kwinkulungwane ye kunokuba ukwazisa iinkqubo ezithile ngokwezinga, ezopolitiko kunye nobomi eziphathekayo."

    Ngaba zikho ezinye imizekelo apho ukuqokelelwa kwedatha zazenzelwe na ucalu kwalomqokeleli zinkcukacha eyakhelwe kuyo? oko kufana njani neyokuqungaqunga algorithmic? Yintoni iziphumo ukuze oku xa abaphandi kufuneka basebenzise Readymades kwaye xa kufuneka usebenzise Custommades?

  13. [ phakathi ] Kwesi sahluko, mna kuchasene data eqokelelwe abaphandi ukuba abaphandi kunye neerekhodi zolawulo yadalwa ziinkampani kunye noorhulumente. Abanye abantu bathi ezi rekhodi zolawulo "wafumana data," leyo kwahluke "data yenzelwe." Kuyinyaniso ukuba iirekhodi zolawulo zifunyanwa abaphandi, kodwa ke zenzelwe kakhulu. Umzekelo, iinkampani tech yanamhlanje bachitha imali ixesha elininzi kunye nezibonelelo ukuqokelela kongamela data zabo. Ngoko ke, ezi ngxelo zolawulo omabini afumaneka nesilungiselelwe, nto nje kuxhomekeke imbono yakho (Figure 2.10).

    Umfanekiso 2.10: Lo mfanekiso omabini idada kunye nomvundla; into oyibonayo ixhomekeke imbono yakho. Kurhulumente kunye namashishini iirekhodi zolawulo omabini afumaneka nesilungiselelwe; into oyibonayo ixhomekeke imbono yakho. Umzekelo, iirekhodi ifowuni yedata eqokelelwe yinkampani cell phone zifumaneka data ngokwengqiqo ngumphandi. Kodwa ke, ezi rekhodi ngqo efanayo ziyilelwe ngokwembono data umntu osebenza kwisebe neakhawunti inkampani yefowuni. Umthombo: Wikimedia Commons

    Umfanekiso 2.10: Lo mfanekiso omabini idada kunye nomvundla; into oyibonayo ixhomekeke imbono yakho. Kurhulumente kunye namashishini iirekhodi zolawulo omabini afumaneka nesilungiselelwe; into oyibonayo ixhomekeke imbono yakho. Umzekelo, iirekhodi ifowuni yedata eqokelelwe yinkampani cell phone zifumaneka data ngokwengqiqo ngumphandi. Kodwa ke, ezi rekhodi ngqo efanayo ziyilelwe ngokwembono data umntu osebenza kwisebe neakhawunti inkampani yefowuni. Umthombo: Wikimedia Commons

    Nika umzekelo umthombo data apho ekubona oko zombini afumaneka nesilungiselelwe kuluncedo xa usebenzisa ukuba umthombo idatha yophando.

  14. [ lula ] Kwi isincoko banyameke, Christian Sandvig kunye Eszter Hargittai (2015) uchaze iintlobo ezimbini zophando digital, apho inkqubo lwedijithali "isixhobo" okanye "into yokufunda." Umzekelo uhlobo lokuqala isifundo apho Bengtsson noogxa (2011) basebenzisa data ifowuni ephathwayo ukulandelela kwimfuduko emva kwenyikima eHaiti ngo-2010 umzekelo uhlobo lwesibini kulapho Jensen (2007) kwizifundo ukuqalwa of mobile phones lonke Kerala, India nefuthe ekusebenzeni yemarike iintlanzi. Mna andifumani oku kuluncedo kuba icacise ukuba izifundo usebenzisa imithombo yedatha yedijithal neenjongo zahlukene nokuba basebenzisa uhlobo olufanayo umthombo data. Ukwenzela ukucacisa ngakumbi kulo mdlalo, chaza izifundo ezine ukuba ndikhe ndabona: ezimbini usebenzise inkqubo yedijithali njengesixhobo amabini ukuba usebenzise inkqubo yedijithali libe yinto zokufunda. Ungasebenzisa imizekelo kwesi sahluko ukuba ufuna.

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